超声引导下行颈动脉窦阻滞在颈动脉支架成形术中的应用价值

目的 该研究通过对照性研究旨在探讨超声引导颈动脉窦阻滞在颈动脉支架成形术（Carotid Artery Stenting, CAS）中的应用价值。方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,选择2017年1月-2019年6月我院拟行CAS的颈内动脉狭窄患者共145例,使用随机数字表法将患者随机分为两组：A组（73例）术前在超声引导下常规行患侧颈动脉窦阻滞,B组（72例）术前不做处理。观察A组患者颈动脉窦阻滞过程中有无不良反应,并记录阻滞时间、麻醉药物用量。监测并比较两组患者术中发生心动过缓、低血压、心脏骤停及术后发生脑卒中事件例数。结果 两组患者一般资料具有可比性（P＞0.05）。A组术中低血压、心动过缓人数比例分别为4/73、12/73,均小于B组的16/72、35/72,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。A组围手术期无心脏停搏和脑卒中事件发生,B组术中发生1例心脏停搏,术后出现3例脑卒中事件。A患者围手术期心脏停搏和脑卒中事件总发生率低于B组（5.56%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。A组患者在颈动脉窦阻滞过程中出现1例患侧上眼睑下垂,经休息后好转。两组患者均顺利完成手术。结论 术前在超声引导下行患侧颈动脉窦阻滞可减少术中低血流动力学改变事件的发生,该技术操作简便,总体安全可行,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

Pause dependent ventricular tachycardia resultant from carotid sinus massage

In this report we describe a case of atrial flutter degenerating into ventricular fibrillation after carotid sinus pressure. Carotid sinus massage is an extremely valuable and widely used diagnostic and therapeutic modality. Although generally considered a rather benign maneuver, it is not without potential risk.     

颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘1例

患者男,18岁.患者于14天前因车祸左枕后部着地.X线示颅底骨折.在外院治疗2周,之后右侧眼球逐渐外突,略感胀痛.我院门诊以颅脑外伤收入科.专科检查:右眼上睑活动受限,右眼球向上、向鼻侧及向下均受限,双眼外展受限,右眼球外突,结膜充血,呈紫红色,左眼余未见异常.眼底见视盘色淡,余(-).彩超示:双侧眼球对比扫查,左、右眼轴均是21 mm,晶状体及玻璃体内透声清晰,球后组织未见异常,右眼静脉内径1.78～3.17 mm,PW示静脉动脉化频谱,流速67 cm/s(见图).诊断:右眼静脉扩张,结合病史,考虑为颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘.CT诊断:右侧眼球后炎性改变,动-静脉瘘可能.     

Visualization of bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistulas with duplex sonography

Duplex sonography used as a primary diagnostic tool in the case of a 17-year-old boy with a traumatic head injury revealed bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, with bilateral dilated venous convolutions next to the carotid siphon and dilated superior ophthalmic veins. A bilateral craniectomy allowed visualization of the entire circle of Willis together with the dilated cavernous sinuses. Doppler spectral analysis of blood flow in the arterialized superior ophthalmic veins revealed an arterialized venous pattern with retrograde and increased blood flow. The same blood flow profile was found in the venous cavernous sinuses. These findings were confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. We planned to perform embolization of the patient's fistulas, but intracranial and subarachnoid hemorrhaging developed, and the patient died the day before the procedure was to have been performed. The entire pathologic state of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, from their origin beside the carotid siphon to the superior ophthalmic veins, can be visualized with duplex sonography, particularly when patients have undergone craniectomy. We believe that patients with frontal or basilar skull fracture should undergo duplex sonographic examination to detect carotid cavernous sinus fistulas.     

Noninvasive hemodynamic classification of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas by duplex carotid sonography.

The hemodynamic classification of the CCF has important implications for prognosis and therapy, but satisfactory criteria for such a differentiation are still lacking. We studied the application of extracranial duplex sonography in 14 cases of CCF with emphasis on the hemodynamic parameters of the RI and flow volume and made a correlation with the angiographic findings. We conclude with proposed duplex sonographic criteria for hemodynamic classification: (1) small RI with increased flow volume in the ICA: direct ICA-cavernous sinus fistulas (type A); (2) normal RI and flow volume in the ICA and ECA: dural branch of ICA-cavernous sinus fistulas (type B); (3) small RI with or without increased flow volume in the ECA: dural branch of ECA-cavernous sinus fistulas (type C) or dural branches of ICA- and ECA-cavernous sinus fistulas (type D). Application for assessment of the therapeutic effectiveness was also demonstrated.     

Importance of the carotid sinus baroreceptors in the regulation of myocardial performance

The question of whether the carotid sinus baroreceptors modulate myocardial performance remains controversial. Several studies that have stressed their importance have been criticized because the possible role of cerebral ischemia and of other important variables was not eliminated. To reinvestigate this problem, we studied 21 dogs placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. In each of these animals the carotid sinus regions were isolated and perfused with fully oxygenated blood at a constant flow rate; perfusion pressure was changed by varying the resistance to outflow from the isolated segments. Several indices of myocardial performance were assessed: right and left ventricular contractile force with Walton-Brodie strain gauge arches; the maximal rate of change in contractile force, dF/dt; the pressure developed within an isovolumic balloon inserted into the left ventricle; and the maximal rate of change of this pressure, dP/dt. When the pressure distending the carotid sinuses was raised from an average value of 34.1 +/-2.8 (SEM) mm Hg to 190.1 +/-4.7 mm Hg, right ventricular contractile force fell 14.9 +/-2.3% (P < 0.001); right ventricular dF/dt decreased 16.7 +/-3.0% (P < 0.01); left ventricular contractile force declined 14.9 +/-3.3% (P < 0.01); left ventricular dF/dt fell 19.3 +/-4.0% (P < 0.01); peak systolic pressure in the isovolumic balloon declined 18.2 +/-3.7% (P < 0.001); and dP/dt decreased 34.1 +/-4.0% (P < 0.01). Prior adrenalectomy and vagotomy and maintenance of heart rate at a constant level did not influence these results. The inverse relation between carotid sinus perfusion pressure and the indices of contractility that was observed in this investigation strongly suggests that the carotid sinus baroreceptors are an important regulatory mechanism in the control of myocardial performance.     

Traumatic carotid cavernous sinus fistula following a gunshot wound to the face

A case of a traumatic carotid cavernous sinus fistula following a gunshot wound to the face is described. Although its occurrence is rare, the diagnosis can be made in the emergency department. The presentation, pathogenesis, and management of carotid cavernous sinus fistula are discussed.     

Effect of isometric hand-grip exercise on the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex in man

1. The changes in R--R heart interval that result from step-increase and step-decrease in carotid sinus transmural pressure induced by a variable pressure neck chamber were measured in seven normal men. Observations were made at rest, and during isometric hand-grip exercise at 24%, 44% and 64% of maximal voluntary contraction. 2. The response of heart interval to increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure was progressively and markedly diminished according to the strength of hand-grip. This effect was fully developed from the moment of onset of the exertion. 3. The response of heart interval to decrease in carotid sinus transmural pressure was much less consistently affected by hand-grip exercise.     

Endovascular management of a carotid aneurysm into the sphenoid sinus presenting with epistaxis

Non-traumatic cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms are rare, and favour the occurrence of massive recurrent epistaxis, which is associated with a high mortality rate. We report the case of a 67-year-old woman presenting a ruptured ICA aneurysm extending into the sphenoid sinus, revealed by epistaxis. Selective coil embolization of the aneurysm was performed. Flow-diverter stents were deployed in order to utterly exclude the aneurysm and prevent revascularization. Anti-platelet treatment was provided to lower the risk of in-stent thrombosis. A left frontal hematoma associated with a subarachnoid haemorrhage occurred at day 2. Outcome was favourable with no neurological sequelae, and no clinical recurrence of epistaxis occurred. A 4 months follow-up digital subtraction angiography showed a complete exclusion of the aneurysm. In addition, a magnetic resonance cerebral angiography at 16 months showed stable results. Thus, this two-stage endovascular procedure has proven its effectiveness in preventing epistaxis recurrence while preserving the ICA patency.     

Mutual interactions of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and the carotid baroreceptor-heart rate reflex.

1. In six healthy subjects the amplitude and phase of respiratory sinus arrhythmia were determined at five different respiratory cycle lengths ranging from 3 to 9.5 s. 2. At each respiratory cycle length the carotid baroreceptor-heart rate reflex response was determined by cyclical neck suction at -40 mmHg at five different cycle lengths covering the same range of 3-9.5 s. 3. The application of cyclical neck suction increased the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in all but the longest respiratory cycle lengths. 4. With increasing respiratory cycle length the amplitude of sinus arrhythmia increased, and R-R intervals were at their longest at an earlier phase of the respiratory cycle. Similarly, with increasing suction cycle length the amplitude of the cardiac interval response increased and the phase angle decreased. 5. The cardiac interval responses to respiration and to neck suction at different frequencies were independent of each other, the heart rate at any moment resulting from the algebraic summation of the two responses.     

彩色多普勒超声在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘诊断中的应用

目的　评价彩色多普勒超声 (CDFI)在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCSF)诊断及术后疗效观察中的应用价值。方法　应用CDFI对 2 7例疑为CCSF患者病变处进行观察 ,测量其大小、范围、血流频谱 ,对所有患者颅内、颈部及眼部血管进行探测 ,分别测量相关血流参数 ,并对 12例CCSF栓塞术后的患者随访观察 ,病例诊断均经脑血管造影证实。结果　①CDFI对CCSF病变部位的检出率为 96% ;②CDFI显示患侧前床突后下方出现不规则片状血流团影 ,与正常颈内动脉的横断面血流影相比差异有显著性意义 (1.7～ 3 .9cm2 vs 0 .2～ 0 .5cm2 ,P <0 .0 1) ;频谱多普勒呈多方向、不规则的湍流 ,速度 65～ 170cm /s ;③瘘口近端血管阻力减低 ,远端分支血管如大脑中动脉 (MCA)、大脑前动脉 (ACA)、眼动脉 (OA)等流速减低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,眼上静脉 (SOV )检出具特征性的脉动样血流频谱 ,平均Vmax3 4.5cm /s ,阻力指数 0 .3 1± 0 .0 8;④ 12例CCSF栓塞术后的患者检出 8例完全栓塞 ,4例不完全栓塞。结论　结合二维超声显像、相关血管的血流动力学变化及眼上静脉的特征性改变 ,超声检查可诊断CCSF ,同时亦可准确反映栓塞效果