湖北省十堰市艾滋病流行特征及变化趋势分析

目的 通过分析十堰市1998—2020年艾滋病疫情流行特征和变化趋势,为制定艾滋病精准防控措施提供科学依据.方法 对十堰市1998—2020年累计报告的HIV感染/AIDS疫情资料进行回顾性流行病学分析.结果 按现住址和终审日期统计,1998—2020年十堰市累计报告HIV感染/AIDS共1496例,其中男性1093例...     

2017-2021年黑龙江省男男性行为者HIV感染状况北大核心CSCD

MSM是艾滋病防控的重点人群,2022年,中国新报告HIV感染者中,男男同性性传播占25.6%[1]。2022年,黑龙江省新报告HIV感染者中,MSM占71.4%。本研究拟对2017-2021年黑龙江省MSM哨点监测数据进行分析,了解黑龙江省MSM的HIV感染状况及艾滋病相关行为特征,为艾滋病防控工作提供依据。     

伊宁市结核病/艾滋病双重感染患者抗结核治疗转归分析

目的分析新疆伊宁市结核病/艾滋病双重感染患者抗结核治疗转归情况,为今后防治效果提供科学依据。方法按照《中国结核病防治规划实施工作指南》及《第五轮中国全球基金结核病项目（一期）TB/HIV双重感染防治实施方案》要求对患者进行治疗管理。结果 2007年10月～2009年9月项目执行2年共发现TB/HIV双重感染患者302例;涂阳患者抗结核治愈率分别为第一年15.4%、第二年70.0%;治疗完成率分别为第一年27.1%、第二年77.6%。结论提高TB/HIV双重感染患者抗结核治愈率和治疗完成率,除规范治疗,还要加强结核病防控机构与艾滋病防控机构的密切合作和健康教育、心理支持、综合管理工作。     

新疆口岸出入境人群中230例HIV感染者的流行病学调查分析

目的了解并掌握新疆口岸出入境人员艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的情况和流行病学特征,为今后过境口岸出入境人群中艾滋病防控提供科学依据。方法对2001—2007年共291 200名出入境人员传染病监测体检中的HIV抗体阳性资料进行整理、统计分析。结果共检出HIV抗体阳性者230例,总感染率0．79‰;感染者20-40岁的占94．78％;男性占78．70％,女性占21．30％,男女比为2．2：1;少数民族感染比例高;商务人员和交通工具驾驶员为高危人群;传播途径仍然以吸毒及性传播为主。结论新疆重点区域的艾滋病流行情况并没有得到有效控制,仍在快速蔓延。因此,加强对出入境人员进行艾滋病监测,对HIV感染者进行流行病学调查、分析,加强防止艾滋病传播知识的宣传,是在过境口岸控制艾滋病传播的重要环节。     

新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院VCT检测服务情况分析

目的在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院,通过开设艾滋病自愿咨询检测(Voluntary counseling and testing,VCT)门诊,向求询者提供艾滋病相关咨询检测服务,并及时发现艾滋病病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者和艾滋病病人。方法在VCT门诊对求询者免费进行HIV咨询和抗体检测,对咨询情况和检测结果进行描述和统计分析。结果自2007年开设VCT门诊至2010年底,共向2 546名求询者提供了免费艾滋病咨询,其中接受HIV检测者有1 865人,占73.2%,检测出HIV抗体阳性者160人,阳性率为8.6%。求询原因,男性以吸毒为主,女性则以高危性接触为主。结论新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院VCT门诊求询者HIV感染率较高,有必要在新疆地区充分利用VCT平台,特别是利用大型综合性医院的优势,开展艾滋病相关健康教育、行为干预和HIV检测监测工作。     

佛山市禅城区流动人口艾滋病知识 态度 行为调查及防控策略探讨

目的了解佛山市禅城区流动人口艾滋病知识、态度、行为现状及其影响因素,为制定针对性的防控措施提供依据。方法采用两阶段抽样,对禅城区建筑工地、工厂、餐饮宾馆、劳务市场等4类流动人口进行面对面问卷调查,采用Logistic回归模型分析艾滋病知识知晓率、安全套使用情况的影响因素。结果共404人参与调查,流动人口艾滋病知识总体知晓率为83.17%,文化程度及年龄是其主要影响因素。32.18%的人曾发生商业性行为,49.23%发生商业性行为时能坚持每次使用安全套,文化程度及艾滋病知识知晓率是影响安全套使用的主要因素。97.28%的调查对象未参加过HIV检测。结论应加强对流动人口的综合性健康教育和健康促进,提高自愿咨询检测意愿,遏制艾滋病在该人群中的传播扩散。     

北京市某三甲医院140例HIV／AIDS病例特征分析

艾滋病（Acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS）是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染引起的一种病死率极高的严重传染病,尚无有效药物能彻底治愈,尽早发现HIV感染者和AIDS病人（简称HIV/AIDS病例）是控制艾滋病疫情发展的重要措施之一。文章对2008-2013年在北京大学第三医院确诊的HIV/AIDS病例的临床流行病学资料进行回顾性分析,为探讨综合医疗机构在艾滋病防控中的作用提供参考资料。     

德宏州1992-2010年静脉注射吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测

目的了解云南省德宏州静脉吸毒人群艾滋病（HIV/AIDS）流行特点和变化趋势,为艾滋病综合防治和科学干预提供依据。方法依照云南省HIV/AIDS哨点监测方案,对德宏州1992-2010年静脉吸毒人群实施哨点监测。结果 1992-2010年,艾滋病哨点累计检测静脉注射吸毒者4 534人,其中HIV抗体阳性1 802人,HIV阳性率为39.7%。男性HIV抗体阳性率为40.3%（1 749/4 345）,女性为28.0%（53/189）。艾滋病哨点监测的静脉吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性率总体水平高,自2008起似呈下降趋势。结论德宏州静脉注射吸毒人群HIV感染率高,艾滋病防控形势依然严峻。     

基于结构方程模型的大学生HIV检测知识知晓及检测意向分析

目的了解大学生艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测知识知晓情况及检测意向,为制定大学生艾滋病健康教育策略提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,随机抽取了695名大学生进行匿名问卷调查;随后应用SPSS 20.0对数据资料进行方差分析、卡方检验等分析;运用结构方程模型分析法,即利用AMOS 22.0软件进行大学生艾滋病检测意向影响因素分析。结果共收集695份问卷,剔除无效问卷17份,有效率为97.55%。大学生HIV检测知识的平均知晓率为67.70%;有HIV检测意向者占87.32%(592/678),无检测意向者占6.34%(43/678),HIV抗体检测查率为3.10%(21人)。担心隐私安全、担心遭受歧视、检测认知程度是大学生艾滋病检测意向的影响因素(P均0.05)。结论大学生具有一定的HIV抗体检测意向,HIV抗体检测率偏低,提示当前大学生艾滋病健康教育的力度不足,应加强健康教育。     

山东省泰安市1995～2000年艾滋病监测及感染现状分析

目的分析泰安市1995～2000年HIV的流行特征,为泰安市艾滋病防治工作提供依据.方法对1995～2000年泰安市艾滋病监测资料及HIV感染现状进行分析.结果从1995～2000年共检出HIV感染者11例,男性7例,女性4例,男女之比为1∶0.75;11例均为农民献血员,以血液传播为主要传播途径;HIV感染者分布于全市3个县市区的7个乡镇.结论经血传播是泰安市HIV感染的重要途径.严格采供血管理,加强艾滋病防治知识的宣传和对高危险人群的监测,做好HIV感染者管理是控制传播的重要措施与手段.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.