肾上腺肿瘤不同b值DWI研究

目的：研究不同b值肾上腺肿瘤扩散加权成像（DWI）的表现,比较不同b值组表观扩散系数（ADC值）之间的差异,探讨最佳b值的选择及最佳b值组良恶性肿瘤的ADC值范围及阈值。方法：对23例经手术病理及临床证实的肾上腺肿瘤患者行平扫、DWI（b值分别取0、400、800和1000s/mm^2）,分别观察不同b值肿瘤信号的差异,同时测量不同b值肿瘤的ADC值并作统计学分析。结果：①b值为0s/mm^2时,DWI肿瘤的信号和T2WI一致,b值分别为400、800和1000s/mm^2,良性肿瘤随着b值的增高,信号逐渐减低,而恶性肿瘤随着b值的增高,信号变化不明显;②3个b值组,低b值组肾上腺肿瘤的平均ADC值最大,随着b值的增大,平均ADC值逐渐减小,并有统计学意义（F=13.543,P〈0.05）;③400～0s/mm^2b值组肾上腺良恶性肿瘤ADC值之间无统计学意义（t=-2.033,P=0.054）,而800～0s/mm^2b值组及1000～0s/mm^2b值组有统计学意义（t=-2.700,P=0.013;t=-3.529,P=0.002）;④以800～0s/mm^2b值组ADC值作为研究对象进行受试者工作特性（ROC）曲线分析,诊断阈值为0.986×10^-3mm^2/s,此阈值点对肾上腺良恶性病变诊断的敏感度为80%,特异度为78%。结论：b=800～0s/mm^2为较佳选择,此时良性肿瘤的平均ADC值为（1.138±0.180）×10^-3mm^2/s,恶性肿瘤的平均ADC值为（0.916±0.218）×10^-3mm^2/s;DWI对肾上腺肿瘤性质鉴别具有价值,是对常规MR检查有益的补充。     

弥散成像在肝细胞肝癌及TACE治疗后的应用

目的：探讨磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）在肝细胞肝癌（HCC）的应用及介入治疗前后监测肿瘤变化的价值。材料和方法：11例确诊HCC进行屏气状态下多个弥散梯度因子（b值=200s／mm^2、400s／mm^2、600s／mm^2、1000s／mm^2、2000s／mm^2）的弥散加权成像，选用自旋平面回波（SE—EPI）序列（TR／TE=2000／46．7—78．1ms，层厚：8mm，层距：2mm），对肿瘤层面的瘤灶、邻近未累及肝实质区与背景噪声的信号强度（SI）进行测量，并观察经皮插管肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）术治疗前后肿瘤表观弥散系数（ADC）值的变化趋势。结果：随着b值的增加，肝脏DWI图像质量呈下降趋势。低b值DWI图像清晰但存在较明显的T2透过效应；高b值时则图像模糊信号接近于背景噪声，当b值取600s／mm^2时，肝癌肿瘤与肝实质之间存在着最佳对比度。介入治疗后肿瘤的ADC值普遍有所增大，其中高b值时两者之间存在统计学差异。结论：屏气状态下DWI在肝脏肿瘤的应用完全可行，ADC值在介入治疗前后的变化趋势可能具有监测肿瘤内部坏死情况的价值。     

改良敏感编码技术在肝脏MR扩散加权成像中对肝细胞癌小病灶的影响

目的评价在肝脏MR扩散加权成像（DWI）中应用改良敏感编码（mSENSE）技术是否有助于提高图像质量及对肝细胞癌（HCC）小病灶的表观扩散系数（ADC）值测量有无影响。方法分别用常规DWI和mSENSE-DWI对32例47个HCC小病灶行单次屏气自旋回波-平面回波（SE-EPI）DWI，扩散梯度因子（b）值为300、500、800s／mm^2。对图像质量、对比噪声比（CNR）、病灶的ADC值进行观测和比较，运用配对Wilcoxon signed rank和Friedman检验进行统计学分析。结果图像质量DWI组b=300s／mm^2时图像评分2级5例、3级24例、4级3例，b=500s／mm^2时2级9例、3级22例、4级1例，b=800s／mm^2时1级2例、2级24例、3级6例；mSENSE-DWI组b=300s／mm^2时3级4例、4级25例、5级3例，b=500s／mm^2时3级10例、4级20例、5级2例，b=800s／mm^2时2级7例、3级23例、4级2例。同一b值条件下，mSENSE-DWI组的图像质量均优于常规DWI组（3个不同b值组的Z分别为-5．578、-5．488、-4．796，P值均〈0．01）。DWI组病灶的中位ADC值在b=300、500、800s／mm^2时分别为（1．578×10^-3）、（1．390×10^-3）、（1．173×10^-3）mm^2／s．mSENSE-DWI组病灶的中位ADC值在3个b值下分别为（1．381×10^-3）、（1．242×10^-3）、（1．136×10^-3）mm^2／s，在大b值条件下（500、800s／mm^2），2组所测得的病灶ADC值差异无统计学意义（Z值分别为-0．873、-0．862，P值分别为0．383、0．388）。结论在肝脏DWI中应用mSENSE技术可获得高质量的图像，同时对HCC小病灶的ADC值测量没有影响。     

乳腺组织MR扩散加权成像中GRAPPA技术的应用

目的：评价在乳腺磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）中应用全自动校准部分并行采集（GRAPPA）技术对改善图像质量及乳腺组织表观扩散系数（ADC）值测量的影响。方法：分别对28例女性乳腺MR受检者进行平面回波（EPI）序列的常规DWI和GRAPPA-DWI检查。常规DWI检查时扩散梯度因子（b）值取800s／mm^2,GRAPPA-DWI检查时b值分别取800、1000s／mm^2。比较不同参数条件下的图像质量分级、信噪比（SNR）及乳腺组织ADC值,并进行统计学分析。结果：在相同b值（b=800s／mm^2）条件下,GRAPPA—DWI组图像质量明显优于常规DWI组,乳腺组织的SNR高于常规DWI组,两组差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．01）,乳腺的平均ADC值略低于常规DWI组,但两组差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。在GRAPPA—DWI组中,b值为800s／mm。组图像质量略优于b值为1000s／mm。组,但二者差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）,而b值为800s／mm。组乳腺组织的SNR高于b值为1000s／mm^2组,两组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）,b值为800s／mm^2时乳腺组织的ADC值略高于b值为1000s／mm^2时,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：GRAPPA技术的应用有助于改善乳腺DWI的图像质量,提高信噪比,并且不会影响乳腺组织ADC值的测量。     

颈部淋巴结的MR扩散加权成像

目的评价颈部淋巴结MR扩散加权成像（DWI）的可行性，及其在鉴别正常淋巴结和转移性淋巴结中的价值。资料与方法对34例鼻咽癌患者和14名健康志愿者进行颈部常规MR和DWI，比较两种成像技术对淋巴结的显示能力，并比较正常和转移性淋巴结ADC值差异的统计学意义。扫描采用基于敏感性编码（SENSE）技术的短恢复时间反转恢复（STIR）-平面回波成像序列（EPI）-DWI。结果DWI较常规MR能更敏感地显示淋巴结。正常淋巴结的ADC值为（0．975±0．179）×10^-3mm^2／s，转移性淋巴结的ADC值为（0．744±0．125）×10^-3mm^2／s，两者间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），转移性淋巴结的ADC值明显低于正常淋巴结的ADC值。结论STIR-EPI-DWI能准确和敏感地显示颈部淋巴结，可作为淋巴结MR成像的一种新手段，并为正常淋巴结和转移性淋巴结的鉴别提供新的方法。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在胃肠道良、恶性病变诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像（DWI）在胃肠道良、恶性病变诊断中的价值。资料与方法对69例胃肠道病变进行常规MR平扫和DWI，扩散敏感梯度（b值）分别为0和700s／mm^2，测量病变的表观扩散系数（ADC）值，其中29例同时续行增强扫描。结果59例恶性病变的平均ADC值为（0．96±0．11）×10^-3mm^2／s，10例良性病变的平均ADC值为（1．49±0．12）×10^-3mm^2／s，两组病变之间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。将恶性病变ADC值95％可信区间上界1．16×100mm^2／s定位为良、恶性病变鉴别的界值，诊断敏感性为86．6％，特异性为95．8％。结论DWI有助于对胃肠道良、恶性病变的诊断和鉴别。     

头颈部病变MR扩散成像的初步研究

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像（DWI）在头颈部病变中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析57例头颈部病变共85个病灶，其中恶性肿瘤22个（22例），良性肿瘤13个（13例），囊性或液性病灶13例共17个病灶，包括囊肿12个（8例），肿瘤坏死4个（4例），脓肿1个（1例）；淋巴结病灶33个。所有患者均经临床追踪或手术病理证实。分析各病灶在扩散敏感因子（b值）为0、500和1000s·mm^-2时DWI特点及其表观扩散系数（ADC）值。结果良、恶性肿瘤在DWI表现有所不同，13个良性肿瘤与脊髓（或脑干）的信号比值随b值增加迅速下降；22个恶性肿瘤与脊髓（或脑干）信号比值随b值增加变化不明显。恶性肿瘤的平均ADC值[（0．78±0．24）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]低于良性肿瘤[（1．48±0．20）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]，差异有统计学意义（t=8．9，P〈0．01）；良、恶性肿瘤的ADC值受试者特异性曲线（ROC）下面积Az值为0．971±0．030，当ADC值取1.13×10^-3mm^2·s^-1时，判断良、恶性肿瘤的敏感度为100％，特异度为90．5％，准确度90．5％。鳞状细胞癌的ADC值与分化程度相关，分化好者其ADC值高。囊性或液性病变（12个）、肿瘤坏死（4个）和脓肿（1个）在DWI上的信号强度与其组织病理成分相关，具有一定的信号特征和ADC值。淋巴结转移瘤的平均ADC值[（0．81±0．11）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]高于良性淋巴结病变[（0．69±0．04）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]，差异有统计学意义（t=3．48，P〈0．01），但是两者之间有较大的重叠，且在DWI上表现相仿。结论DWI和ADC值在头颈部病变的鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。     

颈髓MR扩散加权成像优化b值初步研究

目的：探讨1.5T磁共振颈髓扩散加权成像（DWI）b值的选择及获取正常脊髓表观扩散系数（ADC值）。方法：50例健康志愿者进行颈髄DWI检查,采用单次激发平面回波（SSH-EPI-DWI）序列,扩散梯度因子b值分别取300、500和1000 s/mm^2,分3组进行扫描,测量正常人颈髓ADC值并分析各组DWI图像及ADC图像质量,对比不同b值对成像效果的影响。结果：50例受检者均获得较满意的DWI和ADC图像并测得正常人颈髓ADC值。随着b值由300 s/mm^2升高到1000 s/mm^2,图像信号强度逐渐降低。以b值为500 s/mm^2时成像效果较好,信噪比和对比度较高,伪影较少。在500s/mm^2时测得的50例正常颈髓的平均ADC值为（95.70±11.01）×10-5mm^2/s。结论：利用SSH-EPI-DWI序列,正常人颈髓在b值为500 s/mm^2时可获得颈髓较满意的DWI和ADC图像。     

肾脏MR扩散加权成像的临床应用

目的：初步探讨肾脏MR扩散加权成像技术的临床应用。方法：肾功能正常者30例（无原发性和继发性肾病病史及相关危险因素），其中10例采用不同b值（50、500s／mm2）进行横断面和冠状面DWI成像；10倒进行了横断面或冠状面高b值DWI成像（500、800s／mm2），比较图像质量；10例在屏气和不屏气的情况下进行了两次肾脏冠状面DWI成像（b=500s／mm2）；10例进行两次肾脏冠状面DWI成像（b=500s／mm2），两次成像间隔时间为1～6个月。对不同b值肾脏ADC值、相同b值时肾脏横断面和冠状面ADC值及重复成像肾脏ADC值进行比较分析。分析屏气对成像结果的影响。结果：不同b值的肾脏ADC值间差异具有显著性意义；相同b值时肾脏横断面和冠状面ADC值间差异无显著性意义．b=800s／mm2时肾脏DWI图像质量低于b=500s／mm2；重复成像肾脏ADC值间差异无显著性意义；屏气与否不影响肾脏的ADC值。结论：肾脏冠状面DWI（b=500s／mm2）成像具有很好的可重复性，可用于屏气情况不同的患者，具有较好的临床应用前景。     

DWI诊断外伤性椎体压缩骨折优化b值的初步研究

目的 应用1.5T磁共振采用不同b值对骨折椎体行扩散加权成像（DWI）检查,通过数据分析优选最佳b值。方法 根据外伤时间,按T〈7天、14天≤T〈30天将患者分为二组,每组20例,共40例。所有入组病例均行DWI检查,采用单次激发自旋回波平面成像序列,b值分别取200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1 000s/mm^2,测量骨折椎体表观扩散系数（ADC）值并对比不同b值下椎体扩散加权成像（DWI）图像质量,应用ROC曲线分析不同b值下ADC值对不同时间段椎体压缩骨折的诊断价值。结果 40例受检者骨折椎体DWI图像,随着b值由200s/mm^2升高至1 000s/mm^2,图像信噪比逐渐降低,b值为300s/mm^2时图像对比噪声比最高;b值为200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000s/mm^2时不同时间段压缩骨折ADC值的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;b值为300s/mm^2时诊断新近压缩骨折（T〈7天）价值最大,其诊断敏感度、特异度分别为86.76%、81.87%。结论 b值为300s/mm^2时,椎体DWI图像质量佳,所获得的ADC值诊断效能相对较高。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Molecular imaging programs in the United States: results of a national survey

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify and describe the characteristics of molecular imaging (MI) programs in the United States and to determine the factors considered critical for their future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a validated survey was sent to members of the Society of Chairmen in Academic Radiology Departments (SCARD) in the United States, and 26 variables were studied. RESULTS: The response rate was 40.3%; 67.9% of the departments surveyed have an MI program. The main focus of 47.4% of departments is oncology. The number of radiologists working for the department was the only variable found to be significantly positively correlated with (1) number of researchers in the MI program, (2) number of MI modalities available, (3) total number of grants, and (4) having ongoing MI clinical trials. These four variables plus the number of federal grants and the space used by MI programs were independent of the geographical region, hospital size (number of beds), and department size (number of radiological examinations per year). All the MI programs received grants during 2005. Only 16.1% have no alliances with industry. Among all the departments, 82% identified staff training and recruitment as the keys for success; 78.57% considered oncology the most important future application of MI and cancer management the hospital service most affected by MI. CONCLUSION: MI programs are starting to be more widespread throughout the United States, and the trend is for more academic radiology departments to become engaged in MI activities; their development is independent of department characteristics. Radiology departments strongly agreed about the key components for success of MI initiatives and the areas that will be most affected by MI applications.