中国丹东地区满族不同年龄人群骨密度及骨质疏松症患病率的调查

目的调查丹东地区满族不同年龄组人群骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)情况,了解骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)患病率及相关危险因素。方法采用美国Osteometer Medi Tech公司生产的DTX-200型双能X线骨密度仪,于2010年9月～12月对732例满族健康人群检测非受力侧前臂尺桡骨远端骨密度,每10岁为一组,获得数据进行统计学分析,同时填写骨质疏松危险因素调查表。结果满族男性BMD在30～39岁达骨峰值,0.619±0.059(g/cm2),女性在40～49岁达骨峰值,0.527±0.068(g/cm2),之后BMD开始下降。50岁后骨量减少的总体发生率男女比较无差异(P>0.05)。但70岁以上女性的OP发病率较同年龄组男性明显升高,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。男性OP的发生与年龄、长期素食正相关,与体重、经常饮牛奶负相关,而女性OP的发生仅与年龄正相关。结论通过对丹东地区满族人群骨密度的调查有助于建立丹东地区满族人群骨质疏松症诊断标准,提供骨质疏松症及其并发症的防治依据。     

玉溪地区2593例男性骨密度调查分析

目的通过2593例玉溪地区男性骨密度测定,为了解玉溪地区男性骨密度(BMD)正常值及峰值骨量,分析骨质疏松症(Osteoporosis,OP)的发病规律,为OP的预防和治疗提供帮助。方法采用日本Aloka生产的DCS-600EX型骨密度仪,检测非优势侧前臂远端三分之一处BMD。将2593例检测结果以5岁为1个年龄段进行统计学分析BMD均值,计算出各年龄组的OP患病率。结果玉溪地区男性BMD峰值为0.588±0.081(g/cm2),其BMD峰值出现在30～岁年龄段。各年龄段OP的患病率为20～岁7.41%、25～岁11.70%、30～岁9.68%、35～岁7.49%、40～岁13.84%、45～岁10.93%、50～岁17.20%、55～岁23.59%、60～岁30.22%、65～岁44.32%、70～岁42.34%、75～岁48.94%、80～岁38.89%。结论玉溪地区男性BMD30岁前随年龄增加而增加,BMD峰值出现在30～岁,峰值为0.588±0.081(g/cm2),其后BMD测定值随年龄增加开始逐渐下降,OP的患病率随年龄增加而增加,但80～岁年龄组反而有所下降。     

北京密云地区19609例正常人群前臂远端骨密度调查及骨质疏松症发病率研究分析

目的通过密云地区19609例正常人骨密度测量,分析本地峰值骨量、骨密度变化规律及骨质疏松症的发病率。为OP早期预防、诊断、治疗提供依据。方法采用美国Osteometer Medid Tech公司生产的DTX-200型前臂双能X线骨密度仪,检测受试者非受力侧前臂远端桡尺骨三分之一处骨密度(BMD)。将检测结果按性别,十岁为一年龄段分组。结果男女峰值骨量出现在30～39岁,男性0.626±0.078 g/cm2,女性0.507±0.063 g/cm2。男女峰值骨量之间进行独立的样本t检验P<0.05,存在着显著差异,女性明显低于男性峰值骨量,男女在40岁以后随年龄增长BMD逐渐下降,男性70岁,女性60岁以后下降明显,女性早于、快于男性。各年龄段前臂远端1/3处桡骨(RADIUS)BMD要高于尺骨(ULNA)、兴趣区的(ROI)BMD,这种趋势反映了前臂远端以桡骨为主要骨的BMD,与总的前臂远端BMD数据相差不多。各年龄段OP发生率随年龄增加而增加。结论密云地区男女峰值骨量出现在30～39岁,不同年龄,不同性别间骨密度存在显著差异。骨质疏松发生率与年龄的增长呈明显正相关性,患病率从50～59岁开始增加,女性高于男性。     

长春市8955例汉族人群骨密度测量结果分析

目的 通过8955例长春市汉族人群骨密度测量,提供本地区骨密度正常参考值及峰值骨量,分析骨质疏松发生的人群规律.方法 采用美国Osteometer Medi Tech公司生产的DTX-200 型骨密度仪,检测受试者非受力侧前臂尺桡骨中远端三分之一处骨密度(BMD).将8955例检测结果按不同性别每10岁分为一年龄组统计分析骨密度均值,T评分及骨量丢失百分率.结果 长春市区男女BMD峰值分别为0.6244±0.098、0.5050±0.064,其BMD峰值出现在30岁年龄段,50岁以后开始缓慢下降.50～59岁男性OP发生率为6.95%,女性为8.52%;60～69岁男性OP发生率为19.66%,女性为35.44%;70～79岁男性OP发生率为38.39%,女性为60.64%;80岁以上男性OP发生率为58.17%,女性为72.73%.结论 不同年龄组及同年龄组两性间比较BMD测定值差异显著(P＜0.01),50岁以后各年龄段女性OP发生率明显高于男性(P＜0.01).不同地域、不同民族、不同仪器检测的BMD数据存在差异.     

乌鲁木齐地区2711例骨密度调查研究

目的了解新疆乌鲁木齐地区正常汉族人群骨密度(BMD)的变化规律和骨质疏松症(OP) 的患病率。方法应用法国DMS公司生产的CHALLENGER型双能X线骨密度仪对乌鲁木齐地区汉族人群共2711名20～80岁居民进行腰椎2～4及股骨近端的骨密度测定。结果乌鲁木齐地区汉族人群男性、女性的腰椎及股骨近端的BMD峰值均出现在20～29岁年龄组,峰值后随着年龄的增长,而骨密度BMD降低,女性在50～59岁明显加速下降,男性没有加速下降现象。乌鲁木齐地区40岁以后OP患病率男性28．3％,女性OP患病率45．2％。男女性50～59岁以上,组间患病率有显著差异(P<0．05)。结论通过对乌鲁木齐地区汉族人群的骨密度变化规律及患病率研究, 为乌鲁木齐地区汉族人群的骨质疏松症诊断及治疗提供客观有效的依据。     

青海地区汉族、回族、藏族骨质疏松流行病学调查分析

目的 分析青海地区汉族、回族、藏族正常人群的峰值骨量和骨密度差异，为青海地区科学预防及治疗骨质疏松症提供参考和依据。方法 选取青海地区汉族、回族、藏族年龄在20～40岁及50～70岁人群，使用双能X线骨密度仪测量研究对象腰椎骨密度，按民族、性别和5岁一个年龄段分组，进行统计学分析。结果 青海地区汉族男性、女性峰值骨密度的年龄段均在20～24岁，回族男性、女性峰值骨密度的年龄段均在25～29岁，藏族男性、女性峰值骨密度的年龄段均在35～39岁。汉族、回族、藏族男性峰值骨密度分别为:(0.667±0.090) g/cm~2、(0.711±0.037) g/cm~2、(0.826±0.092) g/cm~2;女性峰值骨密度分别为:(0.568±0.091) g/cm~2、(0.571±0.037) g/cm2、(0.676±0.095) g/cm2，且各年龄段的骨密度均有显著差异。结论 本次调查汉族、回族、藏族男性和女性出现骨密度峰值的年龄段及峰值骨密度均有所不同，总体上藏族最高，回族次之，汉族最低，但均在40岁前达到骨密度峰值，提示可能与生活饮食习惯、遗传特性有关。     

新疆地区汉族和维吾尔族健康人群前臂骨密度测量结果及差异性分析

目的通过测量新疆地区3264例汉族、维吾尔族健康人群前臂骨密度(Bone mineral density,BMD),建立本地区双能X线骨密度仪(Duel energy X-ray absorptiometer,DXA))测量前臂骨密度的正常数据库,比较两族BMD随年龄变化的规律,评价两族骨质疏松(Osteoporosis,OP)发病率之间的差异。方法使用法国DMS公司生产的Lexxos型DXA对新疆地区汉族和维吾尔族20岁以上健康人群前臂BMD进行测量,按不同性别每5岁分为1年龄组,得出骨密度均值、标准差和骨质疏松发生率。结果①汉族男性骨峰值见于30～34岁,女性骨峰值40～44岁;维吾尔族男性骨峰值40～44岁,女性骨峰值25～29岁,维吾尔族男、女峰值骨量分别高于汉族男、女峰值骨量。②同一族别中相同年龄段同一测定区域BMD男性均高于女性;两族同性别BMD(男性在20～24岁、25～29岁、40～44岁3个年龄段和女性在20～24岁、25～29岁两个年龄段)存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。③两族男女OP发生率之间均没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论不同族别、不同性别到达骨峰值的年龄不同,骨量峰值水平也不同,本研究提供了新疆地区汉族和维吾尔族DXA测量前臂各年龄段BMD的参考数据和OP发生率,为国内的资料比较提供了依据。     

大庆地区1096例汉族人群骨密度调查及骨质疏松发生率分析

目的 调查大庆市1096例健康汉族人群骨密度,了解该地区健康人群骨量峰值、骨密度变化的规律及骨质疏松发生率。方法 采用美国GE公司生产的Luner Prodigy Advance型骨密度仪,检测受试者腰椎和股骨颈骨密度（BMD）。将1096例检测结果按不同性别每5岁为1年龄组,应用SPSS19.0软件统计分析骨密度测量指标及骨质疏松（OP）发生率。结果 大庆市汉族男、女性人群腰椎骨密度峰值分别为1.197±0.203、1.192±0.145,股骨颈骨密度峰值分别为0.977±0.157、0.918±0.128。其峰值骨量年龄男性为45～49岁,50岁以后开始缓慢下降。其峰值骨量年龄女性为40～49岁,50岁以后开始缓慢下降。50～54岁年龄段男性骨质疏松症发生率为5.56%,女性为5.67%;55～59岁年龄段男性骨质疏松症发生率为7.32%,女性为11.51%;60～64岁年龄段男性骨质疏松症发生率为15.15%,女性为28.28%;65～69岁年龄段男性骨质疏松发生率为26.67%,女性为29.41%;70～74岁年龄段男性骨质疏松发生率为25.00%,女性为44.44%;75～79岁年龄段男性骨质疏松发生率为36.36%,女性为77.78%;80岁以上男性骨质疏松发生率为66.67%,女性为83.33%。结论 大庆市汉族人群不同年龄及同年龄组两性之间比较骨密度测定值差异显著（P<0.01）。55岁以后各年龄段女性骨质疏松发生率明显高于男性（P<0.01）。本研究报告的骨密度峰值大于沈阳地区,与合肥地区相近,略低于贵阳地区。OP发生率与合肥地区比较相近,略低于沈阳地区。     

京城区居民骨密度随年龄变化的特点--3285例骨密度测定结果分析

目的 了解北京城区居民骨密度(BMD)的变化规律和骨质疏松症(OP)的患病率.方法 应用法国MEDILINK公司牛产的OSTEOCORE1型双能X线骨密度仪对北京市城区3285名20～89岁人群进行股骨近端及腰L2-L4椎的BMD测定.结果 北京市城区男、女性人群的股骨近端及腰椎的BMD峰值均出现在20～29岁年龄组,峰值后随着年龄的增长骨密度BMD降低,女性在50～59岁BMD下降明显加速,男性没有出现下降加速现象.北京市城区中国人40岁以后OP患病率男性23.19%,女性OP患病率28.7%.结论 通过对北京市城区中国人群的BMD变化规律及患病率研究,为北京市城区中国人群的骨质疏松症预防、诊断及治疗提供客观有效的依据.     

广西南宁地区汉壮族人群骨密度及骨质疏松患病率研究

目的 评估广西南宁地区汉壮族健康人群骨量和骨质疏松(OP)的发病情况。方法 l084名健康人群采用双能x线骨密度仪检测腰椎正位、髋部、前臂的骨密度(BMD)值。按民族、年龄、性别进行分组，以10岁作为1个年龄段。结果 骨峰值年龄分布：男女汉壮族各部位骨峰值年龄在30-39岁，60岁后OP患病率(WHO)汉族男性23．36％，壮族男性25．00％，汉族女性31．69％，壮族女性44．44％，汉壮族男女各年龄段和总体OP患病率差异无显性。结论 广西南宁地区汉壮族男女健康人群峰值骨密度水平及骨质疏松检出率差异无显性。     

Distribution, elimination, and action of d-tubocurarine in neonates, infants, children, and adults

The relation of plasma concentration of d-tubocurarine (dTc) to neuromuscular blockade, and the distribution and urinary excretion of dTc was determined in neonates (n = 4), infants (n = 6), children (n = 8), and adults (n = 8). The plasma concentration-time course curves to 24 hr are best described for all groups by three-compartment models. Both neonates and infants exhibit decreased plasma clearance (CLP), 1.1 +/- 0.08 and 1.0 +/- 0.06 ml X kg-1 X min-1, and in addition a prolonged t1/2 terminal phase, 311 +/- 44 and 306 +/- 35 (mean +/- SEM, min). The neonates' 24-hr urinary excretion, 27 +/- 2 (mean +/- SEM, % total dose) is significantly less than the adult value, 45 +/- 4% total dose. There was no significant difference seen in the log plasma concentration-evoked compound electromyogram (ECEMG) response between 20-80% paralysis for adults, children, infants, and five of the seven neonates studied. Two of the neonates had a significant shift of their log concentration-response curve to the right. There was also no significant difference between any of the groups in the time for 50% return of ECEMG stimulus height or the time required for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value. for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value.     

Transcapillary exchange and retention of fluoride,strontium, EDTA,sucrose, and antipyrine in bone

Summary The extractions of⁸⁵Sr²⁺,¹⁸F⁻, sucrose-¹⁴C, EDTA-⁵¹Cr, and antipyrine-¹⁴C in bone were determined by the multiple indicator-dilution method. Fluoride and strontium extractions were 18 to 70% during a single transcapillary passage, and those of EDTA and sucrose were from 11 to 59%, whereas extraction of antipyrine was 87%. Injections of⁸⁵Sr²⁺ and¹⁸F⁻ made when perfusion was done alternately with blood and plasma resulted in similar fractional extractions. When flow and extraction were measured simultaneously, extraction was related inversely to flow.     

Racial and ethnic differences in symptom severity of PTSD, GAD, and depression in trauma-exposed, urban, treatment-seeking adults

Urban, socially disadvantaged individuals are at high risk for traumatic event exposure and its subsequent psychiatric symptomatology. This study examined the association between race/ethnicity and symptom severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression in an urban clinical sample of 170 trauma-exposed adults. In addition, this study investigated the role of socioeconomic position (SEP) and coping style in the relationship between race/ethnicity and posttrauma psychiatric symptom severity. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that Blacks had lower depression symptom severity compared to Whites. No significant relationship was found between racial/ethnic group status and indices of SEP, PTSD, or GAD symptom severity. Adjustment for trauma exposure, gender, positive reframe coping, avoidance coping and negative coping accounted for 3%, 3%, 8%, 4%, and 3% of the variance in depression severity, respectively; however, Black race remained significantly associated with decreased depression symptom severity accounting for a statistically significant 5% of the variance in lower depression symptom severity. These preliminary findings and their clinical implications are discussed.     

Pharmacokinetics of desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in pigs

We tested the prediction that the alveolar washin and washout, tissue time constants, and pulmonary recovery (volume of agent recovered during washout relative to the volume taken up during washin) of desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane would be defined primarily by their respective solubilities in blood, by their solubilities in tissues, and by their metabolism. We concurrently administered approximately one-third the MAC of each of these anesthetics to five young female swine and determined (separately) their solubilities in pig blood and tissues. The blood/gas partition coefficient of desflurane (0.35 +/- 0.02) was significantly smaller (P less than 0.01) than that of sevoflurane (0.45 +/- 0.02), isoflurane (0.94 +/- 0.05), and halothane (2.54 +/- 0.21). Tissue/blood partition coefficients of desflurane and halothane were smaller than those for the other two anesthetics (P less than 0.05) for all tissue groups. As predicted from their blood solubilities, the order of washin and washout was desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane (most to least rapid). As predicted from tissue solubilities, the tissue time constants for desflurane were smaller than those for sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. Recovery (normalized to that of isoflurane) of the volume of anesthetic taken up was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for desflurane (93% +/- 7% [mean +/- SD]) than for halothane (77% +/- 6%), was not different from that of isoflurane (100%), but was less than that for sevoflurane (111% +/- 17%). The lower value for halothane is consistent with its known metabolism, but the lower (than sevoflurane) value for desflurane is at variance with other presently available data for their respective biodegradations.     

Epidemiology, costs, and burden of osteoporosis in Argentina, 2009

Summary

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern for elderly subjects. Old age is a risk factor for fragility fractures; countries with aging population face a heavy burden of fractures and their consequences.

Introduction

In 2009, the total population of Argentina was 40 million, with 10 million inhabitants aged >50 years. Population will grow 13% by 2050 and reach 53 million, but the elderly population will reach 19.5 million.

Discussion

Local bone mineral density studies reveal that two out of four postmenopausal women have osteopenia, one has osteoporosis, and one has a normal bone mineral density. Around 3.3 million women will suffer from osteopenia in 2025 and 5.24 million in 2050. Although the rate of fragility fractures is higher in patients with osteoporosis, the absolute number of fractures is higher in osteopenic patients. In Argentina, the mean annual rate of hip fractures is 488/100,000 inhabitants aged above 50 years, with a 2.6:1 F/M ratio. Thus, over 34,000 hip fractures occur every year among the aged populationwith an average 90 such fractures per day.

Conclusion

The Latin American Vertebral Osteoporosis Study found an overall 16.2% prevalence of vertebral fractures in Argentinean women aged 50 years or over. Hospitalization costs of hip and vertebral fractures in Argentina exceed 190 million USD per year. Consequently, the costs of osteoporosis for the public health system are staggering; however, the federal or the provincial governments of Argentina do not give the disease a high priority. To conclude, efforts for the prevention and management of osteoporosis are urgently needed.     

Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation during mouse prostate development in situ, in renal grafts, and in vitro

BACKGROUND: In vitro organ culture and renal grafting of the urogenital sinus (UGS) have both been used as models of prostate development. However, neither has been rigorously examined for its fidelity to replicate the canonical process of prostate differentiation in situ. METHODS: We assessed size, morphology, histology, and the mRNA expression of differentiation marker genes of the E14 male mouse UGS grown for 0-28 days as sub-renal capsule allografts in nude mice or in culture containing androgen and compared these to UGS development in situ. RESULTS: Development of grafted tissues was morphologically and histologically similar to development in situ but differentiation occurred more rapidly. UGS growth in organ culture resulted in bud formation, but did not trigger cellular differentiation. However, the potential for differentiation was maintained and could be rescued by grafting tissues into nude mice. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro organ culture and renal grafting of UGS tissues may be appropriate models for studying prostatic bud formation, but only grafting is an appropriate model for prostatic differentiation.     

Comparison of AlloDerm, fat, fascia, cartilage, and dermal grafts in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To compare various graft materials in the rabbit model, including autologous cartilage, dermal tissue, fat, and AlloDerm (a cadaver-derived material). METHODS: Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits were used. Equally sized autogenous (fat, fascia, cartilage, and dermal) grafts and AlloDerm were implanted into subcutaneous dorsal pockets on the rabbits. Animals were killed 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after surgery. The grafts were examined microscopically for thickness, resorption, fibrosis, neovascularization, inflammation, eosinophilia, and the presence of multinucleated giant cells or microcysts. RESULTS: The cartilage grafts revealed excellent viability with no resorption. The fascial grafts showed negligible volume loss. The dermal grafts developed epidermoid cysts. The AlloDerm grafts demonstrated graft thickening at 1 month and total resorption at 3 and 4 months. The fat grafts demonstrated 30% to 60% partial resorption. CONCLUSIONS: The major disadvantage of using an autogenous fat graft was partial resorption, whereas cyst formation was observed with dermal grafts. AlloDerm caused tissue reaction and resorption. The best graft material was cartilage, with a low absorption rate, good biocompatibility, and minimal tissue reaction or fibrosis, followed by fascia, with a minimal shrinkage capacity and tissue reaction.