避孕节育咨询与知情选择对农村地区已婚育龄妇女的影响

目的:了解农村地区已婚育龄妇女避孕知识状况并探讨其影响因素。方法:对国家人口和计划生育委员会知情选择项目四个试点县的3 901名 20~49岁已婚育龄妇女的避孕知识状况及其影响因素进行问卷调查,并采用SAS8.2对调查数据进行统计分析。结果:①调查对象的避孕知识综合得分平均为25.44分,50分以上的仅有4.36%。得分最高的避孕方法为宫内节育器(72.17分),最低的为宫颈帽(2.57分)。不同知识类别得分中名称知晓得分和用法得分两者较高,避孕方法原理、优点及缺点得分均较低。②调查对象的避孕知识主要通过培训班、讨论会、咨询(56.17%)的形式从乡镇或村(社区)计生人员处获得(68.21%)。③影响避孕知识得分的因素包括年龄、家庭人均收入、文化程度、对象的咨询状况以及与避孕知情选择有关的知识和态度等。④88.57%的对象认为面对面交流、培训班为获得避孕知识的最佳方式,88.40%的对象认为是乡镇或村(居委会)的计划生育技术人员,是提供避孕知识咨询的最佳人选。结论:农村已婚育龄妇女避孕知识水平较低,亟需通过宣传教育来提高,以期能使知情选择在广大农村育龄妇女中更好地推广。     

新疆生产建设兵团育龄妇女紧急避孕知晓率及其影响因素分析

目的:了解兵团育龄妇女紧急避孕知晓率及其影响因素。方法:采取整群分层、四阶段、概率比例抽样方法随机抽样,共调查育龄妇女7533人;对影响紧急避孕知晓率的因素进行单因素分析和非条件Logistic逐步回归分析。结果:兵团育龄妇女的紧急避孕知晓率为47.1%,受教育程度、宣传教育状况、婚姻状况、工作性质是紧急避孕知晓率的影响因素;25.4%的对象听说过且了解紧急避孕内容。结论:应进一步加大宣传教育力度,重点关注未婚人群和少数民族妇女相关知识的获得,提高受教育程度是提高育龄妇女紧急避孕知晓率的根本途径。     

上海市郊未婚青年的性行为和避孕使用状况

目的 :了解未婚青年的性行为与避孕使用状况。方法 :对上海市某效县 1 3 0 4名 1 7～ 2 4岁社区示婚青年进行了匿名自填问卷调查。结果 :对象的性行为发生率为 1 8.4% ,避孕使用率为 2 1 .3 %。多因素分析显示 :男性年龄越大、年收入越高、在三资、私人与个体企业工作以及认为婚前性为对男性有益 (满足生理需求和稳定恋爱关系等 )或无影响者 ,其性行为发生率较高 ;女性受教育程度越低、年收入越高、不是每日在家居住以及对婚前性行为持较开放态度者 ,其性行为的发生率也较高。男性年龄越小、避孕知识得分越高者 ;而女性受教育程度越高、避孕知识得分越高以及认为未婚人工流产影响其健康和声誉者 ,其避孕方法使用率较高。结论 :未婚青年的无保护性性行为使他们面临未婚人工流产、性传播疾病等高度危险 ,在向他们提供性相关知识教育的同时 ,有必要提供避孕及健康咨询服务     

流动人口计划生育管理、宣教与服务干预效果分析——外来已婚育龄妇女紧急避孕知识、态度及使用情况

目的 :探讨减少流动人口人工流产率的有效方法。方法 :在上海市闵行区 2个乡镇开展以社区为基础的“以现居地为主”的流动人口计划生育管理、宣教、服务干预对外来已婚育龄妇女紧急避孕知识、态度及使用情况影响的评价。干预前调查实验组 5 18名、对照组336名对象 ;干预后调查实验组 44 0名、对照组 2 63名对象。结果 :干预前实验组和对照组紧急避孕知晓率分别为 9.46%和 7.74% ;干预后实验组和对照组分别为 44 .77%和 12 .93%。干预后实验组愿意采用紧急避孕、认为应该推广紧急避孕的比例也明显高于对照组。多因素 L ogistic回归分析表明 :与干预前对照组相比 ,干预后实验组紧急避孕的知晓率、意愿采用率、意愿推广率均较高 ,OR值分别为 9.788,2 .0 94和 1.871。结论 :开展“以现居地为主”的流动人口管理、宣教、服务干预可以提高外来已婚育龄妇女的紧急避孕知晓率、意愿采用率和意愿推广率 ,并可能因此减少流动人口的非意愿妊娠率和人工流产率     

上海市长宁区未婚流动人口的避孕措施使用状况及其影响因素

目的:了解未婚流动人口的避孕措施使用状况及其影响因素。方法:采用结构式匿名问卷对上海市长宁区新泾镇1092名15～24周岁未婚流动人口的性与生殖健康知识、态度、行为和避孕措施使用状况等进行调查。结果:有22.6%的对象自我报告有性经历,男女性经历比例分别为34.8%和12.7%。9.4%的对象曾经怀孕或使其性伴怀孕,男女分别为13.7%和6.0%。其中,1/3的对象或其性伴有过2次及2次以上的妊娠。怀孕的主要原因为未避孕(54.4%)。仅7.3%的对象坚持每次性生活都使用避孕措施,21.1%的对象从未使用过避孕措施。59.8%的对象首次性行为时未使用避孕措施。使用最多的避孕方法为避孕套(76.4%),其次是口服避孕药(34.4%)、安全期(33.3%)和体外排精(30.3%)。避孕药具主要来源于药店(60.5%)。不避孕或未坚持使用避孕的主要原因是因为“偶尔的性生活不会怀孕(36.7%)”、“通常性生活是在无思想准备情况下发生(24.0%)”“不懂得避孕(17.5%)”及“不好意思买/要避孕药具(16.2%)”等。多因素分析结果提示,月平均收入较高、在上海居住时间较短、避孕知识得分较高者避孕使用频率较高;文化程度较高、服务行业职工、避孕知识得分较高、与媒体接触较多者避孕套使用比例较高。结论:未婚流动人口的避孕措施使用率低,提高他们的避孕知识水?     

我国8省农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染影响因素的多水平模型分析

目的:探索我国农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染(RTI)的影响因素。方法:在我国8个省调查农村已婚育龄妇女RTI发生水平及相关影响因素,用多水平Logistic回归模型进行数据分析。结果:31.1%的农村已婚育龄妇女过去1年出现RTI症状,以外阴瘙痒和阴道异味分泌物最常见。多水平Logistic回归模型结果表明,经济条件差、使用茅厕、盆浴、大龄、文化程度低、务农、绝育或使用宫内节育器、人工流产、烟酒习惯等与RTI高发有关。随机系数模型显示,不同村之间,职业、人工流产、避孕方法及烟酒习惯对RTI感染的影响存在显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:家庭和个人因素是农村育龄妇女RTI感染的影响因素,部分因素在村间的影响程度不同。RTI干预应因地制宜。     

上海市妇女婚后初育前的避孕措施

本调查应用流行病学方法 ,对上海 4 0 3 7名妇女婚后初育前的避孕情况进行了调查。了解婚后初育前避孕知识的来源和避孕的实施状况。调查表明 :1 ) 76 .9%的妇女在婚后初育前了解避孕套的使用方法 ,2 7.6 %的妇女使用过避孕套 ;50 .1 %的妇女了解安全期避孕 ;3 4.5%曾使用过安全期避孕 ;72 .4 %的妇女了解口服避孕药方法 ;1 3 .9%的人初育前口服过避孕药 ;3 1 .2 %的妇女知道体外排精法 ;1 0 .4 %的妇女在婚后初育前使用过该法 ;89.8%的妇女知道 IUD;但仅有 1 4.7%的妇女在婚后初育前采用过 IUD方法。避孕知识的主要来源是书刊杂志。2 )多元 L ogistic回归分析表明 :影响婚后初育前避孕的主要因素是 :夫妻文化程度、职业及其户口性质。3 )值得注意的是 :初育前 ,3 8.2 %的人曾有过 1次妊娠 ,7.7%的人有过 2次妊娠。其中 ,第 1次妊娠的主要原因 70 .2 %是没有采取避孕措施 70 .% ,7.0 %是避孕失败 ;第 2次妊娠的主要原因同样是没有采取任何避孕措施和避孕失败 ,分别是 4 5.7%和 2 0 .6 %。结果提示 :今后应加强避孕知识宣教 ,增加妇女避孕知识的深度和广度 ,制订和完善婚前、婚后的计划生育常规服务 ,使广大妇女真正做到知情选择 ,尽早落实可行的避孕方法 ,从而减少非意愿妊娠和人工流产。     

农村已婚育龄妇女避孕节育的灰色关联综合分析

目的:评估我国不同农村地区已婚育龄妇女避孕节育情况。方法:利用灰色关联分析方法,基于已获得的调查数据,结合文献研究与专家问卷,确定评价指标,并计算综合得分。结果:①避孕节育综合评价涵盖3个方面,其内容及权重依次为知情选择与避孕落实(0.4)、人工流产与并发症(0.31)、避孕知识(0.28);②中、西区域各地区"避孕知识"及"知情选择"得分普遍偏低;③综合评价结果中、西部没有差别,但与东部相差悬殊。结论:在本次调查的8个省农村地区中,东部地区已婚育龄妇女避孕节育水平明显高于中、西部。灰色关联综合分析法适于综合评价我国不同地区的计划生育服务质量。     

孕妇产后的避孕意愿及其影响因素

本文对上海市黄浦区、普陀区、青浦县、奉贤县 40 37名孕妇对产后避孕意愿及影响因素进行了分析。结果显示 :79.96 %的妇女考虑产后避孕。2 5～ 2 9岁的妇女较其它年龄段的妇女考虑产后避孕的比例要高。产后避孕意愿与本人文化程度及职业无关 ,而亲戚朋友的文化程度对产后避孕意愿有影响。工作单位要求在 1年内落实避孕措施、接受过有关避孕知识教育或为此进行咨询或查阅书籍的妇女考虑产后使用避孕方法的比例较高。单位或计划生育部门建议使用的避孕方法以宫内节育器最高 ,占 97.1 4% ,避孕套仅为 1 .0 2 % ;妇女自我选择的避孕方法中宫内节育器为多 ,占 82 .34% ;其次为避孕套 ,占 1 1 .2 1 %。 L ogistic回归分析表明 :年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭收入等对产后避孕意愿影响不大。产后愿意哺乳者、接受过避孕教育、咨询或查阅书籍者、了解避孕知识年龄较小者、知晓宫内节育器者对产后避孕意愿有正面作用。建议在计划生育服务中 ,今后需加强产后避孕教育 ,开展各种避孕方法知情选择的教育和咨询 ,指导妇女在产后选择最适合于自己的避孕方法 ,从而减少产后意外妊娠的发生     

开展避孕节育优质服务对农村育龄妇女人工流产状况的影响

目的:了解开展避孕节育优质服务后,甘肃省农村已婚育龄妇女人工流产状况的变化。方法:从甘肃省永靖县、临泽县随机选择6个乡镇育龄妇女分为干预组和对照组进行基线调查,于2002年1月起对干预组育龄妇女进行“避孕节育知情选择和计划生育优质服务”系列宣传、教育、培训。终期调查于2004年3月干预措施结束时进行。结果:甘肃省农村已婚育龄妇女在基线和终期调查中,干预组人工流产率分别为4.27%和2.91%,对照组分别为4.04%和3.49%。终期调查干预组不同社会特征育龄妇女人工流产率与对照组比较均无统计学意义,且均低于基线调查时结果。干预组中接受避孕知识宣传材料或培训活动超过3次的育龄妇女,其人工流产率低于对照组。Logistic多元回归结果显示,对紧急避孕知识缺乏了解,文化程度高且理想子女数多者易发生人工流产。结论:开展及加强“避孕节育知情选择”,有利于降低农村已婚育龄妇女的人工流产率,提高生殖健康的水平,维护其身心健康;应进一步加大计划生育优质服务的力度,正确引导农村育龄妇女的避孕行为,降低人工流产率。     

Demographic analysis of post-abortive and interval-administered hormonal contraceptive methods.

OBJECTIVE: To compare, using method type and application time, the demographic characteristics of women using hormonal contraceptive methods administered after abortion or during the interval period with those of intrauterine device (IUD) users. METHODS: The demographic characteristics of women to whom oral contraception (OC), monthly injection, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), or IUD were administered in the post-abortive and interval periods between January 1998 and September 2001 in our clinic, were evaluated with the help of a registration system based on the Microsoft Access software used in our clinic. Demographic characteristics recorded were: age, reproductive expectation, previous contraceptive method, education level, number of live children, number of induced and spontaneous abortuses. RESULTS: A total of 10 500 women were included in the study. Of these, 6601 women had taken a contraceptive method during the interval period, and 3899 women had taken a contraceptive method post-abortion. Only 4.6% of the cases were younger than 20 years, 48.3% were between 21 and 30 years, 37.2% were between 31 and 40 years and 9.9% were 41 years old or over. The DMPA-administered group contained the highest number of women > or = 41 years when compared to other groups (22.8%). In reproductive expectations, 65.8% of the cases wanted no more children; 1.3% wanted to have a baby within a 2-year period whereas 23.7% wanted a child after 2 years. The proportion of women wanting no more children was greatest in the DMPA-administered group (77.3%). No previous use of contraceptive methods was reported by 20.7% of women; 27% were using coitus interruptus. The education level of the women was as follows: 10% had no education, 58.3% had education to primary school level, 23.2% to secondary-high-school level and 2.1% to university level. The group of women who chose OC as their contraceptive method contained the highest proportion of university graduates (6.5%). Only 6.26% of the women had no children. The proportion of women in the DMPA-use group with three or more children was higher compared to that in other groups (33.2%). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of demographic characteristics plays an important role in counseling, and in the efficacy and continued use of contraceptive methods.     

高校未婚研究生避孕知识现状及服务需求研究

目的:进一步了解在校未婚研究生避孕知识状况和需求,为高校开展相关教育与服务提供有益的参考。方法:对北京市某高校1 461名未婚研究生在避孕药具的利用、避孕知识的获取、普及生殖健康知识与服务需求情况等方面进行问卷调查,结果:有23.0%的对象承认有婚前性行为,81.9%的婚前性行为采取了避孕措施,未采用避孕措施的主要原因是:偶然发生,认为不会怀孕(40.0%);没有计划,未准备药具(35.1%);觉得使用麻烦,影响情趣(16.7%)。88.7%的对象认为在学校开展避孕节育、生殖健康知识教育是必要的。结论:研究生渴望获得避孕节育与生殖健康知识的教育与服务,高校相关部门应通力配合,共同为研究生提供切合实际的、全面的生殖健康教育与服务。     

上海闵行区人工流产女性避孕知识的调查与分析

目的:了解人工流产女性的避孕状况,为进一步实施干预、提高育龄妇女生殖健康水平提供依据。方法:面对面问卷访谈,收集和了解要求人工流产女性术前避孕知识、避孕情况等信息进行分析,提出应对措施。结果:726例人工流产访谈女性多数为已婚(75.48%);一次以上的重复流产达57.99%,未婚人工流产占24.52%。未采取避孕措施(51.38%)或避孕失败(48.62%)是导致意外妊娠的主要原因。访谈对象对避孕套、口服避孕药、宫内节育器有所知晓,但对其他避孕方法知之甚少。访谈对象中知道免费提供避孕药具专门机构者仅35.54%。结论:降低重复流产和未婚人工流产是当务之急。对此,需要广泛、持久、深入开展计划生育健康教育,提高育龄人群避孕意识、避孕知识水平。同时,需要加强人工流产后生殖保健服务。     

Women's reproductive autonomy and barriers to contraceptive use in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine through the log-linear model analysis technique the impact of women's reproductive autonomy, spouses' educational background and other factors on the use of contraception in Pakistan. METHODS: Data from the Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey 2000 were used. In this survey a national sample of married women aged 15-49 years (n = 6579) were interviewed. A number of socio-economic, socio-demographic and women's reproductive autonomy variables were taken for the log-linear model fitting and analysis, in order to examine the impact of women's reproductive autonomy on contraceptive use and the factors affecting this latter. RESULTS: On the basis of partial and marginal association tests, two hierarchical log-linear models were selected. The first one concerned women's reproductive autonomy and contraceptive use, the second one analysed factors affecting contraceptive use. Standardized values of the model's parameter estimates showed that women's reproductive autonomy was significantly associated with husband-wife education attainment when they were using contraception. In the second model, contraceptive use was strongly associated with women's education, husband's desire for more children, sex preference for the next child and number of living children. CONCLUSION: An improved husband-wife educational level results in greater reproductive autonomy of the women and an increased use of contraception. The husband's desire for more children, a preference for the sex of the next child, and the woman's poor education attainment level are the main barriers to contraceptive use.     

Does current contraceptive choice correspond with user satisfaction?

A contraceptive method that suits an individual's needs may be more consistently used leading to greater user satisfaction. We therefore wanted to investigate whether a woman's current contraceptive choice corresponded with qualities identified by women as important. An anonymous survey was completed by women in their reproductive years, living in the North East of England, before seeing a healthcare professional. A total of 177 English-speaking women, who were sexually active and of reproductive age, completed questionnaires giving a response rate of 54%. A correlation was found between the current contraceptive used and the previously stated qualities felt to be important when choosing a method (p = 0.034, χ(2)-test). Similarly, a relationship was found between the current contraceptive method and reasons stated against choosing a contraceptive (p = 0.002, χ(2)-test). Overall, British women are generally satisfied with their chosen contraceptive method.     

Family planning in the Southeast Anatolian Project Region.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate contraceptive use by women of reproductive age in the Southeast Anatolian Project Region and the promotion of the use of family planning services. METHODS: An optimum sample size to represent the rural and urban area of the region was determined and the sample was chosen by sampling method proportional to the size. A total of 1126 houses were visited and questions about reproductive health were asked of 1019 ever-married (currently married, widows and divorced) women. RESULTS: The study showed that 48.2% of the ever-married women of reproductive age had never used any method of family planning; 37.4% were currently using a family planning method, and 14.4% had used a family planning method in the past. Of the women who were currently using a family planning method, 73.1% were using an effective method. The result of the logistic regression analysis showed that educational level, knowledge of Turkish, type of residence, and total number of living children were the main variables that affected the use of family planning methods. CONCLUSIONS: Use of family planning methods in the region was not at the expected level. In order to decrease the barriers to family planning in developing countries, we must provide obtainable, acceptable, integrated health services.     

Awareness and practices of contraception among Pakistani women attending a tertiary care hospital.

Pakistan is one of the most populous nations in the world, with an annual growth rate of 2.8 and high total fertility rate, even among developing nations. The Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey highlighted the wide gap between knowledge (97%) and use of contraceptives (28%) among currently married women. Our actual need is to enhance contraceptive practice in our country. This study was designed to investigate contraceptive knowledge and practice in Pakistani women attending a tertiary care hospital. This questionnaire-based study was conducted at the Gynaecology Unit II of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Fatima Jinnah Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 204 married women of reproductive age were interviewed by a registrar to record their age, occupation, educational status, number of children, knowledge about contraceptive methods, source of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraception. About 57% of women were between 26 and 35 years of age, while 52% of men were between 31 and 40 years. Educational status of the majority of females was below matriculation (33%), while 34% males were above matriculation; 88% of females were housewives and less than 1% of men were out of work. Regarding the social status of couples, 64% were living on income less than 5000 rupees /month (about 60 pound sterling). Of the women, 67% were para 2-5; 68% had some sort of awareness regarding contraception. The main source of information was television (26%) and relatives (24%). The majority knew about the pill (68%) and IUCD (55%). Only 47% were using some sort of contraception. The most common method chosen was the barrier method (15%), followed by IUCD (10%) and the pill (10%). The least common methods were sterilisation (2%) and the rhythm method (2%); 85% of the women and 74% of the men in the study group had a positive attitude toward contraception. In order to improve contraceptive use in Pakistan we need to use multiple media sources to educate couples and their parents regarding contraceptive services, strengthen the perceptions that religion not only allows but also recommends family planning and to create awareness among women to have their rights and opinions about the size of family. The concept of differentiation between sons and daughters should be discouraged. In addition government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should organise groups to provide counselling and promotion of contraceptive services at the doorstep. We must act as a team to control our growth rate for economic stabilisation of the country and to raise the living standards of our people.     

Gynecologic Knowledge Is Low in College Men and Women

Study ObjectiveAlthough men may influence women’s reproductive choices, little is known about men’s knowledge regarding gynecologic matters (eg, sex, anatomy, and contraception). This study aimed to evaluate the level of gynecologic knowledge among college students, particularly to investigate the differences in knowledge between men and women.Design, Setting, ParticipantsWe administered a survey to assess knowledge of sex, contraception, and female anatomy to college students at a Midwestern university during the spring 2010 semester.Interventions and Main Outcome MeasuresThe survey included demographic and behavioral questions, 9 general gynecology knowledge items, and 11 female anatomy items. A total gynecology score was generated by summing the correct responses to 20 items.ResultsThe 236 respondents included 98 men and 138 women (aged 18-36 years). Women scored higher than men on 19 of 20 individual items, with mean total scores of 13.4 vs 10.1 (P < .01). There was a trend for gynecologic knowledge to be higher among those who reported having had been STI tested (P = .13), and whose parents had discussed anatomy with them (P = .07). In multivariable modeling, being male was associated with lower mean knowledge scores, whereas increasing age and having a parent who discussed anatomy were associated with greater knowledge scores, even while controlling for having a gynecologist parent, multiple sexual partners, and prior STI testing.ConclusionsCollege men have lower gynecologic knowledge than women. Increasing age and having a parent who discussed anatomy with them served as predictors of higher knowledge scores. Because men influence women’s reproductive choices, efforts to increase men’s knowledge are needed.