被动吸烟对大鼠纹状体GDNF和多巴胺含量的影响

目的 :研究被动吸烟对帕金森病 (PD)大鼠的影响 ,探讨其作用机制。方法 :通过 6—羟多巴胺 (6 OH DA)脑立体定向注射术建立大鼠帕金森病模型。采用生化、免疫组织化学的方法观察PD大鼠纹状体脑胶质细胞源性神经营养因子表达 (GDNF)及多巴胺 (DA)含量的变化以及术前 4周开始给予被动吸烟 (持续 6周 )和术后 3周给予的被动吸烟持续 2周对上述指标的影响。结果 :术前及术后吸烟的PD大鼠纹状体DA含量、脑胶质源性神经营养因子表达较PD组有明显改善 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :被动吸烟能减轻黑质纹状体DA能神经元的损伤     

被动吸烟对大鼠纹状体GDNF和多巴胺含量的影响

目的：研究被动吸烟对帕金森病（PD）大鼠的影响，探讨其作用机制。方法：通过6－羟多巴胺（6－OH－DA）脑立体定向注射术建立大鼠帕金森病模型。采用生化、免疫组织化学的方法观察PD大鼠纹状体脑胶质细胞源性神经营养因子表达（GDNF）及多巴胺（DA）含量的变化以及术前4周开始给予被动吸烟（持续6周）和术后3周给予的被动吸烟持续2周对上述指标的影响。结果：术前及术后吸烟的PD大鼠纹状体DA含量、脑胶质源性神经营养因子表达较PD组有明显改善（P＜0．05）。结论：被动吸烟能减轻黑质纹状体DA能神经元的损伤。     

被动吸烟对帕金森病大鼠旋转行为和纹状体多巴胺含量的影响

目的：观察被动吸烟对帕金森病（PD）大鼠的影响,以验证流行病学研究的结论,为PD研制提供一新的线索。方法：用6－羟基多巴胺（6－OHDA）立体定向注入大鼠一侧黑质致密部和中脑被盖腹侧区建立侧侧PD模型,观察术前4周开始始予的被动吸烟（持续6周）和术后2周对成功模型给予的被动吸烟（持续2周）对阿朴吗啡诱发的旋转行为及纹状体DA含量的影响。结果：术前4周开始被动吸烟的大鼠旋转行为有减少趋势,受损侧纹状体DA含量较对照组升高,术后2周,成功模型给予的被动吸烟对PD大鼠的旋转行为及纹状体DA含量均无影响。结论;被动吸烟可减轻6－OHDA对黑质DNA能神经元的损伤。     

微囊化牛视网膜色素上皮细胞移植治疗伴Lewy小体形成帕金森病的实验研究

目的观察微囊化牛视网膜色素上皮细胞(RPE)移植对伴Lewy小体形成帕金森病(PD)大鼠的治疗作用。方法用蛋白酶体选择性抑制剂lactacystin制作伴Lewy小体形成的PD模型;将微囊化牛RPE植入大鼠纹状体,移植分生理盐水对照组(NS)、RPE、空微囊(APA)及微囊化RPE(RPE-APA)四组;观察移植后旋转行为变化、纹状体中多巴胺(DA)和高香草酸(HVA)及酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)含量的变化。结果微囊化RPE的旋转行为在移植后第1周开始改善(改善程度为21.3%,与空微囊组相比P<0.05),第4周改善更加明显(改善程度为57.89%,与第1周相比P<0.05),并一直持续到第14周(改善程度为59.47%,与空微囊组相比P<0.05)。行为学改善的大鼠,纹状体内DA和HVA含量的变化同其行为学改善相符合。行为学有改善大鼠囊内细胞TH染色呈弱阳性,微囊周边的纹状体可见TH阳性纤维密度较空微囊组高。结论微囊化牛RPE脑内移植对伴Lewy小体形成PD大鼠有治疗作用。     

α-硫辛酸对帕金森病大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元的保护作用及其机制探讨

目的观察α-硫辛酸(LA)对鱼藤酮致帕金森(PD)大鼠模型黑质多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。方法健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠背部皮下注射鱼藤酮制备PD大鼠模型,药物治疗组同时给予大鼠腹腔注射LA。采用分光光度法检测大鼠脑内丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),Western blot检测大鼠中脑黑质及纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达变化。结果与对照组相比,鱼藤酮组大鼠纹状体中MDA明显增高(P<0.01)而GSH含量明显降低(P<0.01),TH蛋白在黑质和纹状体与对照组比较明显降低(P<0.05);LA干预后与鱼藤酮组相比MDA明显降低及GSH明显增高(P<0.05),TH蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05)。结论氧化应激在PD发病中起着非常重要的作用,LA能有效减轻PD大鼠脑内氧化应激损伤、保护脑内多巴胺能神经体系,同时改善PD样症状。     

慢病毒介导的三种神经元谱系相关转录因子脑内转移治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的探讨慢病毒介导的三种神经元谱系相关转录因子(Ascl1-Brn2-Ngn2,ABN)脑内转移治疗帕金森病(PD)的疗效。方法采用SD大鼠单侧纹状体注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)法建立PD模型并分为高剂量治疗组(n=11)、低剂量治疗组(n=11)和空载病毒PD模型组(空载病毒组,n=8),另设PBS阴性对照组(n=6)。应用立体定向仪将携带ABN基因的慢病毒(LV)注射至PD模型大鼠纹状体,观察行为学变化并用Western blot方法检测黑质内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达;利用高效液相色谱法检测多巴胺(DA)及二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)含量。结果 PBS阴性对照组大鼠未出现明显旋转行为;所有PD模型大鼠自术后第7～10d左右开始出现偏侧PD症状,动物自发向右侧旋转,肌内注射APO后出现快速向右侧旋转(10～17次/min)。基因治疗前空载病毒组大鼠与两治疗组相比,平均旋转圈数差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);空载病毒组大鼠在空载慢病毒注射前后未见有明显旋转行为改善(P0.05);而两ABN基因治疗组在治疗后3周有显著的旋转行为改善(均P0.05),其中高剂量治疗组在治疗后2周出现平均旋转圈数减少,趋势较低剂量治疗组更加明显。PBS阴性对照组术侧黑质内TH表达最高,空载病毒组大鼠TH蛋白表达明显降低;经ABN基因治疗后的两组大鼠TH蛋白表达明显高于空载病毒组,但仍低于PBS阴性对照组。移植后12周,空载病毒组DA及DOPAC水平均显著低于PBS阴性对照组(均P0.05);而ABN基因高低剂量组中DA及DOPAC含量均明显高于空载病毒组(均P0.05),但仍低于PBS阴性对照组。结论 ABN基因脑内转移可显著改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,其作用机制可能与促进多巴胺能神经元再生、增加纹状体多巴胺表达相关。     

线粒体跨膜电位在不同年龄帕金森病大鼠模型的改变

目的探讨线粒体跨膜电位在不同年龄帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠黑质纹状体系统神经细胞中的改变。方法选用15周龄、53周龄雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为15周龄对照组、15周龄模型组、53周龄对照组和53周龄模型组。采用立体定位技术双点注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)制成PD模型,对照组注射等体积无菌生理盐水。皮下注射阿扑吗啡(APO)进行旋转实验,流式细胞仪检测各组大鼠黑质细胞线粒体膜电位的改变。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠行为学异常,纹状体多巴胺含量显著下降(P<0.05),线粒体膜电位明显低于对照组(P<0.05);与15周龄PD大鼠相比,53周龄PD大鼠的行为学成绩、多巴胺含量及线粒体膜电位的活性降低更明显(P<0.05)。结论 6-OHDA所致的PD模型大鼠黑质纹状体系统线粒体膜电位下降,可能是导致PD发生发展的机制之一;老化可加速其功能障碍。     

人羊膜上皮细胞侧脑室移植对帕金森病大鼠模型行为、多巴胺能神经元、神经递质影响的实验研究

目的 观察人羊膜上皮细胞(HAECs)移植入帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型侧脑室后的存活及分化情况,及其对PD大鼠模型旋转行为、纹状体区多巴胺及其代谢产物的影响.方法 采用6-羟多巴立体定向脑内注射制作PD大鼠模型,将制模成功大鼠随机分成3组:人羊膜上皮细胞移植组(HAECs组)、磷酸缓冲组(PBS组)和帕金森组(PD组),1w后腹腔注射阿朴吗啡观察各组大鼠旋转行为的变化,连续观察10w,HAECs组5w后用人特异性抗体Nestin和Vimentin检测人羊膜细胞的存活情况,10w后酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)染色观察各组PD大鼠模型黑质部TH阳性神经元的变化情况及HAECs的分化情况,高效液相色谱--电化学仪测定纹状体多巴胺(DA)、高香草酸(HVA)、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)等神经递质的水平.结果 HAECs在PD大鼠侧脑室内移植可以长期存活达10w,并且可以分化为DA能神经元,HAECs组大鼠旋转数较PBS组及PD组明显降低(P<0.01),黑质部TH阳性神经元数量较PD组及PBS组升高(P<0.01),HAECs组大鼠纹状体区DA及其代谢产物DOPAC、HVA含量较PBS组明显升高(P<0.05).结论 人羊膜上皮细胞移植入PD大鼠侧脑室可以改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,其机制可能与增加纹状体区DA等神经递质有关.     

尼古丁对帕金森病大鼠纹状体GDNF和多巴胺含量的影响

目的 研究尼古丁对帕金森病（PD）大鼠纹状体脑胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)和多巴胺（DA）含量的影响。方法 将6－羟多巴胺（6－OHDA）立体定向注射到大鼠右侧中脑腹侧背盖部（VTA）和黑质致密部（SNpc)，建立PD大鼠模型。采用生化、免疫组织化学方法观察不同剂量尼古丁对PD大鼠的作用，检测纹状体GDNF表达及DA含量的变化。结果 造模前及造模后皮下注射尼古丁的PD大鼠，纹状体GDNF表达及DA含量较PD组有明显改善（P＜0．05）。结论 尼古丁可减轻6－OHDA对黑质DA能神经元的损伤，对PD大鼠具有保护作用。     

黄芩苷对鱼藤酮致帕金森大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经的保护作用

目的 观察黄芩苷对鱼藤酮致帕金森(PD)大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经的保护作用.方法 Wistar大鼠每日颈、背部皮下注射2mg/ml鱼藤酮葵花油乳化液(2mg/kg/d)3～5周制备鱼藤酮致PD大鼠模型;黄芩苷治疗组造模成功后灌胃4周,防治组与鱼藤酮同步每日灌胃黄芩苷(78rmg/kg/d)9周;大鼠行为变化分6个等级记分,最终统计各组不同分值动物出现的例数、发生百分率及总记分;脑切片黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化染色分析黑质损伤;HPIC法分析纹状体DA含量;分光光度法测定脑组织MDA、GSH、GR的含量.结果 黄芩苷防治PD实验见:(1)黄芩苷组行为学记分动物的百分率、总记分均低于模型组;(2)模型组黑质TH细胞数量呈现大量明显丢失,而黄芩苷防治组没有明显丢失.黄芩苷治疗:PD实验见:(1)模型组停给鱼藤酮30d见纹状体DA显著降低,黄芩苷治疗能阻止这种降低,使纹状体多巴胺保持在正常水平;(2)黄芩苷不能抑制PD大鼠脑组织增加的脂质过氧化反应.结论 行为学、病理学和DA递质的研究均证明黄芩苷防治和治疗给药对鱼藤酮致PD大鼠黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经有保护作用.但黄芩苷不能抑制PD大鼠脑组织增加的脂质过氧化反应.     

尼古丁对帕金森病大鼠纹状体多巴胺及黑质自由基含量的影响

目的 :研究尼古丁对帕金森病大鼠的影响 ,探讨其对 PD的作用机制。方法 :通过 6 - OHDA脑立体定向注射术建立大鼠帕金森病模型。采用生化方法观察不同剂量尼古丁对帕金森病大鼠的作用 ,检测黑质自由基、抗氧化剂及多巴胺含量的变化。结果 :造模前及造模后皮下注射尼古丁的 PD大鼠 ,黑质自由基及抗自由基酶及多巴胺含量较PD组有明显改善 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :尼古丁可减轻 6 - OHDA对黑质 DA能神经元的损伤 ,对 PD大鼠具有保护作用     

实验性帕金森病黑质的超微结构变化及灵芝孢子粉的影响研究

目的　研究帕金森病 (PD)动物模型黑质的超微结构及灵芝孢子粉对这些超微结构的影响。方法　30只健康雄性SD大鼠被分成 3组 ,每组 10只 ,其中PD组采用立体定向仪注入微量 6 羟多巴 (6 OHDA)至右侧中脑黑质 ,诱发PD模型。将成功的PD模型鼠用电镜固定液灌流固定脑组织 ,然后电镜观察黑质超微结构。灵芝孢子粉组先用灵芝孢子粉预处理 3天 ,再用立体定向仪注入微量 6 OHDA至右侧中脑黑质 ,并连续应用灵芝孢子粉直至4周 ,选择旋转次数最多的 6只大鼠电镜观察黑质超微结构。正常对照组黑质注入 0 2 %抗坏血酸生理盐水混合液。结果　PD组大鼠有较多的凋亡的神经细胞 ,线粒体嵴不清、内质网扩张 ,而正常对照组没有这些变化。灵芝孢子粉预处理组存在轻度的线粒体嵴不清、内质网扩张 ,偶见凋亡的神经细胞。结论　从形态学上说明神经细胞的凋亡在PD的发病机制中具有重要作用 ,同时灵芝孢子粉对黑质神经细胞具有保护作用。     

Intrastriatal quinolinic acid injections protect against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system

We tested the effect of intrastriatal quinolinic acid (QA) injections 2 weeks before subsequent intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Levels of DA and its metabolites were measured 2 days and 21 days after lesioning the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system with 6-OHDA. Intrastriatal 6-OHDA injections in the absence of prior treatment of QA significantly decreased dopamine (DA) and its metabolite levels in striatum but not in substantia nigra at day 2, and in striatum and substantia nigra at day 21, a clear indication of a time-dependent retrograde axonal degeneration of substantia nigra cell bodies. Intrastriatal QA injections 2 weeks before subsequent intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA partially prevented the 6-OHDA-depleting effect on DA and its metabolite levels in both striatum and substantia nigra 21 days after 6-OHDA injection. However, no statistically significant differences were found between QA + 6-OHDA- and 6-OHDA-treated animals at day 2. Our results suggest that intrastriatal QA injections partially prevent the naturally-occurring retrograde axonal degeneration of substantia nigra cell bodies caused by 6-OHDA, and illustrate a target-derived interaction between dopaminergic nerve endings and cell bodies. We suggest that the protective effect found in the QA-injected animals against the neurotoxic action of 6-OHDA is mediated by neurotrophic agents released by activated astroglia.     

Rutin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Oxidative Stress in an Animal Model of Parkinson’s Disease

This study was undertaken to investigate the neuroprotective effects of rutin (vitamin P) on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats. Oxidative stress and inflammation is an important event, play a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases. Rutin has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, and thus was tested for its beneficial effects using 6-OHDA-induced PD rat model. Male Wistar rats were pre-treated with rutin (25?mg/kg bwt, orally) for 3?weeks and subjected to unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA (10?μg in 0.1% ascorbic acid in normal saline). Three weeks after 6-OHDA infusion, rats were tested for neurobehavioral activity, and were killed after 4?weeks of 6-OHDA infusion for the estimation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione, and its dependent enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase), dopamine (DA) and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid. The increase in 6-OHDA-induced rotations and deficits in locomotor activity and motor coordination and decrease in antioxidant level, DA content and its metabolite and increase in the number of dopaminergic D2 receptors in striatum were protected significantly with lesioned group pre-treated with rutin. These findings were further supported by the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in the substantia nigra that showed that rutin protected neurons from deleterious effects of 6-OHDA. These results suggest that the consumption of rutin, which is novel vitamin, may have the possibility of protective effect against the neurological disorder such as PD.     

Estrogen interacts with the IGF-1 system to protect nigrostriatal dopamine and maintain motoric behavior after 6-hydroxdopamine lesions

The most prominent neurochemical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). Animal models of PD have concentrated on depleting DA and therapies have focused on maintaining or restoring DA. Within this context estrogen protects against 6-hydroxdopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesions of the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Present studies tested the hypothesis that neuroprotective estrogen actions involve activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system. Ovariectomized rats were treated with either a single subcutaneous injection of 17beta-estradiol benzoate or centrally or peripherally IGF-1. All rats were infused unilaterally with 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to lesion the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry confirmed that rats injected with 6-OHDA had a massive loss of TH immunoreactivity in both the ipsilateral substantia nigra compacta (60% loss) and the striatum (>95% loss) compared to the contralateral side. Loss of TH immunoreactivity was correlated with loss of asymmetric forelimb movements, a behavioral assay for motor deficits. Pretreatment with estrogen or IGF-1 significantly prevented 6-OHDA-induced loss of substantia nigra compacta neurons (20% loss) and TH immunoreactivity in DA fibers in the striatum (<20% loss) and prevented the loss of asymmetric forelimb use. Blockage of IGF-1 receptors by intracerebroventricular JB-1, an IGF-1 receptor antagonist, attenuated both estrogen and IGF-1 neuroprotection of nigrostriatal DA neurons and motor behavior. These findings suggest that IGF-1 and estrogen acting through the IGF-1 system may be critical for neuroprotective effects of estrogen on nigrostriatal DA neurons in this model of PD.     

Progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease does not involve activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin that causes the death of dopamine (DA) neurons, is commonly used to produce experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD) in rodents. In the rat model of PD first described by Sauer and Oertel, DA neurons progressively die over several weeks following a striatal injection of 6-OHDA. It is generally assumed that DA neurons die through apoptosis after exposure to 6-OHDA, but data supporting activation of a caspase enzymatic cascade are lacking. In this study, we sought to determine if caspases involved in the intrinsic apoptotic cascade play a role in the initial stages of 6-OHDA-induced death of DA neurons in the progressively lesioned rat model of PD. We found that injection of 6-OHDA into adult rat striatum did not activate caspase-9 or caspase-3 or increase levels of caspase-dependent cleavage products in the substantia nigra at various survival times up to 7 days after the lesion, even though this paradigm produced DA neuronal loss. These data suggest that in the adult rat brain DA neurons whose terminals are challenged with 6-OHDA do not die through a classical caspase-dependent apoptotic mechanism.     

灵芝孢子粉对帕金森病黑质神经细胞caspase-3影响的实验研究

目的：研究灵芝孢子对帕金森病（PD）大鼠模型黑质神经细胞caspase-3的影响。方法：SD大鼠随机分为3组，PD组：经立体定向向黑质部注入6-羟多巴（6-OHDA）；灵芝孢子组：先用灵芝孢子粉灌胃3d，立体定向注入6-OHDA，继续灌胃4周；正常对照组：立体定向注入抗坏血酸生理盐水。实验大鼠4周处死后用免疫组化、原位杂交检测caspase-3及其mRNA的阳性细胞数，Western blot检测caspase-3的半定量。结果：灵芝孢子组术侧黑质caspase-3及其mRNA阳性神经元数量较PD组明显降低，Western blot显示caspase-3蛋白较PD组显著降低。结论：灵芝孢子能够降低caspase-3的表达，对PD大鼠有脑保护作用。