Pulmonary thromboembolism after distal ulna and radius fractures surgery: A case report and a literature review

BACKGROUNDPulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a serious postoperative complication that can occur after a fracture. Generally, PTE is caused by the falling off of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT) after lower limb fracture surgery. LEDVT and PTE after upper extremity fracture surgery are very rare. PTE is one of the most common clinical causes of sudden death. Venous thromboembolism includes PTE and DVT. We experienced one case of LEDVT and PTE after distal ulna and radius fracture surgery. The purpose of our report is to raise awareness for orthopedic surgeons that PTE can occur after distal ulna and radius fracture surgery, and patients with high risk factors should be considered for prevention and treatment of thrombosis in a timely manner.CASE SUMMARYWe report a 51-year-old Chinese male who had severe fractures of the left distal ulna, radius and little finger after a motorcycle accident. The patient underwent external fixation, open reduction and internal fixation. On the third post-operative day, computed tomographic pulmonary angiography showed PTE. Doppler ultrasonography showed thrombus formation in the bilateral posterior tibial veins. After a period of anticoagulation therapy, on the 25^th d after the PTE, computed tomographic pulmonary angiography showed that thrombus in both sides of the pulmonary artery disappeared. Furthermore, about 4 mo after the PTE, thrombosis in the deep veins of the lower limbs disappeared. About 1 year after the surgery, X-rays showed good fracture healing, and the function of the wrist joint recovered well.CONCLUSIONThough rare, PTE can occur after distal ulna and radius fracture surgery and patients with high risk factors should be considered for prevention and treatment of thrombosis in a timely manner.     

血浆肌钙蛋白I、脑钠肽联合D-二聚体检查对肺血栓栓塞的临床意义

目的 研究联合应用脑钠肽（BNP）、心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）和D-二聚体（DD）检查在血压正常的肺血栓栓塞（PTE）患者中的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析47例经肺通气/灌注扫描和（或）肺动脉CT成像（CTPA）明确诊断的非大面积肺血栓栓塞病例,以超声心动检查结果将其分为A组（次大面积PTE组）21例和B组（非大面积PTE组）26例,通过其血浆中的cTnI、BNP和DD的水平高低进行分析和评价.结果 血浆D-二聚体水平在A、B组间差异无统计学意义;BNP和cTnI血浆水平在A、B组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 D-二聚体检查有助于排除诊断,血浆cTnI、BNP水平在次大面积PTE患者中明显升高,联合应用血浆cTnI、BNP和D-二聚体检查在血压正常的PTE患者中有助于筛选出高危患者.     

Tissue plasminogen activator as an alternative to vena cava interruption in recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism

We have described a woman with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) who had acute dyspnea, chest pain, and hypotension during adequate heparin therapy. Pulmonary angiography was consistent with recurrent PTE. The patient was given intravenous TPA and showed significant improvement. Repeat angiography showed resolution of the thrombus in the right main pulmonary artery. The patient did not require vena cava interruption.     

肺通气／灌注比值显像在肺血栓栓塞症诊断中的价值

目的：探讨肺通气／灌注（V／P）比值显像在肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）诊断中的价值。方法：对10例临床确诊的PTE患者V／P显像,并行定量分析。结果：10例患者共43个肺段经临床确认为肺血栓栓塞,常规目测读片诊断肺血栓栓塞46个,其中符合临床37个,灵敏度86．05％,特异性93．43％。V／P比值显像诊断肺血栓栓塞41个,与临床符合39个。灵敏度90．70％,特异性98．54％。结论：V／P比值显像可明显提高特异性。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活物在兔实验性肺血栓栓塞肺动脉中表达的动态变化及临床意义

目的通过研究兔实验性肺血栓栓塞(PTE)后组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)在肺动脉中表达的动态变化,了解急性肺栓塞后机体局部纤溶能力的变化。方法将48只日本健康大耳白兔随机分为栓塞组和对照组,栓塞组利用自体血栓经股静脉输入建立PTE模型,对照输入生理盐水。用免疫组织化学及Western blot方法检测对照组及栓塞后即刻,4、8和24 h栓塞部位肺动脉组织中t-PA蛋白表达水平。结果t-PA在栓塞后8 h和24 h表达明显增强,而在栓塞后即刻和4 h未见明显表达;半定量蛋白表达结果显示t-PA在栓塞后4h表达开始增高,栓塞后8 h表达进一步增强,24 h达到高峰,与各对照组比较,统计学有意义(P<0.05),与栓塞后即刻相比有显著性(P<0.05)。结论兔急性肺栓塞后,t-PA表达水平随时间而逐渐增高,表明了在肺动脉栓塞早期,机体的纤溶功能明显增强,这种内源性的纤溶能力的增强有利于血栓的溶解。     

彩色多普勒超声在肺动脉栓塞诊断方面的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法本文对临床诊断肺动脉栓塞患者12例[均经同位素肺通气灌注扫描、核磁共振(MR)及手术证实。]所有的患者行经胸超声心动图检查和下肢深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查。重点观察右心大小和功能,室间隔及右室壁运动情况及右室壁厚度,仔细观察右心系统、主肺动脉及分叉处是否有血栓状回声,彩色多普勒超声显示血流充盈状况,三尖瓣返流程度并据此估测肺动脉压。结果12例患者,超声检出肺动脉血栓直接征象7例,其中合并右室乳头肌下方血栓及三尖瓣前叶瓣环血栓各1例;下肢血栓6例。12例均有右房、右室增大,伴有三尖瓣重度返流,肺动脉重度高压(肺动脉收缩压为110～140mmHg,即14.63～18.62kPa)。结论彩色多普勒超声是一无创、快速、简便的对肺动脉栓塞(PTE)的诊断方法,在肺动脉栓塞的疗效观察及预后判断中也起重要的作用。     

Epidemiology of pulmonary thromboembolism as evidenced by autopsies

Among different forms of cardiovascular pathology, there has been recently an increase in the incidence of thromboembolic complications in the pulmonary arterial system. In epidemiology, there are certain problems associated with the scarcity of specific symptoms and diagnostic methods, the insidiousness of deep vein thrombosis and fatal manifestations of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). The prevalence of fatal embolism has been more accurately studied when PTE is a major or promoting cause of death.     

肺血栓栓塞症误诊为支气管哮喘原因分析

目的提高对肺血栓栓塞症 ( pulmonarythromboembolism ,PTE)的认识 ,减少误诊。方法对 16例误诊为支气管哮喘的PTE进行回顾性分析。结果 16例均经影像学检查及D 二聚体测定确诊为PTE ,其中 4例经超声心动图、MRI、肺通气 /灌注扫描确诊为中央型肺栓塞 ;12例经双螺旋CT肺动脉造影确诊为周围型肺栓塞。结论周围型肺栓塞易误诊为支气管哮喘 ,因此 ,临床上应通过完善各项检查 ,综合分析病情 ,提高PTE和支气管哮喘的鉴别能力 ,以减少误诊发生。     

肺血栓栓塞症患者D-二聚体的检测及临床价值

目的对肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)患者的血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)进行检测,探讨其在排除PTE诊断及预后判断中的应用价值。方法取56例PTE患者和20例对照组(健康体检者)的抗凝静脉血,采用日本Sys-mex公司的CA-1500血凝仪及其配套试剂,血浆D-D测定采用免疫比浊法。结果 56例PTE初治组和治疗无效组D-D含量明显升高,治疗缓解组血浆D-D含量有不同程度的下降。结论血浆D-D含量的变化与PTE严重程度及预后呈显著相关性。其检测方法简便、快速,敏感性高,可作为排除PTE的诊断及预后判断的实验室指针。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活物在急性肺血栓栓塞肺动脉组织中的表达

目的　探讨组织型纤溶酶原激活物 ( t PA)在急性肺血栓栓塞 ( PTE)肺动脉中的表达及意义。方法　 30只家兔随机分组。采用血栓阻塞法制备 PTE动物模型。取材栓塞 3、8和 2 4 h后动物栓塞部位的肺动脉和栓塞远端肺动脉 ;同时设实验对照组 ,取材正常肺动脉。应用免疫组化方法检测肺动脉组织内 t PA的抗原水平。结果　正常肺动脉极少见胞浆棕染的 t PA阳性细胞。栓塞 3h组的栓塞肺动脉和未栓塞肺动脉 t PA阳性细胞数与对照组比较差异没有显著性。栓塞 8h和 2 4 h组肺动脉残存的内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞内均可见明显的胞浆棕染的阳性细胞 ( P均 <0 .0 1)。结论　急性 PTE后可见到栓塞肺动脉 t PA表达增强 ,表明肺具有强大的纤溶潜力 ,这种内源性纤溶活性的增强有利于血栓的溶解     

20例肺动脉栓塞症的临床分析

目的 探讨肺动脉栓塞症的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析20例确诊为肺动脉栓塞的临床资料.结果 肺动脉栓塞症临床表现缺乏特异性.多数患者存在危险因素,呼吸困难和胸痛为最常见的症状.动脉血气分析、血D-二聚体、心电图、胸片、超声心动图对肺动脉栓塞症的诊断有参考价值,同位素核素灌注扫描、螺旋CT具有无创和高敏感性的特点,肺动脉造影是最为可靠的辅助检查.结论 肺动脉栓塞临床表现不典型,易被漏诊误诊,临床工作中应增强对肺动脉栓塞症的诊断意识,结合适当的辅助检查手段,以期达到早期诊断、降低病死率的目的 .     

急性肺血栓栓塞症患者溶栓及抗凝治疗的护理

目的探讨溶栓及抗凝治疗急性肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的护理措施。方法根据入选的15例PTE患者的临床资料，严格按照不同的治疗方案执行，并予合理的护理。结果治愈6例。7例有显著效果，1例死亡，1例放弃治疗。结论规范化溶栓抗凝治疗厦科学合理护理将提高患者的治愈率。     

肺血栓栓塞症治疗前后临床与CT对比研究

目的通过对比肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)治疗前后临床表现及CT肺动脉血管造影(CTPA)检查表现的变化,探讨溶栓和抗凝治疗的疗效,以及在PTE治疗过程中复查CTPA的临床价值。方法收集36例确诊PTE患者的完整临床资料及CTPA影像资料,进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者治愈24例(66.67%),好转9例(25.00%),总有效率为91.67%,死亡3例(8.33%)。溶栓或抗凝治疗1周、2周、1个月、3个月栓子个数进行性减少,两两之间差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.01);溶栓或抗凝治疗6个月后栓子个数进一步减少,但与治疗3个月相比差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论早期诊断并积极溶栓、抗凝治疗疗效好,CTPA是PTE诊断和疗效评价的有效影像学检查方法,对PTE的治疗具有指导作用。     

The autopsy incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in critically ill surgical patients

Critically ill patients should be susceptible to pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). To determine the incidence of acute PTE in this patient population, we reviewed hospital charts and autopsy findings of all Class IV critically ill patients admitted to our hospital's Recovery Room—Acute Care Unit, between 1972 and 1982. Massive PTE either contributed to or was the sole cause of death in only two of the 152 patients studied (1.3%). Small single or scattered PTE were an incidental finding not contributing to morbidity or mortality in 13 patients. No gross evidence of PTE was found in the remaining 137 patients. There was no relationship between the occurrence of PTE and obesity, polycythemia, platelet count, PT or PTT, ventilatory support, level of PEEP, fluid balance, intravascular catheter days, pulmonary artery pressure, or pulmonary vascular resistance. Twelve patients did not have PTE at autopsy though it was seriously considered during ICU management. Unlike many other types of hospitalized patients, Class IV critically ill surgical patients are highly unlikely to suffer from PTE. When acute cardiorespiratory decompensation occurs, other more common causes should be given primary consideration.     

急性肺血栓栓塞症的诊治

近年来,在肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的诊断与治疗方面新的循证医学证据不断出现,在VTE的诊治方面出现了一些新的理念,如急性PTE的危险分层的进一步细化,提出高危患者的处理意见,血浆D-二聚体更加适合于除外急性PTE的诊断,中危患者治疗的精准把握,低危患者的早期出院或家庭治疗等,本文就上述问题,结合最新肺栓塞诊治指南中的指导意见进行进一步解读,以使临床医生追踪PTE诊治领域的最新学术前沿,为PTE患者制定最佳的诊治方案。     

36例肺血栓栓塞症的临床特点及预后分析

目的 探讨肺血栓栓塞症（PIE）的临床特点及预后相关因素。方法 回顾性分析总结我院近十年来确诊的36例PIE患者的临床资料，所有患者经核素肺通气／灌注扫描或螺旋CT肺动脉造影或磁共振肺动脉造影确诊。结果 本组误漏诊率52．8％，总死亡率33．3％。大多数患者具有PIE的危险因素，以下肢深静脉血栓、心肺慢性疾病、长期卧床多见；临床表现不典型，最常见症状为呼吸困难，其次为胸痛、咯血、心悸，缺乏特异性体征；多数患者实验室检查血浆D-二聚体增高（〉0．5mg／L），血气分析显示低碳酸血症、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差增大。肌钙蛋白I阳性组和超声心动图结果右心功能不全组的休克发生率及死亡率均高于肌钙蛋白I阴性组和右心功能正常组，其差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 PTE缺乏特异性临床表现，误诊率高，临床上要加强对该病的诊断意识，疑诊病例及时采取相关检查确诊；肌钙蛋白I阳性、超声心动图结果右心功能不全提示预后不良。     

肺栓塞误诊为肺部感染和胸腔积液28例分析

目的:提高对肺栓塞(PE)的认识,减少其误诊率。方法:回顾性分析本院2003年1月至2006年12月肺栓塞误诊为肺部感染和胸腔积液28例的临床资料。结果:入院时误诊为肺炎2例,肺部感染16例,支气管炎、支气管扩张和慢性阻塞性肺气肿急性发作(AECOPD)各2例,胸腔积液查因4例。院内、外分别误诊18例和10例。28例中D-二聚体升高者26例。入院时X-线胸片:肺部炎症改变19例,并胸腔积液16例,肺结核1例,肺部肿块2例。螺旋CT:28例均有肺动脉栓塞改变,其中2例合并肺不张,4例合并心包积液。肺通气灌注扫描:12例均为阳性表现。结论:降低肺栓塞误诊率关键在于提高对本病的警惕性,对有肺栓塞高危因素者,如有可疑或无法解释的临床表现,及时筛查D-二聚体,阳性者高度怀疑肺栓塞,再行肺通气灌注扫描﹑螺旋CT扫描等检查进一步明确诊断。     

Intravascular ultrasound and angioscopy

We observed pulmonary artery thrombi and parietal lesions in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE), using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and angioscopy (AS). In APTE without underlying disease mainly non-echorich intraluminal mass was noted, with a pulsatile and thin intima. On AS red thrombi with white fibrin coating could be directly observed, and no parietal lesions were found. The findings of the pulmonary arterial intima and thrombus were different between APTE and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPTE), and even among CPTE cases. IVUS and AS are useful in characterizing the thrombi and related pulmonary artery lesions in PTE.     

Detection of right atrial mass by echocardiography in pulmonary thromboembolism

An echodense mass in the right atrium was detected incidentally by two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO) in a patient with clinical suggestions of cardiogenic shock. Autopsy revealed a cylindrical thrombus extending from the right atrium through a patent foramen ovale, and bilateral massive pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Pulmonary thromboembolism should be one of the differential diagnoses in patients with an echodense mass in the right heart.     

静脉溶栓治疗老年糖尿病并肺血栓栓塞的临床观察

目的:观察老年糖尿病并肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)溶栓抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法:23例老年糖尿病并肺血栓栓塞患者经血气分析、生化及影像学确诊后,使用尿激酶静脉溶栓和肝素抗凝治疗,以临床和上述检查评价其治疗效果和安全性。结果:23例患者有效20例,有效率为87％;1例发生出血现象而终止抗凝治疗,无组织坏死,无诱发酮症酸中毒。结论:联合应用尿激酶静脉溶栓和肝素抗凝治疗老年糖尿病合并PTE安全、有效。