干预前后威海卫人民医院普外科围手术期预防用抗菌药物的比较

目的分析威海卫人民医院干预前后普外科围手术期预防用抗菌药物的使用情况,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法选取威海卫人民医院普外科2015年3~5月(干预前)与2016年3~5月(干预后)的围手术期病例各122例,比较干预前后抗菌药物的用药指征、用药疗程、药物选择、用法用量、无指征换药和用药途径。结果干预后,用药指征不合理例数明显低于干预前,且无指征用药多存在于Ⅱ类切口手术;干预后抗菌药物应用时间多为24 h之内,明显短于干预前,干预前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);干预前用药头孢菌素类占49%,喹诺酮类占29%,干预后头孢菌素类占79%,克林霉素类占13%,干预后药物选择合理性较干预前明显改善;干预前有2例无指征换药和2例用药途径不合理情况,干预后无此类不合理情况;干预后患者的住院时间缩短,感染率降低,费用明显减少(P0.01)。结论积极的干预普外科围术期抗菌药物预防用药,可改善其不合理用药情况,降低患者术后感染的发病率、减少住院时间和费用。     

围术期抗菌药物合理应用情况分析

目的：评价某院外科围术期抗菌药物应用情况。方法：随机抽取某院2008年1—12月出院的200倒手术患者的病历资料,对围术期抗菌药物预防性使用情况进行回顾性调查分析。结果：该院围术期抗菌药物使用率为100％,抗菌药物使用频率居前3位的依次为头孢菌素类、青霉素类、氟喹诺酮类。用药3～7d的占81．5％（163例）,用药大于7d的占6％（12例）。结论：该院围术期抗菌药物预防性用药存在较不合理现象,表现在选药起点过高、盲目联合应用、用药时间过长、无指征用药。需进一步加强对抗菌药物使用的监督管理,提高抗菌药物合理使用率。     

226例围手术期患者预防性应用抗菌药物调查分析

目的：了解医院围手术期患者抗菌药物预防性应用情况,为临床合理用药和科学管理提供依据。方法：采用回顾性调查方法,对医院2010年1-6月226例围手术期符合预防性应用抗菌药物患者的用药情况进行统计、分析。结果：226例围手术期患者抗菌药物预防性应用率达100％,涉及7类14个品种。不合理用药主要表现为无指征用药占31．86％,用药时机不当占64．16％,术后用药时间过长占69．91％,药物选择起点偏高占48．23％,无指征联合用药占40．22％。结论：医院围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物存在不合理情况,亟待采取相关措施加以干预。     

Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物干预效果

目的：评价干预前、后我院Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的合理性与实施干预措施的效果。方法：选取我院2014年1～3月（干预前）和2014年5～7月（干预后）所有行Ⅰ类切口手术患者病历,进行围术期预防性应用抗菌药物合理性对照分析。结果：干预后,预防用抗菌药物使用率大幅下降（从干预前41.96%下降至干预后27.75%）,无指征用药现象明显减少,用药时机与用药疗程趋于合理,选药不合理现象明显改善。结论：干预措施效果明显。     

药师干预心脏介入手术围术期抗菌药物应用的效果评价

目的：评价临床药师干预我院心脏支架置入术围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的效果。方法：统计我院2008年（干预前）和2009年（干预后）心脏介入手术,参照卫生部《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》及相关管理规范,调查围术期预防性应用抗菌药物存在的问题。结果：经临床药师干预后,抗菌药物使用率下降,术后用药天数缩短,平均费用下降;选用氟喹诺酮类作为预防用药的比率显著下降;围术期抗菌药物应用合理性显著提高。结论：临床药师参与心脏介入手术围术期预防性使用抗菌药物,干预措施有效。     

江苏省中医院319例I类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物合理性分析

目的：了解我院I类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物情况,为医院管理部门制订相应管理措施提供科学依据。方法：采用回顾性调查方法,对2011年6—12月我院出院的319例I类切口手术患者围术期预防性应用抗菌药物情况进行统计分析。结果：319例I类切口手术患者中有306例预防性应用了抗菌药物,其中241例使用了第1代头孢菌素,占78．76％;32例使用了β-内酰胺类＋β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂,占10．46％;15例使用了氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物,占4．90％。107例术前0～2h使用抗菌药物,占34．97％;185例术后用药,占60．45％。54例按照说明书规定的剂量使用抗菌药物,占17．65％。结论：I类切口手术预防性应用抗菌药物存在不合理,主要表现为指征把握不严、使用率过高、种类选择不合理、超说明书用药、使用时间不当及疗程过长。今后应进一步加强I类切1：7手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的监督和管理。     

我院156例围手术期抗菌药预防用药分析

目的调查普外科围手术期抗菌药物预防性应用情况,促进合理用药。方法随机抽取医院普外科I类、Ⅱ类切口手术患者156例,对其抗菌药物应用情况进行回顾性分析。结果／56例患者在围手术期均应用了抗菌药物,最常用的为头孢菌素类,使用达152例次,占73．79％;围手术期抗菌药物不合理应用以术后应用时间过长最突出,其中术后用药超过3d者占44．23％。结论该院普外科围手术期抗菌药物应用有不合理之处,必须加强对抗菌药物预防用药管理,提高医师合理用药意识,促进临床抗菌药物的合理应用。     

骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者围术期抗菌药物使用分析

目的 分析评价骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗菌药物使用情况.方法 抽取2011年7月至2011年12月出院的骨科171例Ⅰ类切口手术患者病历,汇总抗菌药物使用情况,并进行统计分析.结果 Ⅰ类切口手术术前用药率46.2％.使用频度依次为第2代头孢菌素、3,4代头孢菌素、林可霉素类、氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类、青霉素类、大环内酯类.结论 骨科Ⅰ类切口手术存在一些围手术期用药指征把握不严,术后预防性使用抗菌药物时间过长,抗菌药物用药时机不合理以及用药过度等问题.     

临床药师参与腹股沟疝修补术围术期抗菌药物合理应用干预研究

目的:考察临床药师干预腹股沟疝修补术患者围术期抗菌药物应用的效果。方法:分别抽取我院2009年8-12月(干预前)和2010年8-12月(干预后)的腹股沟疝修补术出院患者病历各60份。对围术期预防性应用抗菌药物适应证、药物选择、用法用量、给药时机与疗程、联合用药、通用名书写等方面合理性进行比较。结果:经临床药师干预,腹股沟疝修补术患者围术期预防性应用抗菌药物在药物选择、用法用量、联合用药、用药时机与疗程、通用名书写、病历中抗菌药物用药分析等方面较干预前均有明显改善,住院药品费用占总费用的比例由27.66%下降到22.62%,抗菌药物费用占总药品费用的比例由20.88%降至8.07%。抗菌药物应用时间由2.38d下降至0.95d。结论:临床药师对腹股沟疝修补术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的干预是可行并且有效的,对Ⅰ类切口围术期预防性用药的安全、有效、合理、经济具有积极的促进作用。     

350例妇产科住院患者围手术期抗菌药物合理应用调查分析

目的分析我院妇产科住院患者围手术期抗菌药物使用情况,评价用药合理性。方法随机抽取2009年5月1日—2010年4月30日在我院妇产科住院手术病例350例,对围手术期抗菌药物的合理性进行分析评价。结果①围手术期预防性抗菌药物使用率为100%;②用药种类：包括头孢菌素类、硝基咪唑类、磷霉素类、喹诺酮类;头孢菌素类占用药者的70.22%,硝基咪唑类、磷霉素类、喹诺酮类分别为18.16%,7.26%,2.42%;③平均每例用药天数：（3.05±2.02）d,占住院时间的45.23%;④给药时间：手术开始前2 h内用药者占100%,手术结束后用药的占0%。结论我院给药时间、用药种类方面基本合理。预防性抗生素使用率过高,尤其I类切口预防使用抗菌药物及疗程不合理,需要进一步规范。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

基层医院护士在临床合理用药中的作用

目的充分利用护士在医师和患者间的特殊地位和作用,促进基层临床合理用药。方法从护士的工作性质出发,论述护士参与促进合理用药的方便和优势。结果通过实践,护士在促进合理用药中的作用得到有效发挥,基层合理用药环境得到极大改善。结论充分利用护士与医师和患者间的特殊桥梁作用,在基层医院促进合理用药,规范医师用药行为,防止药物滥用,引导患者安全用药,降低药源性疾病。