术中持续输注胰岛素对心肺转流心脏手术患者心肌血流灌注的影响

目的： 探讨术中持续输注胰岛素对心肺转流（CPB）心脏手术患者心肌血流灌注的影响。
方法： 选择择期行CPB心脏手术患者48例,男21例,女27例,年龄55～80岁,BMI 18～28 kg/m²,ASA Ⅱ—Ⅳ级。将患者随机分为两组：胰岛素组（I组,n=25）和对照组（C组,n=23）。两组采用相同麻醉方案。麻醉诱导后I组静脉输注胰岛素30 mU·kg^-1·h^-1、葡萄糖0.12 g·kg^-1·h^-1、氯化钾0.06 mmol·kg^-1·h^-1混合液,C组予以生理盐水10 ml/h输注,均输注至术毕。术中目标血糖值为6.1～11.1 mmol/L。于麻醉诱导后10 min（T₂）和术毕（T₆）行经食管超声心动图（TEE）检测,记录冠状静脉窦（CS）血流频谱、直径及肺静脉血流频谱,并计算CS净向前血流流速时间积分（VTI）。记录T₂、CPB前2 min（T₃）、CPB结束时（T₅₂）和T6时的股动脉平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、每搏量（SV）、心脏指数（CI）及外周血管阻力指数（SVRI）。记录麻醉诱导前5 min（T₁）、T₃、CPB后30 min（T₄）、T₅、T₆、术后6 h（T₇）、术后12 h（T₈）及术后24 h（T₉）时血糖及乳酸浓度。记录术前1 d、术后1、2 d时超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、高敏肌钙蛋白I（hs-TnI）和肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）水平。
结果： 与C组比较,I组T₆时CS净前向血流VTI及每分钟CS血流量均明显增加（P<0.05）,肺静脉心房收缩期峰值流速（ARp）明显减小（P<0.05）,T₅、T₆时SV和CI明显增大、SVRI明显降低（P<0.05）,T₇、T₈时乳酸浓度明显降低（P<0.05）,术后1、2 d时hs-CRP和CK-MB水平明显降低（P<0.05）,术后2 d时hs-TnI明显降低（P<0.05）。
结论： CPB心脏手术中持续输注胰岛素,同时维持血糖6.1～11.1 mmol/L,可改善心肌血流灌注,减轻术后炎症反应及心肌损伤。     

瑞马唑仑用于经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术患者围术期镇静的效果

目的 探讨瑞马唑仑应用于经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术（PKP）患者围术期镇静的效果。
方法 选择行PKP患者80例,男39例,女41例,年龄60～80岁,BMI 18～24 kg/m²,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：瑞马唑仑组（RM组）和右美托咪定组（DM组）,每组40例。两组依次缓慢静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg后,RM组静脉输注瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg,DM组静脉输注右美托咪定0.3 μg/kg,输注时间均为10 min,待两组Ramsay评分为3分时,调整药物的输注速度持续镇静（RM组：0.3～0.5 mg·kg^-1·h^-1;DM组：0.20～0.75 μg·kg^-1·h^-1）,术中镇静深度保持Ramsay评分为3～5分,BIS 60～80。记录镇静用药前（T₀）、局麻开始时（T₁）、骨水泥注入时（T₂）、苏醒时（T₃）及苏醒后30 min（T₄）的Ramsay评分和BIS。记录镇静起效时间、苏醒时间和术中知晓的发生情况。
结果 与T₀时比较,T₁、T₂时RM组Ramsay评分及BIS均明显降低（P<0.05）,T₁、T₄时DM组Ramsay评分及BIS均明显降低（P<0.05）。与DM组比较,T₃、T₄时RM组Ramsay评分明显降低、BIS明显升高（P<0.05）,RM组镇静起效时间和苏醒时间均明显缩短（P<0.05）,RM组术中知晓发生率明显降低（P<0.05）。
结论 瑞马唑仑或右美托咪定用于PKP患者,术中均能获得良好的镇静效果且对患者呼吸及循环功能影响较小。与使用右美托咪定的患者比较,使用瑞马唑仑的患者镇静起效时间和苏醒时间明显缩短、术中知晓发生率明显降低,术后苏醒质量明显提升。     

肝切除术中肾脏局部氧饱和度与术后急性肾损伤的相关性

目的 应用近红外光谱技术（NIRS）监测肝切除术中肾脏局部氧饱和度（rSKO₂）的变化，评估其与术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的相关性。
方法 选择2020年9月至2021年10月择期在全麻下行开腹肝切除术的患者99例，男77例，女22例，年龄60～80岁，BMI 18～30 kg/m²，ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。根据改善全球肾脏病预后（KDIGO）标准判断术后7 d内是否发生AKI，并将患者分为两组：AKI组和非AKI组。记录基础值（T₀）、麻醉诱导即刻（T₁）、手术开始即刻（T₂）、肝门阻断即刻（T₃）、肝门阻断后5 min（T₄）、10 min（T₅）、肝门开放即刻（T₆）、肝门开放后10 min（T₇）、20 min（T₈）、30 min（T₉）、手术结束时（T₁₀）的rSKO₂。记录肝门阻断时间、液体输注量、出血量等术中情况。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析术中rSKO₂与AKI的相关性。
结果 术后7 d内有16例（16%）患者发生AKI。与AKI组比较，非AKI组T₁、T₃—T₇、T₉、T₁₀时rSKO₂水平明显升高（P＜0.05）。术中rSKO₂绝对值低于70%（OR=3.87，95%CI 1.17~15.37，P＜0.05）或下降幅度大于基础值的20%（OR=4.96，95%CI 1.53~18.66，P＜0.05）与术后AKI发生呈正相关。
结论 术中rSKO₂下降与术后AKI发生呈正相关，NIRS监测rSKO₂可以较好地反映患者术中肾脏氧供需状态。     

术前肺功能锻炼联合压力控制容量保证通气模式对老年患者腹腔镜下胃癌根治术肺功能的影响

目的 探究术前肺功能锻炼联合压力控制容量保证通气（PCV-VG）模式对老年患者腹腔镜下胃癌根治术肺功能的影响。

方法 选择2021年9月至2022年3月择期行腹腔镜下胃癌根治术老年患者60例,男29例,女31例,年龄65～80岁,BMI 18～28 kg/m²,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,加泰罗尼亚外科患者呼吸风险评估表（ARISCAT）评分≥26分。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：术前肺功能锻炼+术中PCV-VG组（P组）和术前肺功能锻炼+术中容量控制通气模式（VCV）组（V组）,每组30例。患者术前吹气球锻炼肺功能5 d。麻醉诱导后气管插管机械通气,P组行PCV-VG模式,V组行VCV模式。记录麻醉诱导后10 min（T₂）、改变体位前（T₃）、气腹开始后10 min（T₄）、40 min（T₅）、70 min（T₆）、100 min（T₇）、结束气腹转水平位后10 min（T₈）、手术结束前30 min（T₉）的气道峰压（Ppeak）、气道平台压（Pplat）、肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）及驱动压（DP）。于入院时（T₀）、T₅、T₈、PACU拔管后1 h（T₁₁）、术后第1天（T₁₂）采集桡动脉血行血气分析,记录pH、PaO₂、PaCO₂、肺泡-动脉氧分压差（A-aDO₂）。于T₀、手术结束（T₁₀）时抽取静脉血测定克拉拉细胞分泌蛋白-16（CC-16）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）浓度。记录T₀、入手术室（T₁）、T₁₁时肺部超声（LUS）评分。记录T₁、T₁₁时肺不张发生情况及术后7 d内PPCs发生情况。

结果 与V组比较,P组T₃—T₈时Ppeak、Pplat、DP明显降低、Cdyn明显升高（P＜0.05）,T₅、T₈、T₁₁时A-aDO₂明显降低（P＜0.05）,T₁₁时PaO₂明显升高（P＜0.05）,T₁₀时CC-16、IL-6和IL-1β浓度明显降低（P＜0.05）,T₁₁时LUS评分及肺不张发生率均明显降低（P＜0.05）。术后7 d内两组PPCs发生率差异无统计学意义。

结论 与术前肺功能锻炼联合术中VCV模式比较,术前肺功能锻炼联合术中PCV-VG模式可以改善腹腔镜下胃癌根治术老年患者术中及术后肺功能,降低术后肺不张发生率。     

瑞马唑仑和丙泊酚用于肝硬化患者内镜下静脉曲张套扎术的比较

目的 探讨瑞马唑仑和丙泊酚对肝硬化患者内镜下静脉曲张套扎术血流动力学和不良反应的影响。
方法 纳入拟行内镜下静脉曲张套扎术的肝硬化患者96例,男43例,女53例,年龄18～70岁,BMI 18.5～27.9 kg/m²,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：瑞马唑仑组（R组）和丙泊酚组（P组）,每组48例。R组静脉注射瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg行麻醉诱导,静脉泵注瑞马唑仑1～2 mg·kg^-1·h^-1行麻醉维持;P组静脉注射丙泊酚2 mg/kg行麻醉诱导,静脉泵注丙泊酚4～10 mg·kg^-1·h^-1行麻醉维持。记录麻醉诱导前（T₀）、麻醉诱导后（T₁）、气管插管后（T₂）、手术开始后5 min（T₃）、拔管后（T₄）的HR和MAP。记录患者意识消失时间、拔管时间、意识恢复时间、PACU停留时间。记录术前、术后1 d谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）。记录术中低血压、术后低氧血症、头晕、恶心呕吐、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动的发生情况。
结果 与P组比较,R组T₁—T₃时HR、MAP明显升高（P＜0.05）,意识消失时间明显延长（P＜0.05）,拔管时间、意识恢复时间和PACU停留时间明显缩短（P＜0.05）,术中低血压、术后低氧血症发生率明显降低（P＜0.05）。两组T₀、T₄时HR、MAP差异无统计学意义。两组术后1 d ALT、AST和头晕、恶心呕吐、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生率差异均无统计学意义。
结论 与丙泊酚比较,瑞马唑仑对行内镜下静脉曲张套扎术肝硬化患者的血流动力学影响较小,可明显降低低血压发生率,安全性较高。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对全麻患者围术期心肌细胞电生理的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量右美托咪定对全麻患者围术期心肌细胞电生理及心功能的影响。
方法 选择2020年9月至2021年3月行择期全麻手术患者69例,男33例,女36例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为四组：右美托咪定负荷剂量1 μg/kg及维持剂量1 μg·kg^-1·h^-1（D₁组）、右美托咪定负荷剂量1 μg/kg及维持剂量0.5 μg·kg^-1·h^-1（D₂组）、右美托咪定负荷剂量0.5 μg/kg及维持剂量0.5 μg·kg^-1·h^-1（D₃组）和生理盐水负荷剂量50 ml/h输注10 min及维持剂量10 ml/h（C组）。于右美托咪定/生理盐水使用前（T₁）、负荷剂量完成时（T₂）、手术结束即刻（T₆）、入PACU后1 h（T₇）、术后24 h（T₈）、术后48 h（T₉）、术后72 h（T₁₀）及术后1个月（T₁₁）时采集12导联心电图,记录QTc间期,计算心脏电生理平衡指数（iCEB）。于T₁、T₂、手术开始时（T₃）、手术开始30 min（T₄）、手术开始1 h（T₅）、T₆、T₇时记录心脏循环效率（CCE）等心功能指标。
结果 与C组比较,T₂时D₁组和D₂组QTc间期明显延长（P<0.05）,T₇、T₈时D₃组QTc间期明显缩短(P<0.05),T₈时D₃组iCEB明显减小（P<0.05）,T₂时D₁组和D₂组、T₃时D₁组CCE明显减小（P<0.05）。与D₁组比较,D₃组T₂、T₆、T₇、T₉、T₁₀时QTc间期明显缩短（P<0.05）,T₈时iCEB明显减小（P<0.05）,T₂—T₄时CCE明显增大（P<0.05）。与D₂组比较,D₃组T₂时QTc间期明显缩短（P<0.05）、T₈时iCEB明显减小（P<0.05）,T₂—T₃时CCE明显增大（P<0.05）。
结论 全身麻醉手术中静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量0.5 μg/kg及维持剂量0.5 μg·kg^-1·h^-1可维持患者围术期心肌电生理的稳定,降低心律失常的发生率,且不影响心脏输出效率。     

氟比洛芬酯对胸腔镜右肺叶切除术患者单肺通气期间肺功能的影响

目的： 观察氟比洛芬酯对胸腔镜右肺叶切除术患者采用封堵器行单肺通气期间肺氧合功能、呼吸力学及肺部并发症的影响。
方法： 选择择期全麻下行胸腔镜右肺叶切除术采用封堵器行单肺通气的患者60例,男25例,女35例,年龄35～64岁,BMI 18～28 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：氟比洛芬酯组（F组）和对照组（C组）,每组30例。F组在麻醉诱导前15 min静注氟比洛芬酯1.0 mg/kg,C组不予处理。于麻醉诱导前20 min（T₀）、单肺通气30 min（T₁）、单肺通气60 min（T₂）、双肺通气15 min（T₃）时抽取桡动脉血行血气分析,计算氧合指数（OI）并记录SpO₂。记录T₁、T₂时的气道峰压（Ppeak）、气道平台压（Pplat）、肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）和无效腔气量与潮气量之比（V_D/V_T）。记录单肺通气期间低氧血症发生情况、补救例数、术后转ICU例数、术后72 h内肺不张、急性肺损伤和肺炎发生情况。
结果： 与C组比较,F组T₁时SpO₂、T₁—T₃时PaO₂和OI、T₁、T₂时Cdyn明显升高（P<0.05）;T₁、T₂时Ppeak和V_D/V_T、T₂时Pplat明显降低（P<0.05）。两组无一例单肺通气期间发生低氧血症和补救、术后转入ICU、术后72 h内发生肺不张、急性肺损伤和肺炎。
结论： 对胸腔镜右肺叶切除术采用封堵器行单肺通气的患者,麻醉诱导前静注氟比洛芬酯有助于改善单肺通气期间肺氧合功能,优化呼吸力学参数。     

不同吸入氧浓度对老年患者腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后早期肺功能的影响

目的： 比较术中吸入氧浓度（FiO₂）30%和80%对老年患者腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后肺功能的影响。
方法： 选择择期行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的老年患者60例,年龄≥65岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：FiO₂ 30%组（L组）和FiO₂ 80%组（H组）,每组30例。气管插管后行肺复张,L组调整FiO₂为30%直至拔除气管导管。H组调整FiO₂为80%直至拔除气管导管。记录入室后5 min（T₀）、手术开始后1 h（T₁）、手术开始后2 h（T₂）、拔管后30 min（T₃）的HR、MAP,并行动脉血气分析记录PaO₂、PaCO₂,计算氧合指数（OI）。于T₀、T₃时行电阻抗断层成像（EIT）监测,评估肺通气功能,记录中心通气区（CoV）、依赖静止区（DSS）、非依赖静止区（NSS）的面积百分比。术前1 d、术后第1、3、5天测定第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）、用力肺活量（FVC）、1秒率（FEV₁/FVC）。记录术后5 d内肺不张、呼吸道感染和胸腔积液等肺部并发症的发生情况。
结果： 与H组比较,L组T₃时DSS面积百分比明显降低（P＜0.05）,PaO₂与OI明显升高（P＜0.05）,术后第1天FVC、FEV₁和FEV₁/FVC均明显升高（P＜0.05）,术后第3天FEV₁/FVC明显升高（P＜0.05）,术后5 d内肺不张发生率明显降低（P＜0.05）。
结论： 与FiO₂ 80%比较,术中FiO₂ 30%可以明显改善老年患者腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后30 min肺通气、氧合功能与术后早期的肺功能,减少术后肺不张的发生。     

去阿片化麻醉在泌尿外科短小手术中的应用

目的 探讨去阿片化麻醉在泌尿外科短小手术中的应用效果。
方法 选择2021年8—12月行泌尿外科短小手术患者60例，男40例，女20例，年龄18～64岁，BMI 18～28 kg/m²，ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：去阿片化麻醉组（F组）和瑞芬太尼麻醉组（R组），每组30例。F组使用艾司氯胺酮复合右美托咪定进行麻醉维持，R组使用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚进行麻醉维持。记录麻醉诱导前（T₀）、麻醉诱导后即刻（T₁）、喉罩置入后（T₂）、麻醉诱导后10 min（T₃）、喉罩移除前（T₄）、喉罩移除后（T₅）的HR、SBP、DBP和BIS。记录麻醉苏醒时间、术后30 min、24 h VAS疼痛评分分级和术后不良反应的发生情况。
结果 与T₀时比较，R组T₁—T₄时HR明显减慢，T₁—T₅时SBP、DBP明显降低（P<0.05）。与R组比较，F组T₁—T₃时HR明显增快，T₂—T₄时SBP、DBP明显升高，T₂、T₃时BIS明显升高（P<0.05）。两组麻醉苏醒时间、术后30 min、24 h VAS疼痛评分分级、恶心呕吐、睡眠紊乱等不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义。
结论 去阿片化麻醉可安全用于泌尿外科短小手术，且术中血流动力学更稳定。     

肺动态顺应性指导个体化呼气末正压通气对老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌术中肺功能的影响

目的 观察肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）指导个体化呼气末正压通气（PEEP）对老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌术中肺功能的影响。
方法选择择期行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的老年患者68例，男37例，女31例，年龄65～79岁，BMI<30 kg/m²，ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：个体化PEEP组（P组）和对照组（C组），每组34例。P组在插管完成即刻、气腹-屈氏体位建立即刻、气腹结束即刻行肺复张及PEEP滴定试验，C组设置固定PEEP 5 cmH₂O。记录P组3次滴定时最佳PEEP和实际V_T。记录气管插管完成后10 min（T₁）、气腹-屈氏体位建立后10 min（T₂）、60 min（T₃）、手术结束拔管前（T₄）PaO₂、PaCO₂、P_ETCO₂，计算氧合指数（OI）、死腔/潮气量比值（Vd/V_T）、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差（A-aDO₂）、驱动压和Cdyn。采用ELISA法测定麻醉诱导前（T₀）、拔管后10 min（T₅）的白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、肺Clara细胞分泌蛋白（CC16）及肺泡表面活性物质-D（SP-D）的浓度。记录术后肺部并发症（PPCs）的发生情况。
结果 P组滴定最佳PEEP的中位数为4 cmH₂O。与C组比较，P组T₄时PaO₂、OI明显升高，T₁、T₃、T₄时Cdyn明显升高，T₁—T₄时驱动压明显降低，T₅时CC16血清浓度明显降低（P<0.05）。两组T₁—T₄时PaCO₂、P_ETCO₂、A-aDO₂、Vd/V_T差异无统计学意义。两组术后3 d均未发生严重PPCs。
结论 在老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中，采用压力控制通气下肺动态顺应性指导个体化PEEP的肺保护通气策略，可提高患者术中肺动态顺应性，降低驱动压，改善手术结束时氧合，降低术后CC16血清浓度，改善术中肺功能。     

Cardiopulmonary bypass recommendations in adults: the northern New England experience

Using a regional cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) registry, we compared the practice of CPB at eight northern New England institutions to recently published recommendations. We examined CPB practice among 3597 adult patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting surgery from January 2004 to June 2005. Registry variables were used to compare regional CPB practice to recommendations on topics of neurologic protection (pH management, avoidance of hyperthermia, minimizing return of pericardial suction blood, aortic assessment, arterial line filtration), maintenance of euglycemia, reduction of hemodilution, and attenuation of the inflammatory response. We report overall regional practice (regional minimum, maximum). All centers used alpha-stat pH management and arterial line filters. Avoidance of hyperthermia (temperature < 37degrees C) was achieved during 23.4% of procedures (regional minimum, 1.5%; maximum, 83.2%). Minimizing return of pericardial suction blood was achieved in 23.7% of cases (0.7%, 93.6%). Aortic assessment was performed during 45.7% of procedures (1.3%, 98.9%). Maintenance of euglycemia (< 200 mg/dL) was accomplished in 82.7% (57.1%, 97.9%) of cases. Hemodilution (hematocrit < 23% on CPB) was lower for men 32.4% (20.6%, 52.3%) than women 77.9% (64.7% 88.9%). Men were less likely to receive red blood cell transfusions in the operating room (11.0%; 1.8%, 20.9%) than women (54.6%; 30.1%, 70.6%). In an effort to attenuate the inflammatory response, surface coated circuits were used in 83.3% of procedures (8.8%, 100%). During this time, gaps existed between regional CPB practice and recently published recommendations. We continue to prospectively measure CPB practice relating to these recommendations to monitor and improve the care provided to our patients.     

Long-term evaluation of EC-IC bypass patency

Summary The EC-IC Bypass Study Group could not detect any benefit from surgery compared to medical management in the prevention of stroke in 1985 [15]. During the past years surgical revascularization was re-evaluated and considered as an appropriate treatment for a small subgroup of patients with recurrent focal cerebral ischaemia and impaired haemodynamics. This retrospective study examines the long-term benefit and patency rate of bypass.We present a follow-up of 5.6 years of 47 patients, all of whom underwent byupass surgery after 1985. Forty patients suffered recurring transient ischaemic attacks due to uni- or bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Examination included neurologic status, TCD with CO₂ or Diamox challenge, angiography, CT and SPECT scans.Neurological improvement was seen in 23% of patients with better results after early surgery, a worsening in 22% suffering further ischaemic events on a postoperative average of 2.8 years. Patency rate for vein graft material was 50%, for the STA-MCA procedure 91%. Occlusion of the vein graft occurred on an average after 1.4 years, other anastomosis after 2.7 years.We conclude that only few patients derived long-term benefit from EC-IC bypasses. Functioning of the bypass worsens over time, suggesting a role for surgery predominantly in the first year of ischaemic events due to insufficient collateral supply. Actual indications for bypass surgery may be patients with failure of maximal medical therapy and progressive ischaemia and haemodynamic compromise.     

Early results of off-pump coronary artery bypass

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the operative results of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) and on-pump (conventional) coronary artery bypass (CCAB), to clarify qualitative problems and whether OPCAB is less invasive or not. Methods: OPCAB was consecutively performed in 63 patients and CCAB in 63 patients between July 1998 and December 2003. Results: The mean number of bypass grafts was 2.43 ±0.82 in the OPCAB group and 2.70±0.71 in the CCAB group (p=0.096). In-hospital mortality was 0% in the OPCAB group and 3.2% in the CCAB group. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was 0% in the OPCAB group and 3.2% in the CCAB group. The incidence of postoperative major complications was significantly lower in the OPCAB group than in the CCAB group (OPCAB group=4 complications, CCAB group=13 complications). Cerebrovascular accidents occurred in 1.6% of patients in both groups. The incidence of sternal infection or mediastinitis was 0% in the OPCAB group and 3.2% in the CCAB group. The early patency rate of graft was 94.0% in the OPCAB group and 92.8% in the CCAB group, and was not significantly different (p=0.822). Conclusion: Operative mortality and major complications after surgery in OPCAB were lower than that in CCAB. The early patency rate in OPCAB was as good as that in CCAB. It is considered that OPCAB is less invasive and the quality of bypass in OPCAB is as good as that in CCAB.     

Perforated marginal ulcer after gastric bypass for obesity: a systematic review

Marginal ulcers are a recognized complication of gastric bypass procedures for obesity. Perforated marginal ulcer (PMU) is a life-threatening complication of marginal ulcers. We performed a systematic review to understand the presentation, management, and outcomes of PMUs. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases were searched to identify all studies on PMUs after gastric bypass procedures. A total of 610 patients were identified from 26 articles. The mean age was 39.8±2.59 years, and females represented most of the cohort (67%). The mean body mass index was 43.2±5.67 kg/m². Most of the patients had undergone a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (98%). The time gap between the primary bariatric surgery and the diagnosis of PMU was 27.5±8.56 months. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (99.5%) and a computed tomography scan was the diagnostic modality used in 72% of the patients. Only 15% of patients were on prophylactic proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers at the time of perforation, and 41% of patients were smoking at the time. Twenty-three percent of patients were on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Laparoscopic omental patch repair of the perforation (59%) was the most used technique; 18% of patients underwent open surgery, and 20% were managed non-surgically. Thirty-day mortality was 0.97%; it was 1.21% (n=5) and 0% (n=0) in those who were managed surgically and nonsurgically, respectively. Ulcers recurred in 5% of patients. In conclusion, PMU is a surgical emergency after gastric bypass that can result in significant morbidity and even mortality. This is the first systematic review in scientific literature characterizing this condition.     

Infrageniculate thin-walled PTFE bypass: Preliminary study of 53 cases

Between May 1, 1983 and May 1, 1985, 53 patients whose mean age was 75 years, and who presented with rest pain or ischemic changes had infrageniculate insertion of femoropopliteal or femorotibial thin-walled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE-TW) bypasses. Occlusive atherosclerotic disease was present in all patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 6 to 30 months. One patient died in the immediate post-operative period whereas 15 others died later during follow-up. There was one case of prosthetic sepsis. No anastomotic aneurysms occurred. Actuarial analysis of overall patency rates in significant population samples showed that 88% and 68% of bypasses were functional at one month and two years, respectively. The overall rate of early amputation was 17%. Overall limb salvage was 67% at 30 months. In patients over 75, 85% of bypasses were patent at one year whereas life expectancy for one year in this same group of patients was 49%. Although this is a preliminary study, results obtained with this new material suggest that an average gain of 20% in patency rates can be expected compared to those recorded with standard PTFE prostheses. The PTFE-TW vascular prosthesis may be the material of first choice for the geriatric patient in order to promote early hospital discharge and return to the home environment. Even though long-term patency rates of venous grafts are better, we believe that the use of PTFE-TW prostheses in elderly patients with limited life expectancy may be preferred.     

Combined aortobifemoral and femoropopliteal bypass in the management of patients with extensive atherosclerosis

Certain patients have atherosclerosis in both aortoillac and femoropopliteal segments of the arterial tree and thus do not have a good result from reconstruction of the aortoiliac segment. No method has been developed to identify these patients and we do not know whether, by combining a femoropopliteal bypass with an aortobifemoral bypass, the results can be improved. We present a series of 153 patients with severe multilevel occlusive disease treated by simultaneous reconstruction and followed for up to 6.5 years. The cumulative patency of the femoropopliteal bypasses was 80% at four years. Functional and symptomatic improvement was excellent, and operative mortality was low when one considers the age and poor general condition of the patients.     

Unilateral iliac artery occlusive disease: A randomized multicenter trial examining direct revascularization versus crossover bypass

This randomized trial compared the patency of direct unilateral aorto- or iliofemoral prosthetic bypass with that of crossover femorofemoral or iliofemoral bypass in unilateral atheromatous occlusive disease of the iliac artery. Between May 1986 and March 1991, 143 patients were enrolled in this study (74 crossover and 69 direct revascularizations). Cardiovascular risk factors, preoperative symptoms, and atheromatous lesions were similar in both groups. Patients were followed by Duplex scanning with systolic pressure index measurements. Routine digital subtraction arteriograms were obtained postoperatively and separately, when hemodynamic anomalies developed. Mean follow-up was 22 months. One patient with direct revascularization died postoperatively. Primary patency of direct revascularizations was 89.8% at 48 months compared with 52% for crossover bypass. This difference was statistically significant. Secondary patency of direct and crossover revascularization at 48 months was 92.9% and 93.6%, respectively (not significant). Even though crossover bypasses seem attractive because of their technical simplicity and low morbidity, our results suggest that direct revascularizations are preferable in the young patient with no major operative risks, while crossover bypasses remain indicated in patients at risk.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Société de Chirurgie Vasculaire de Langue Française, June 20–21 1991, Marseille, France.     

Methodologies,Devices, and New Surgical Concepts: Novel System for Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass (PCPB) has recently come to the forefront of medicine as a technique for resuscitating and supporting patients in various clinical situations. Current systems utilize small-diameter cannulas to aspirate blood under high suction into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Aspiration-based systems have several disadvantages including risk of air embolism, blood hemolysis, and cavitation. Additionally, they are suboptimal for use during open-heart surgical procedures. A system with a venous cannula that employs gravity drainage has been evaluated. Once advanced into position over a guide- wire, the stylet is removed, causing the basket near the end of the cannula to expand. Blood flows into the cannula from side holes and the basket region, which prevents the vessel wall or atrium from collapsing around the catheter and impeding venous drainage. Hemodynamic, hematologic, and histologic examinations were performed on eight anesthetized mongrel dogs during 2 h of PCPB. All animals exhibited adequate tissue perfusion and right and left heart decompression. All animals were successfully weaned from PCPB and after 30 min exhibited normal myocardial function. No ischemic changes were observed in the heart, lung, kidney, or liver by light and electron microscopy. We conclude that full PCPB can be satisfactorily achieved by using a novel percutaneous venous cannula and gravity drainage     

Paracorporeal Artificial Heart in Postoperative Heart Failure

A pneumatically driven artificial heart with a tubular silicone rubber membrane and disc valves was used for functional heart replacement in the paracorporeal mode. A fluidic drive system allows adjustment of the heart rate, positive and negative pressures and systole/diastole ratio.
Since August, 1977, the artificial heart has been used in four patients with refractory postoperative heart failure not responding to volume loading, pH and electrolyte correction, catecholamines and intraaortic balloon pumping. Large cannulae were placed in the atria and great vessels. The ventricles were fixed on the chest paracorporeally. The assist system was used as a left heart bypass in one patient and as a biventricular bypass in three other patients. After 48–72 hours, the ventricular function recovered in three patients, permitting removal of the artificial heart. One patient died of cerebral complications six weeks later; the other two recovered completely and were released in good condition.
Profound postoperative heart failure can be completely reversed by the use of the paracorporeal artificial heart; the advantage of the system lies in the simplicity of its implantation and removal.     

Sequential bypass for multisegmental occlusive disease

We evaluated the effectiveness of a sequential bypass for multisegmental occlusive disease. Forty-seven multiple bypass grafts were performed on 43 patients ranging in age from 55 to 83 years (mean: 70 years). The indications for operation included incapacitating claudication in 20 limbs, resting pain in 15, and nonhealing ulcers in 12. An anatomical arterial bypass was performed on 36 limbs, consisting of an aorto-femoro-popliteal bypass in 21 limbs, a femoro-popliteal-posterior tibial bypass in 8, an ilio-femoro-popliteal bypass in 4, an ilio-femoro-posterior tibial bypass in 2, and a femoro-popliteal-plantar bypass in 1. Similarly, an extra-anatomical arterial bypass was performed on 11 limbs, consisting of an axillo-femoro-popliteal bypass in 6, a crossover femoro-femoro-popliteal bypass in 3, an axillo-femoro-posterior tibial bypass in 1, and a crossover femoro-femoro-anterior tibial bypass in 1. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 77 months (mean: 23 months). Twelve graft failures occurred, and 2 of them required major amputations. The cumulative graft patency rate was 85% at one year and 65% at 3 years. Arterial Doppler examination revealed a mean preoperative ankle-brachial index of 0.29±0.25. The early and late mean postoperative ankle-brachial indices, however, increased to 0.97±0.19 and 0.84±0.25, respectively. Midterm results have indicated that such multiple sequential bypass grafts are effective.Presented at the 8th Congress Asian Surgical Association, Fukuoka, Japan, March 10–13, 1991