克拉霉素胶囊的人体药物动力学及生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血浆中克拉霉素的LC-MS/MS方法,测定克拉霉素胶囊的药物动力学参数及相对生物利用度.方法:血浆样品中加入内标罗红霉素后,用甲醇沉淀蛋白,高速离心后取上清液进入LC-MS/MS系统分析.色谱柱:Lichrospher C18 (150 mm ×4.6 mm i.d.,5 μm),流动相:10 mmol·L-1醋酸铵水溶液-甲醇(22∶78),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,柱温:40℃.质谱条件:电喷雾离子化(ESI),正离子检测方式,检测离子:克拉霉素:m/z 770.45→ 613.30;内标罗红霉素:m/z 859.87→598.40.结果:克拉霉素的线性范围为0.02～3.0 μg·mL-1 (r=0.9999),定量下限为 0.02 μg·mL-1.受试制剂及参比制剂的生物半衰期分别为4.42±1.08 h 和3.98±1.07 h,达峰时间2.4±1.3 h 和2.2±0.8 h,达峰浓度0.98±0.25 μg·mL-1和1.02±0.22 μg·mL-1.克拉霉素受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.8±12.0)%.结论:本法准确、灵敏、简便.统计学结果表明,两种制剂生物等效.     

罗红霉素胶囊人体药物动力学及生物等效性研究

目的建立人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS方法,测定其片剂的药物动力学参数及相对生物利用度。方法20名健康受试者随机交叉口服罗红霉素胶囊。血样用乙腈沉淀、离心后进入LC-MS分析系统,色谱柱:Hypersil C18ODS(5μm,25 cm×4.6mm);流动相:10mmol/L醋酸铵缓冲液(pH3.5)-甲醇(15∶85);质谱条件:气动辅助电喷雾离子化,正离子检测,选择性离子检测(SIM),检测离子:罗红霉素m/z837.5[M H] ,克拉霉素m/z748.3[M H] 。结果在0.025~50μg/mL范围内峰比值(罗红霉素峰峰面积As和内标克拉霉素面积A i的比值)与浓度线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),最低定量限为3ng/mL。绝对回收率为85.87%~95.03%。罗红霉素片剂的相对生物利用度为(102.2±26.0)%。结论建立的分析方法灵敏、准确、简便,符合血浆样品的测定要求。受试制剂和参比制剂后,统计学结果表明:两种制剂生物等效。     

HPLC-MS法评价氟康唑胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的建立简便、快速、灵敏的HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中氟康唑浓度,评价受试和参比制剂的人体生物等效性。方法以甲硝唑为内标,血浆样品用甲醇直接沉淀去蛋白后取上清液进行HPLC-MS分析。色谱柱为LichrospherC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(65∶35,含40mol/L醋酸铵和0.05%甲酸),流速为0.8mL/min;质谱采用电喷雾离子化方式,选择性离子检测,检测对象为氟康唑的[M+H]+离子(m/z307.2)和内标甲硝唑的[M+H]+离子(m/z172.3),裂解电压为70V。20名健康志愿者随机双交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂150mg,定时测定人血浆中氟康唑浓度,进行药动学研究,评价生物等效性。结果氟康唑血药浓度在30.69μg/L~20.46mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998,n=5),最低检测限为10μg/L。各实验浓度样品检测的精密度良好,日内和日间RSDs均小于10%,提取回收率大于90%。以AUC0-120计算的受试制剂相对生物利用度为(106.4±11.8)%,受试与参比制剂生物等效。结论该方法简便、快速、专属性强、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于氟康唑血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

尼美舒利分散片在健康人体内的药代动力学及生物等效性的LC-MS/MS研究

目的:建立人血浆中尼美舒利浓度的LC-MS/MS测定法,并用于尼美舒利分散片的药代动力学和生物等效性研究。方法:采用自身双交叉试验设计,20名男性受试者随机分成2组,分别单剂量口服100 mg受试制剂或参比制剂,0～24 h间隔采集血样。以LC-MS/MS内标法测定尼美舒利血药浓度,使用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸溶液(82∶18,v/v);多反应监测[M+H]+离子通道分别为m/z 309.1→m/z 153.9(尼美舒利)和m/z 237.1→m/z 194.0(内标卡马西平),DAS 2.1计算药动学参数。结果:建立的LC-MS/MS法在0.075～12μg·mL-1范围内色谱响应与浓度相关性良好,最低定量限为0.075μg·mL-1,批内及批间精密度RSD均小于15%。受试制剂与参比制剂的Tmax分别为(3.0±0.7)h和(3.5±1.0)h,Cmax分别为(4.863±1.194)μg·mL-1和(4.657±1.038)μg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(3.2±1.0)h和(3.3±1.1)h,AUC0-24 h分别为(32.35±12.50)h·μg·mL-1和(32.32±11.69)h·μg·mL-1,相对生物利用度F为(105.2%±35.0)%。结论:建立的LC-MS/MS法准确、灵敏,结果可靠,测得尼美舒利受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

液质联用测定人血浆中泮托拉唑的血药浓度

目的建立液质联用测定人血浆泮托拉唑药物浓度的方法。方法采用WatersAtlantisTMC18柱(2.1mm×100mm,3.0μm),流动相:0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(40∶60),流速0.2mL·mL-1,柱温30℃,进样量5μL,电喷雾电离源(ESI),MRM法检测,泮托拉唑母离子[M+H]m/z384.2,子离子m/z200.5,内标盐酸帕罗西汀母离子[M+H]m/z330.1,子离子m/z192.1。结果线性范围为10~5000ng·mL-1,最低检测浓度为1.0ng·mL-1,三种浓度的平均回收率均在90%以上,日内RSD为1.8%~4.0%(n=5),日间RSD为1.2%~1.7%(n=5)。结论该法操作简便,灵敏度高,分析快速,适用于临床上人血浆中泮托拉唑浓度测定。     

雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片人体生物等效性研究

目的 建立人血浆中雷贝拉唑钠的HPLC-MS测定方法,测定健康志愿者口服雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片后的血药经时过程,并对受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价.方法 20名男性健康受试者随机交叉两种雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片20 mg后,采用HPLC-MS分析测定人血浆中雷贝拉唑钠的浓度,评价两种雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片的生物等效性.HPLC-MS的色谱柱为C18柱,流动相为10 mmol·L-1的醋酸铵水溶液(含0.3%甲酸)-甲醇(25∶75,v/v),流速为1.0 mL·min-1.检测离子为雷贝拉唑的[M H] 离子m/z 360.1和兰索拉唑(内标)的[M H] 离子m/z370.0,裂解电压为100V.结果在0.5～1200 ng·mL-1范围内雷贝拉唑钠线性良好(r=0.9995),最低定量限为0.5 ng·mL-1,批内、批间精密度均小于8.0%.以AUC0～12计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为99.2±11.8%.结论 本试验建立的测定方法灵敏、准确、简便,适用于雷贝拉唑钠血药浓度的测定及药代动力学研究.     

拉西地平固体分散体在Beagle犬体内的药动学和生物等效性研究

目的研究不同拉西地平固体分散体在Beagle犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法采用Thermo C_(18)色谱柱(50 mm32.1 mm,2.6μm);流动相:0.2%甲酸水溶液–乙腈(17∶83);体积流量:0.2 mL/min;柱温:30℃;进样室温度:15℃;进样量:10μL。采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),多反应监测(MRM)方式扫描,以正离子方式进行检测;用于定量分析的离子对分别为拉西地平m/z 473.47(母离子)→354.28(子离子),内标尼莫地平m/z 419.25(母离子)→343.18(子离子)。6只健康Beagle犬分别给予4 mg参比制剂拉西地平片(R)、拉西地平-HPMC E5固体分散体(T_1)和拉西地平-Soluplus固体分散体(T_2),绘制血药浓度–时间曲线,采用DAS 2.1.1软件非隔室模型计算主要药动学参数,并进行生物等效性分析。结果拉西地平在0.25~100 ng/mL线性关系良好,定量下限为0.25 ng/mL。在0.5、5.0、80.0 ng/mL的提取回收率和基质效应分别为100.92%~102.89%和100.71%~102.89%,RSD值11%。T_1、T_2和R的主要动力学参数分别为峰浓度(C_(max))为(24.45±6.53)、(28.80±11.89)、(26.647±4.44)ng/mL;达峰时间(t_(max))为(1.13±0.70)、(1.29±0.64)、(1.79±1.36)h;t_(1/2)分别为(8.39±4.60)、(7.10±6.73)、(5.20±6.16)h。受试制剂相对生物利用度为(112.2±57.8)%、(110.6±51.6)%。生物等效性分析两组受试制剂与参比制剂均不具备生物等效性。结论该方法准确、灵敏度高、专属性强,可用于拉西地平制剂的药动学和生物等效性研究。自制拉西地平固体分散体与市售拉西地平片生物等效性不一致。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定琥乙红霉素颗粒体内活性代谢物

目的:建立琥乙红霉素人体内活性代谢物红霉素的HPLC-MS/MS分析方法。方法:选用克拉霉素为内标,血浆样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷-异丙醇(300∶150∶15)提取处理,通过检测活性代谢物红霉素的浓度来监测琥乙红霉素体内行为。色谱条件Waters C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),甲醇-水(80∶20,含0.5%甲酸)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min-1,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测系统(SRM模式),质谱采用电喷雾电离源(ESI),红霉素选择检测离子对为m/z 734→m/z 158,内标克拉霉素选择检测离子对为m/z 748→m/z 158。结果:血浆中红霉素检测方法的线性范围为9.724～2431.0 ng·mL-1,最低检测限可达9.724 ng.mL-1。血浆中红霉素的平均回收率为77.6%～80.0%;日内、日间RSD均小于11%。结论:本法灵敏、准确、选择性高,可用于监测琥乙红霉素的体内行为。     

克拉霉素分散片的健康人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究克拉霉素分散片在健康人体的药动学及生物等效性.方法:采用两制剂双周期双交叉前后自身对照试验设计.20名健康志愿者分别口服克拉霉素分散片受试制剂或参比制剂500 mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)测定血浆中克拉霉素的浓度,经DAS 2.1软件处理后得药动学数据,并进行等效性检验.结果:受试制剂的t1/2为(3.72±0.42)h,Cmax为(2 350.7±604.2)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(1.48±0.36)h,AUC0-t为(12 425±1 975)ng·h·mL-1;参比制剂的t1/2为(4.22±1.15)h,Cmax为(2 045.0±379.5)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(1.76±0.52)h,AUC0-t为(11 954±2 152)ng·h·mL-1.以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂比较,受试制剂平均相对生物利用度为(101.7±7.3)%,AUC0-t,AUC-∞和Cmax均拒绝生物不等效假设.结论:测定结果经方差分析及双单侧t检验,表明两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS测定及生物等效性研究

目的建立人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS测定方法,研究罗红霉素胶囊的生物等效性.方法采用双交叉实验设计,血样用乙腈沉淀后直接测定,根据血药浓度-时间数据计算药动学参数,估算相对生物利用度,采用双单侧t检验判断其生物等效性.结果两种罗红霉素制剂的t1/2分别为(13.18±2.01)h和(13.31±2.45)h,tmax分别为(1.8±1.2)h和(2.2±1.1)h,cmax分别为(6.14±1.76)μg·mL-1和(6.47±2.42)μg·mL-1,AUC0～72h分别为(71.81±28.40)μg·h·mL-1和(73.12±31.77)μg·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.6±11.4)%.结论本实验建立的方法灵敏、准确、简便,统计学结果表明两种制剂生物等效.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。