HPLC测定奥美沙坦酯中的基因毒性杂质

目的 建立HPLC测定奥美沙坦酯中潜在的基因毒性杂质[杂质1 ：N-（三苯基甲基）-5-（4''-溴甲基联苯-2-基）四氮唑,杂质2 ：N-三苯甲基-5-（4'',4''-二溴甲基联苯-2-基）四氮唑]的含量和限度。方法 采用Phenomenex C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：0.1%冰乙酸水溶液-0.1%冰乙酸乙腈溶液（15：85）;检测波长：254 nm;流速：1.5 mL·min^-1;柱温：25℃。结果 杂质1 和杂质2 均在0.030 97~0.247 7 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r分别为0.999 6和0.998 7）,平均回收率分别为94.37%和94.43%,RSD分别为2.38%和2.72%（n=9）。结论 该方法专属性强,准确、灵敏,可以作为奥美沙坦酯中基因毒性杂质1 和杂质2 的液相分析方法。     

奥美沙坦酯的工艺改进

目的 改进奥美沙坦酯的合成工艺。方法 以2-氰基-4''-甲基联苯(2)为起始原料,经溴代反应,“一锅法”完成N-烷基化和皂化-酯化反应,再经氰基四氮唑化反应,得到奥美沙坦酯(1)。结果 3步得到成品,总收率46.5%(以2-氰基-4''-甲基联苯计)。结论 改进后的工艺非常实用,适合工业化生产。     

奥美沙坦酯中4-氯甲基-5-甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮和4,5-二氯甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮的HPLC法测定

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定奥美沙坦酯中氯代烷基结构类潜在基因毒性杂质（4-氯甲基-5-甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮（杂质1）和4,5二氯甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮（杂质2））。方法：采用色谱柱为Kromasil Eternity 5-PhenylHexyl 柱 250×4.6 mm;检测波长：215 nm,流动相A：乙腈：2.04 g?L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用1.73 g/L磷酸溶液调节pH值至3.4）（20：80）;流动相B：2.04 g?L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用1.73 g?L-1磷酸溶液调节pH值至3.4）：乙腈（20：80）,进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量10 μL。结果：杂质1和杂质2与主峰分离良好,在浓度为0.1066~0.7104 μg·mL-1和0.1235~0.6174 μg·mL-1范围内杂质1和杂质2的线性关系良好（相关系数分别为1.0000和0.9971）;杂质1和杂质2的平均回收率分别为98.09%和114.85%,RSD（n=9）分别为7%和7%。结论：经方法学验证,本法准确性好、灵敏度高,适用于奥美沙坦酯中的杂质1和杂质2的定量控制。     

厄贝沙坦的合成

环戊酮与氰化钠反应制得1-氨基环戊腈，成盐、水解成酰胺后与戊酰氯反应制得2-丁基-1，3-二氮杂螺[4-4]壬-1-烯-4-酮，相转移催化条件下与4’-溴甲基-2-氰基联苯反应制得2-丁基-3-[（2’-氰基联苯-4-基）甲基]-1，3-二氮杂螺[4-4]壬-1-烯-4-酮，最后与叠氮化钠反应制得厄贝沙坦，总收率约39％。     

HPLC/MS法测定厄贝沙坦中潜在基因毒性杂质4’-溴甲基-2-氰基联苯

目的建立检测厄贝沙坦中潜在基因毒性杂质4’-溴甲基-2-氰基联苯的液质联用方法。方法选择三重四极杆质谱仪(电喷雾离子源ESI)进行检测,流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-甲醇梯度洗脱。结果该方法专属性良好;标准曲线线性范围1.25~100 ng/ml;检测限浓度为1.25 ng/ml,定量限浓度为2.5 ng/ml;精密度RSD均小于5.0%;回收率为89.2%~91.6%,准确度良好;耐用性良好。结论该方法简单灵敏准确,可以较好地满足厄贝沙坦原料生产中潜在基因毒性杂质4’-溴甲基2-氰基联苯的检测。     

4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯的合成

目的：合成4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯。方法；以2-氰基-4’-甲基联苯为原料，经水解，酯化，溴代3步反应合成4’-溴甲基-2联苯甲酸甲酯。结果：合成了4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯，总收率70％。结论：本合成方法提高了反应收率，简化了操作，降低了成本。     

HPLC法测定葡萄糖酸钙口服溶液中的遗传毒性杂质5-羟甲基糠醛

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法测定葡萄糖酸钙口服溶液中的遗传毒性杂质5-羟甲基糠醛。方法:采用Phenomenex Luna C18（250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0. 1%甲酸（15∶85）,流速为1. 0 ml·min-1,检测波长为284 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μl。结果:5-羟甲基糠醛在0. 205～20. 520μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性,r=0. 999 9;平均回收率为99. 3%,RSD为0. 7%（n=9）。结论:本方法可用于葡萄糖酸钙口服溶液中遗传毒性杂质5-羟甲基糠醛的含量检测。     

4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸叔丁酯的合成

4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸叔丁酯（1）是降压药替米沙坦（telmisartan）的合成中间体。本研究参考文献，用4′-甲基-2-氰基联苯（2）经水解、酯化、溴代制得1（图1），并进行了改进。2在乙醇-水（5：1）中于80℃反应16h，得粗品纯度99％，可直接用于下步反应。酯化时，文献用浓硫酸催化或直接通入异丁烯制取，用HPLC跟踪反应进程，经试验结果不理想。现改在0℃用叔丁醇加DCC酯化，收率90％（文献：86．1％）。溴化时用氯仿代替四氯化碳㈨作溶剂。改进后的1总收率61％。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定厄贝沙坦和氯沙坦钾原料药中3种叠氮类基因毒性杂质

目的:建立厄贝沙坦原料药和氯沙坦钾原料药中5-[4′-(叠氮甲基)-[1,1′-联苯]-2-基]-1H-四氮唑(MB-X),4′-叠氮甲基-[1,1′-联苯]-2-氰基(AZBC)和5-[4′-[(5-(叠氮甲基)-2-丁基-4-氯-1H-咪唑-1-基)甲基]-[1,1′-联苯]2-基]-1H-四唑(LADX)这3种叠氮类基因毒性杂质的超高效液相色谱-串联(UPLC-MS/MS)三重四级杆质谱的检测方法。方法:ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8μm)色谱柱；0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A,0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱；流速为0.35 mL·min^-1,柱温为50℃;采用大气压化学离子源(APCI)正/负离子扫描，多反应监测(MRM)模式对3种基因毒性杂质同时进行定量检测。结果:3种杂质在0.5～100 ng·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系；检测限分别为0.05,0.03,0.02 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.15,0.11,0.08 ng·mL^-1     

HPLC测定利格列汀的有关物质

目的 建立梯度洗脱高效液相色谱法测定利格列汀原料杂质的方法。方法 色谱柱为Agilent C₁₈柱,流动相A为磷酸盐缓冲液(取磷酸二氢钠2.0 g,加水1 000 mL溶解,并用磷酸调节pH值至2.5±0.1),流动相B为甲醇-乙腈(55∶45),以1.0 mL·min^-1流速;检测波长为226 nm;柱温为30 ℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 8-[(3R)-哌啶-3-氨基]-7-(2-丁炔基)-3,7-二氢-3-甲基-1-[(4-甲基-2-喹唑啉基)甲基]-1H-嘌呤-2,6-二酮(杂质A)、8-[(3R)-3-氨基-1-哌啶基]-7-(3-溴-2-丁烯基)-3,7-二氢-3-甲基-1-[(4-甲基-2-喹唑啉基)甲基]-1H-嘌呤-2,6-二酮(杂质B)、8-[(3R)-3-甲酰胺基-1-哌啶基]-(7-(2-丁炔基)-3,7-二氢-3-甲基-1-[(4-甲基-2-喹唑啉基)甲基]-1H-嘌呤-2,6-二酮(杂质C)和利格列汀及其他未知杂质均能达到很好的分离,且杂质A、杂质B、杂质C与利格列汀分别在0.59~5.91 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),0.59~5.86 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)、0.58~5.79 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999?5)和1.32~13.22 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7)内具有良好的线性关系。杂质A、杂质B、杂质C平均回收率(n=9)分别为99.12% (RSD=2.9%)、99.35%(RSD=2.4%)和98.52%(RSD=1.1%)。结论 本方法灵敏快速、准确、可靠,专属性强,可作为利格列汀的杂质检查。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.