薄层扫描法测定肤舒能洗剂中氧化苦参碱的含量

目的：采用薄层扫描法测定肤舒能洗剂中氧化苦参碱含量的方法。方法：用CS－9301型双波长薄层扫描仪，氯仿－甲醇－氨水（5：0．6：0．2）为展开剂，改良碘化铋钾试液显色，λs=460nm,λR=650nm。结果：样品中氧化苦参碱分离完全且呈良好线性关系。平均回收率为98．4％（RSD＝1．2％）。结论：方法简便，结果准确，可作为其质量控制依据。     

复方苦参注射液中苦参碱及槐定碱的含量测定

目的：建立薄层色谱扫描法测定复方苦参注射液中苦参碱及槐定碱的含量。方法：样品直接点于硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷－醋酸乙酯－二乙胺（8：9：0．6）为展开剂，分离本品中的苦参碱和槐定碱，以碘化铋钾试液和5％亚硝酸钠溶液为显色剂，采用双波长反射法锯齿扫描测定其含量，λS=500nm,λR=650nm，结果：苦参碱在2．01－12．06μg,槐定碱在0．99－5．94μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程分别为Y苦参碱＝5266．95X＋16215．95,r=0.9991和Y槐定碱＝8244.04X 1122.18,r=0.9993；加样回收率分别为98．91％，RSD苦参碱＝0．85％和98．96％，RSD槐定碱＝0．88％，结论：本法简便，快速，专属性强，重现性好，可用于测定复方苦参注射液的含量。     

RP—HPLC测定痢必灵片中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量

目的建立测定痢必灵片中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用KromasilC18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）的色谱柱；以0．05mol／L的磷酸二氢铵水溶液（H3PO4调pH2．5）-甲醇-乙腈-高氯酸钠（90：2：8：0．65）为流动相；流速：1ml／min；检测波长：220nm；柱温为30℃。结果苦参碱在0．126～1．26μg／ml范围内与峰面积分别呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9994，n=6），氧化苦参碱在2．9215～29．215μg/ml范围内与峰面积分别呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997，n=6）。平均回收率分别是99．2％（RSD=2．2％）、99．4％（RSD=0．9％）。结论HPLC法测定痢必灵片中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱含量简便、准确、可靠，可用于痢必灵片的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定阴炎净洗液中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱含量

目的建立同时测定阴炎净洗液中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为XB—NH：柱（150mm×416mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈一无水乙醇-3％磷酸（80：12：8）,检测波长为220nm,流速为1mL／min,柱温为40℃。结果苦参碱进样量在0．2～3．0μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0．9997）,氧化苦参碱进样量在0．2～3．0μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0．9998）,苦参碱和氧化苦参碱平均加样回收率分别为99．51％和100．00％。结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,适用于阴炎净洗液中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的常规分析和质量控制。     

乳膏中苦参碱的胶束HPLC法测定

建立了乳膏剂中苦参碱的胶束反相高效液相色谱分析方法。采用C18柱,流动相为甲醇－3．5％十二烷基磺酸钠水溶液（7：2）,以烟酰胺作内标物。苦参碱在20－120μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9997),平均回收率96．0％,RSD＝1．62％。     

高效液相色谱法测定阴炎净洗液中苦参碱的含量

目的建立测定阴炎净洗液中苦参碱含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法，色谱柱VP-ODS（5μm，150mm×4．6mm），流动相为甲醇水（含0．4％三乙胺，磷酸调pH至6．9）（10：90），流速：1mL·min^-1，检测波长：220nm，柱温：42℃。结果苦参碱在线性范围为0．04～0．24mg·mL^-1，回归系数为0．9998，RSD为0．93％，测得苦参碱的平均回收率为99．95％,RSD为0．53%（n=9）。结论本方法简便、准确、可靠，适用于阴炎净洗液中苦参碱的常规分析和质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定苦参碱葡萄糖注射液中苦参碱的含量

目的：建立以高效液相色谱法测定苦参碱葡萄糖注射液中苦参碱含量的方法。方法：以HypersilC8（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）为色谱柱，用甲醇-水-三乙胺（45：55：0．02）为流动相，于220nm波长处，以外标法测定。结果：苦参碱在0．15～3．00μg范围内，浓度与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998）。平均回收率为98．9％，RSD为1．10％。结论：本方法灵敏、准确、简便。     

HPLC、TLC检测砂生槐种子中的生物碱

目的：建立一种快速，有效的方法测定砂生槐种子中生物碱的种类和含量。方法：用TLC快速分离定性总生物碱，并结合HPLC进行精确定量。TLC采用Merck Silica gel 60 F254薄层层析板，氯仿-甲醇-浓氨水（5：0．6：0．1）为展开系统对总碱中主要成份进行定性分析；而后用HPLC法对其中苦参碱，氧化苦参碱和槐果碱的含量进行测定。色谱柱为VP—ODS（5μm，150mm×4．6mm）柱，流动相为乙腈（A），含0．035％三乙胺的0．02mol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液（B）进行梯度洗脱，检测波长210nm，流速1．0mL·min^-1，进样量20μL。结果：TLC分析结果表明生物碱中含有苦参碱，氧化苦参碱，槐果碱，槐定碱和金雀花碱等。HPLC测定时氧化苦参碱，苦参碱，槐果碱分别在3．0—97．0、2．5—80．0和1．6～50．7mg·L^-1范围内呈线性相关，r分别为0．9996，0．9999，0．9999。结论：沙生槐种子中含有苦参碱，氧化苦参碱，槐果碱，槐定碱和金雀花碱，其中氧化苦参碱，苦参碱，槐果碱含量约为21％，9％，0．9％，本文建立的方法能快速准确的测定沙生槐总碱中氧化苦参碱，苦参碱，槐果碱的含量。     

HPLC法测定治糜灵栓中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量

目的：建立治糜灵栓中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的HPLC含量测定方法。方法：采用Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），乙腈-无水乙醇-3％磷酸溶液（80：10：10）为流动相，检测波长220nm，流速1．0ml·min^-1。结果：苦参碱在0.17-0.86峭范围内，氧化苦参碱在0.50—2．50μg范围内，二者的峰面积与各自的浓度具良好的线性关系。平均加样回收率分别为100．4％（RSD=1．90％，n=6）和100．5％（RSD=1．23％，n=6）。结论：本方法简便、快速准确，可较好地控制该制剂的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方石韦颗粒中苦参碱的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱测定苦参碱含量的方法。方法色谱柱：Hanbon Lichrospher（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈-0．1％三氟醋酸（5：95）；检测波长：205nm。结果苦参碱在0．2008～1．0040μg线性关系良好（r=0．9998，n=5），平均加样回收率为100．02％，RSD为1．05％。结论该方法快速、简便、准确、重复性好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.