An Efficient Way to Correct Recurrent Rectus Diastasis

Background: Recurrent rectus diastasis is a troublesome complication because its correction requires an extensive procedure.Case Reports: Two patients with recurrent rectus diastasis secondary to abdominoplasty corrected by plication of the anterior rectus sheath are presented. These patients had lateral insertion of the rectus muscles. They were treated by the advancement of the rectus muscles after undermining of the posterior rectus sheath and a two-layer closure to correct the rectus diastasis. Good cosmetic results and postoperative pain control were achieved in both cases.Discussion: The causes, prevention, and treatment for this type of rectus diastasis are described. The main reason for recurrence of this deformity in these patients was lateral insertion of the rectus muscles on the costal margins. On the basis principle, an efficient technique to correct this deformity is described. A postoperative compute tomography scan with slices made at the same bony level as the preoperative control examination demonstrated total correction of rectus diastasis over a long-term follow-up evaluation.Conclusion: Advancement of the recti muscles seems to be a reliable method for correcting recurrent rectus diastasis in patients with lateral insertion of the recti muscles.     

改进的联合术原位肛门整形重建的直肠肛管功能测试

目的:测试低位直肠癌行iMles术后Ⅰ期改进的联合术原位肛门整形重建术的直肠肛管功能。方法:38例低位直肠癌iMles术后行Ⅰ期改进的4项联合术原位肛门重建术。测试其直肠内液体存留时间、肛管静息压、缩窄压、直肠静息压和最大直肠内压等。结果:各项测试结果皆与正常人对照组无显著性差异。结论:低位直肠癌切除后即用改进的Ⅰ期联合术原位肛门重建术,直肠肛管功能的测试结果说明其功能已接近正常人水平,说明此术式的改进在结构和功能重建上已达正常人要求。     

Dynamic reconstruction of the abdominal wall using a reinnervated free rectus femoris muscle transfer.

Dynamic reconstruction of the abdominal wall using a free reinnervated rectus femoris muscle and an island tensor fascia lata transfer was performed for a large herniation with loss of the bilateral rectus abdominis muscles of the abdominal wall. The tensor fascia lata transfer was used to close an inner side of the abdominal defect, and the rectus femoris muscle replaced the rectus abdominis muscle deficit. The motor nerve of the rectus femoris muscle was sutured to the motor branch of the intercostal nerve. Postoperatively, the transferred rectus femoris muscle was reinnervated via electromyography, and there was no abdominal protrusion and no hernia recurrence.     

腹直肌及前鞘缺损的手术修复方式

目的探讨临床腹直肌及前鞘缺损的手术修复方式。方法2009年11月至2020年1月,北京大学人民医院医疗美容科对腹直肌及前鞘缺损女性患者24例29侧缺损进行修复,年龄35~60岁,平均44岁。根据腹直肌和前鞘缺损大小及位置分为直接缝合修复和聚丙烯补片修复。结果24例患者伤口均一期愈合,未发生伤口感染、血肿、裂开等并发症。随访5~126个月,平均66.6个月;1例患者术后36个月因乳腺癌转移死亡,1例患者腹部膨隆,无不适未采取措施;22例未发生感染、排异等不良反应。结论根据腹直肌及前鞘缺损的大小及位置用不同的修复方法,重建腹壁结构的完整性及稳定性。     

聚丙烯补片预防游离腹直肌皮瓣术后切口疝的作用

目的 探讨聚丙烯补片（Prolene)预防游离腹直肌皮瓣术后切口疝发生的作用。方法 1999年11月9日-2000年10月22日对26例患者行游离腹直肌皮瓣移植术时,采用聚丙烯补片作腹直肌前鞘修补,分析聚丙烯补片植入后的组织反应及创口愈合情况,以及切口疝发生的情况。结果 25例患者腹部创口均Ⅰ期愈合,1例术后腹部创口出现局部积液,经保守治疗好转,未出现排异和感染等并发症,术后随访1-12个月,全部患者聚丙烯补片愈合良好,无排出或取出,腹部不适,切口疝及腹壁膨隆。结论 聚丙烯补片具有较好的生物相容性,其植入体内后不会发生排异和增加创口感染的机会,用于腹直肌前鞘的修补安全可靠,能有效预防游离腹直肌皮瓣术后切口疝的发生,值得进一步观察和应用。     

Dynamic reconstruction of large abdominal defects using a free rectus femoris musculocutaneous flap with normal motor function

Reconstruction of large abdominal wall defects with conventional reconstruction including the component separation technique is difficult because of strong transverse tension and loss or weakness of the rectus abdominis muscle. To overcome this problem, dynamic reconstruction of the abdominal wall using a free innervated rectus femoris musculocutaneous flap was performed for large defects with separation of the bilateral rectus abdominis muscles. The intact motor nerve of the rectus femoris muscle was transferred without transection, and only the pedicle vessels were anastomosed to the omental vessels. Four and one-half years after surgery, the rectus femoris muscle had voluntary strong muscle contraction and there was no abdominal protrusion, herniation, or donor morbidity. This new method with dynamic function can replace conventional techniques for large abdominal defects without rectus muscle function.     

Three-dimensional muscle-tendon geometry after rectus femoris tendon transfer

BACKGROUND: Rectus femoris tendon transfer is performed in patients with cerebral palsy to improve knee flexion during walking. This procedure involves detachment of the muscle from its insertion into the quadriceps tendon and reattachment to one of the knee flexor muscles. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the muscle-tendon geometry and to assess the formation of scar tissue between the rectus femoris and adjacent structures. METHODS: Magnetic resonance images of the lower extremities were acquired from five subjects after bilateral rectus femoris tendon transfer. A three-dimensional computer model of the musculoskeletal geometry of each of the ten limbs was created from these images. RESULTS: The three-dimensional paths of the rectus femoris muscles after transfer demonstrated that the muscle does not follow a straight course from its origin to its new insertion. The typical muscle-tendon path included an angular deviation; this deviation was sharp (>35 degrees ) in seven extremities. In addition, scar tissue between the transferred rectus femoris and the underlying muscles was visible on the magnetic resonance images. CONCLUSIONS: The angular deviations in the rectus femoris muscle-tendon path and the presence of scar tissue between the rectus femoris and the underlying muscles suggest that the beneficial effects of rectus femoris tendon transfer are derived from reducing the effects of the rectus femoris muscle as a knee extensor rather than from converting the muscle to a knee flexor. These findings clarify our understanding of the mechanism by which rectus femoris tendon transfer improves knee flexion.     

Evaluation of a device for the measurement of the evoked tensions of the rectus abdominis muscle

A device was developed to measure the evoked tensions of the rectus abdominis muscle which consisted of a fluid-filled reservoir wedged between the rectus abdominis muscle and a self-retaining retractor. The evoked contractions of the rectus muscle were compared with that of the tibialis anterior muscle in twelve dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone. Significantly greater amounts of tubocurarine were required to depress the response to train-of-four stimuli and the twitch tensions of the rectus muscle than the tibialis. The tibialis recovered faster, spontaneously or after neostigmine, than the rectus in eight of the animals; the opposite occurred in the other four. The present device can be useful during surgery for the evaluation of abdominal muscle tension.     

Rectus muscle preservation in oblique incisions for cholecystectomy

A technique of retraction and preservation of the rectus muscle in oblique cholecystectomy incisions is described. Preservation of the rectus increases strength and decreases the amount of devitalized tissue in the wound. Using the rectus preserving technique, no incisional hernias have developed in a series of more than 100 cholecystectomies, even when wound infections have occurred. The advantages of preserving the rectus as an accessory muscle of respiration as well as the advantages in wound strength allow for a shorter period of convalescence.     

COMPARISON OF ATRACURIUM-INDUCED NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCK IN RECTUS ABDOMINIS AND HAND MUSCLES OF MAN

We have compared neuromuscular block in the rectus abdominisand the hand muscles in 11 adult patients. Atracurium 0.5 mgkg^–1 was administered by single bolus and anaesthesiamaintained with isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Train-of-four (TOF) stimulation was applied to the 10th intercostalspace in the anterior axillary line and to the ulnar nerve atthe wrist. Electromyographic (EMG) responses were recorded overthe rectus abdominis and hypothenar muscles. Neuromuscular blockhad a significantly faster onset in the rectus abdominis (mean1.6 (SEM 0.2) min) than in the hand (2.4 (0.3) min) (P <0.001). Recovery occurred more rapidly in the rectus abdominis:time to 25% TOF recovery was 39 (3) min at rectus abdominisand 51 (4) min at the hand (P < 0.001). Time to 75 % TOFrecovery was 56 (4) min at rectus abdominis and 72 (6) min atthe hand (P < 0.001).     

Comparison of rectus femoris transposition with traditional transfer for treatment of stiff knee gait in patients with cerebral palsy

Purpose To assess the outcome of children with cerebral palsy following reposition of the distal rectus femoris tendon for treatment of stiff knee gait. Methods Children with cerebral palsy with stiff knee gait who underwent rectus femoris transfer were studied retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were cerebral palsy of diplegic or quadriplegic type, preoperative and 1 year postoperative three-dimensional motion analysis, and no other surgery except rectus femoris transfer at the time of study. The patients were separated into two groups: in group I, the rectus femoris was transferred to the distal medial hamstring tendons, either the gracilis or the semitendinosus; in group II, the distal tendon of the rectus femoris was transposed laterally and attached to the iliotibial band/intermuscular septum. Results Peak knee flexion during swing phase, total dynamic knee range of motion, knee range of motion during swing phase, and time to peak knee flexion during swing phase were all improved in both groups. Hip and pelvic kinematics were not influenced by the surgery. Velocity, stride length, and cadence were all improved following the surgery. There was no difference between the transfer group and the transposition group. Conclusion These findings suggest that distal transfer of the rectus femoris is effective in improving swing phase knee function by diminishing the mechanical effect of the dysphasic swing phase activity of the rectus femoris, not by converting the rectus femoris to an active knee flexor. No financial support was received for this study.     

Treatment of stiff-knee gait in cerebral palsy: a comparison by gait analysis of distal rectus femoris transfer versus proximal rectus release

Two groups of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) were studied pre- and postoperatively by gait analysis after proximal release or distal transfer of the rectus femoris for treatment of knee stiffness in swing phase. In the first group studied, 12 patients underwent proximal rectus femoris muscle release. In the second group, 10 patients underwent distal rectus femoris transfer. After surgery, peak knee flexion was increased 9.1 degrees in swing phase by proximal rectus release and 16.2 degrees by distal rectus transfer. Hip motion throughout the gait cycle was not significantly affected by either operation, and no tendency for a crouch gait was observed after either procedure.     

腹直肌运动诱发电位在诊断中下胸段脊柱脊髓损伤中的价值

目的探讨经颅磁刺激的腹直肌运动诱发电位(motor evoked potentials，MEP)检测对中下胸段脊柱脊髓损伤的定性、定位诊断价值。方法取5具成人尸体，通过解剖确定腹直肌的神经支配情况及体表定位。依据体表定位法，测定25例正常成人的双侧腹直肌MEP得出各节段的正常参考值；并应用于胸椎脊柱脊髓损伤患者23例(全瘫12例，不全瘫11例，损伤节段为T4-T12)，测定双侧腹直肌MEP。结果(1)每侧腹直肌由T6-T12共7对肋间神经支配，由此确定腹直肌7个节段的MEP体表记录点。(2)25例正常成人均可纪录到双侧腹直肌T6-T12节段的MEP，各节段MEP峰潜时的差异有显著性。(3)12例全瘫者均有与骨折部位的序列数相对应节段或以下节段的腹直肌MEP消失，信访全部截瘫无恢复；11例不全瘫者，除1例外其余均可纪录到与骨折部位的序列数相对应节段或以下节段异常的腹直肌MEP，随访9例有不同程度恢复或基本恢复正常。结论不同节段的腹直肌MEP检测有相对独立、恒定的神经解剖学基础，正常成人的引出率为100％，其各节段正常参考值的差异有统计学意义；对中下胸段脊柱脊髓损伤有定性、定位诊断价值。     

The rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia: new indications for an old technique?

The rectus sheath block has been used with success for postoperative analgesia in adults. This paper reviews the anatomy of the rectus sheath, and presents our initial experience of using the block to provide intra- and postoperative analgesia in children having repair of umbilical and paraumbilical hernia. The rectus sheath block appears to be a useful technique in children, particularly for paediatric day-case surgery.     

Proximal rectus femoris release surgery is not effective in normalizing hip and pelvic variables during gait in children with cerebral palsy

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the proximal rectus femoris release to treat hip flexor contractures and hip and pelvic gait deviations in children with spastic cerebral palsy. This study was a retrospective repeated-measures analysis of data collected on two matched groups of patients, those with and without proximal rectus femoris release surgery, seen in our Motion Analysis Laboratory. Proximal rectus release surgery did not improve hip extension, did not decrease anterior pelvic tilt, and did not improve temporal-distance measures of gait in children with cerebral palsy. A multivariate measure, the Hip Flexor Index, was also unchanged. The group of patients without any hip flexor surgery was not different from the rectus femoris release group on hip or pelvic variables before or after surgery. The findings of this study offer no evidence that the proximal rectus femoris release is successful in achieving desired gait outcomes at the hip and pelvis in children with cerebral palsy.     

腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术修补腹直肌缺失的临床应用

目的探讨肿瘤或外伤等导致腹直肌缺失的患者使用腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术行腹壁缺损修补和重建的临床应用效果。 方法2014年12月至2018年12月,浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院收治腹直肌缺失患者10例,采用腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术进行腹壁缺损修补和重建。收集并回顾性分析患者的临床资料。通过问诊、查体和腹壁CT检查评估患者腹壁重建和恢复情况。 结果10例腹直肌缺失患者中,腹直肌肿瘤9例（其中男性1例,女性8例）,腹直肌外伤毁损1例（男性）。平均年龄（46.90±13.25）岁,体质量指数（23.10±3.98）kg/m²。9例腹直肌肿瘤中,原发性肿瘤8例,转移性肿瘤1例,均行腹直肌复合体屏障性切除。腹直肌外伤患者行毁损腹直肌切除。切除后腹壁缺损平均宽度为（11.70±1.89）cm,均采用单侧腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术进行腹壁缺损修补和功能重建,并采用补片加强修补。补片均为聚丙烯补片,平均大小为（420.00±154.91）cm²。平均手术时间（132.50±38.96）min,平均术中出血量（107.00±74.54）ml,平均住院时间（11.50±4.30）d。术后无腹外斜肌肌瓣缺血坏死,无切口裂开、手术部位感染、肠瘘等并发症。在术后随访行问诊、体格检查及腹壁CT检查,显示患者腹壁完整,功能恢复良好。平均随访时间（35.50±11.35）个月,随访期内未发现肿瘤复发、切口疝形成或腹壁膨出病例。 结论腹外斜肌转移肌瓣修补技术是一种安全有效腹壁缺损修补技术,在腹直肌缺失患者中具有较好的临床效果。     

Distal rectus femoris surgery in children with cerebral palsy: results of a Delphi consensus project

PurposeThe purpose of this study was for an international panel of experts to establish consensus indications for distal rectus femoris surgery in children with cerebral palsy (CP) using a modified Delphi method.MethodsThe panel used a five-level Likert scale to record agreement or disagreement with 33 statements regarding distal rectus femoris surgery. The panel responded to statements regarding general characteristics, clinical indications, computerized gait data, intraoperative techniques and outcome measures. Consensus was defined as at least 80% of responses being in the highest or lowest two of the five Likert ratings, and general agreement as 60% to 79% falling into the highest or lowest two ratings. There was no agreement if neither threshold was reached.ResultsConsensus or general agreement was reached for 17 of 33 statements (52%). There was general consensus that distal rectus femoris surgery is better for stiff knee gait than is proximal rectus femoris release. There was no consensus about whether the results of distal rectus femoris release were comparable to those following distal rectus femoris transfer. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level was an important factor for the panel, with the best outcomes expected in children functioning at GMFCS levels I and II. The panel also reached consensus that they do distal rectus femoris surgery less frequently than earlier in their careers, in large part reflecting the narrowing of indications for this surgery over the last decade.ConclusionThis study can help paediatric orthopaedic surgeons optimize decision-making for, and outcomes of, distal rectus femoris surgery in children with CP.Level of evidenceV     

Lidocaine-pancuronium bromide retrobulbar injection: experimental studies of simultaneous neural and myoneural blockage for profound akinesia

The akinesia of the superior rectus muscle after retrobulbar administration of lidocaine was quantitatively compared to the akinesia after retrobulbar administration of a mixture of lidocaine and pancuronium bromide. Adult cats were given halothane general anesthesia and a limited orbitotomy was performed to facilitate exposure of the superior rectus muscle and its branch of the superior division of the oculomotor nerve. The superior rectus muscle was disinserted and connected to a myograph. A suprathreshold stimulus of 3 volts was then applied to the branch of the oculomotor nerve innervating the superior rectus muscle. The strength, measured in grams, of the superior rectus muscle contraction was then quantitated with the myograph. Subsequently, retrobulbar administration of the drug was given and at 10 minute intervals thereafter the suprathreshold electrical stimulus of 3 volts was reapplied to the nerve innervating the superior rectus muscle, and the strength of the contraction was recorded with the myograph. Retrobulbar administration of 0.5 cc of 2% lidocaine was compared with retrobulbar administration of a mixture of 0.5 cc of lidocaine 2% and 0.2 mg of pancuronium bromide at a dosage of 0.04 mg per kilogram. For the first 30 minutes of the experiment, each retrobulbar administration provided profound akinesia with a total absence of measurable muscular contraction, despite suprathreshold stimulation of the nerve. From 40 to 120 minutes following the retrobulbar administration, the combination of lidocaine 2% and pancuronium bromide was associated with persistent absence of measurable superior rectus contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

应用腹直肌皮瓣修复乳癌放疗后放射性溃疡

目的：探讨腹直肌肌皮瓣在乳癌放射性治疗（以下简称放疗）后放射性溃疡修复中的应用。方法：2007年以来应用健侧单蒂腹直肌肌皮瓣转移修复乳癌放疗后放射性溃疡16例。9例采用纵行腹直肌肌皮瓣,其中3例合并臂丛神经损伤的患者为其行臂丛神经松解术并局部注射间充质干细胞;7例采用横行腹直肌肌皮瓣修复,其中4例同时行乳房再造术。结果：1例患者皮瓣远端部分坏死,清创术后采用局部皮瓣修复;2例术后出现皮瓣下渗出积液,手术予以再次清创。其余皮瓣成活良好,创面修复满意。结论：腹直肌肌皮瓣血运可靠,是修复乳癌放疗后放射性溃疡的一种较为有效、简单和安全的方法,应根据具体的病变程度、范围设计适宜的肌皮瓣转移方式。     

Taking Posterior Rectus Sheath Laparoscopically to Reinforce the Gastrojejunostomy in Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background: The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is now performed laparoscopically widely with low morbidity and mortality. However, in some cases long-term adequate weight loss is not satisfied because of dilatation of the gastrojejunostomy. Therefore, a prosthetic material and bio-membranes have been used to prevent dilatation. In this study, we used posterior rectus sheath by laparoscopy, to evaluate feasibility and safety of the procedure. Methods: 20 Yorkshire pigs, under general anesthesia, had a standard laparoscopic RYGBP. In addition, 10 had their gastrojejunostomy anastomosis wrapped with 2x10 cm posterior rectus sheath. Clinical and operative outcome after operation were compared with the control group of laparoscopic RYGBP cases. Results: The median weight of the pigs was 46.1 kg (range 42-51) in the posterior rectus sheath-applied group and 45.2 kg (range 42-49) in the control group. All gastrojejunostomies in the posterior rectus sheath-applied group were successfully reinforced laparoscopically. Both groups loss weight compared with their normal growth weight, but there was no significant difference in the median weight loss between the two groups. Two pigs in the posterior rectus sheath-applied group developed a stenosis at the gastrojejunostomy anastomosis following RYGBP. All pigs in the posterior rectus sheath-applied group were found to develop hypertrophic smooth muscle and connective tissue scarring at the gastrojejunostomy on histologic examination. Conclusion: Laparoscopic application of posterior rectus sheath around the gastrojejunostomy in laparoscopic RYGBP is feasible and safe. The sheath-applied group developed stenosis and connective tissue scarring. Additional research is needed to evaluate effectiveness in preventing dilation of the anastomosis.