The use of a modified skin stretching device (SSD) together with a lower cheek and neck flap for coverage of a large cheek skin defect

A method of closing a large defect using a skin stretching device is presented. This was accomplished by moving neck skin cranially without caudal movement of the upper cheek skin or lower eyelid.     

The faciocervicopectoral flap for non-oncological cases of cheek reconstruction

IntroductionMajor facial defect has been a challenging case for plastic surgeons in terms of wound healing and covering technique for a long time.MethodsEight faciocervicopectoral (FCP) flaps were performed for reconstruction of major cheek defects due to handmade explosive and gun injuries. They were evaluated perioperatively and postoperatively with regard to operative time and operative blood loss as well as the function and cosmetic appearance.ResultsThe technique showed marvellous cosmetic results but encountered minor postoperative flap complications.ConclusionsThe FCP flap is one of the best solutions for coverage of a simple or complex cheek defect. Application of the FCP flap is easy and rapid.     

游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 2011年1月至8月,应用游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣一期修复3例颊癌扩大切除术造成的软组织缺损,术前应用多普勒血流探测仪测量后桡侧副动脉无变异后,根据其走行,以及术中软组织缺损的面积、形态设计皮瓣,皮瓣均越过肱骨外上髁,面积为9 cm ×5 cm～10 cm×6 cm,血管蒂长约10 cm.供区创面直接拉拢缝合.结果 3例皮瓣均成活,其中1例因局部负压过大造成血管危象,经手术探查,减轻局部负压,术后皮瓣逐渐恢复正常.术后随访6～10个月,患者均无复发,颊部外观形态及功能恢复良好,2例供区局部有麻木感,6个月后症状减轻.结论 游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣厚度适宜、血供可靠,是修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的较好方法.     

A medially based cervical transposition flap for soft tissue coverage of the cheek

A new flap for cheek reconstruction is presented. It is a medially based axial pattern flap that is elevated on the SMAS or including the SMAS and thus is of good thickness and stability for coverage of even large defects of the cheek without significant contour irregularities. It is planned like a traditional transposition flap and harvested in such a way that the scar of the secondary defect lies under the edge of the mandible and, thus, on the border between two aesthetic units and along the relaxed tension lines. The donor site scar is aesthetically acceptable.     

斧形皮瓣在修复面颊部不同区域组织缺损中的应用

目的 探讨斧形皮瓣修复面颊部不同区域组织缺损的设计原则、效果和意义.方法 利用内外眦垂直线,把面颊部分为3个区域:PⅠ、PⅡ、PⅢ.在不同区域内,参照面颊部自然曲线走向特征,在组织缺损一侧设计不同形式的斧形皮瓣,修复组织缺损.2005年8月至2009年8月,共修复面颊部中小面积组织缺损29例.其中男性17例,女性12例;年龄19～81岁,平均(45±16)岁.组织缺损面积最小者1.5 cm×1.5 cm,最大者2.5 cm×3.5 cm.术后6个月问卷调查患者对色泽和质地匹配、瘢痕隐蔽性、术区外形和功能的满意度.结果 皮瓣全部成活良好.随访6～18个月,皮瓣色泽和质地匹配好,瘢痕隐蔽,术区无明显畸形,功能良好.术后6个月患者对各评价项目的满意度较高.组织缺损位于PⅠ区患者对瘢痕的满意度低于位于PⅢ区患者,两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.028).结论 参照面颊部不同区域自然曲线特征,设计不同形式的斧形皮瓣修复组织缺损,能够取得较佳的视觉效果和功能恢复.     

Reconstruction of large intraoral and adjacent cheek defects by free radial forearm flap

Summary Eighteen patients with intraoral and oropharyngeal carcinoma were treated by radical excision for extensive infiltration of tumour into adjacent tissue. Defects were repaired by free radial forearm flaps. Three patients had bony defects in addition to mucosal and skin defects. The free flap can be easily folded to repair skin and mucosa simultaneously. We consider the free forearm flap to be the procedure of choice in selected cases of large intraoral and adjacent cheek defects.     

岛状额瓣加胸锁乳突肌皮瓣一期修复颊癌术后大面积洞穿性缺损一例

目的探讨颊部大面积洞穿性缺损的修复方法和胸锁乳突肌皮瓣、额瓣联合修复的优缺点。方法2003年7月行颊癌扩大切除,功能性颈淋巴清扫术患者1例,遗留组织缺损范围皮面9 cm×7 cm,黏膜面4.5 cm×3.0 cm。以甲状腺上血管、枕动脉和颈外静脉胸锁乳突肌肌支为血管蒂的胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复颊黏膜面,以颞浅血管为血管蒂的岛状额瓣修复颊部皮面,皮瓣大小分别为5 cm×3 cm和10 cm×6 cm。结果患者术后皮瓣、皮片均全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。2周痊愈出院,颊部皮色、质地好。随访1年,肿瘤无复发,生活自理,语言、饮食正常。结论胸锁乳突肌皮瓣和额部岛状瓣可作为颊癌术后颊部大面积洞穿性缺损的一期修复的方法,操作简便、易行,且经济。     

面颊部扩张皮瓣的设计和转移

目的探讨利用扩张皮瓣修复面颊不同部位皮肤缺损的扩张皮瓣设计。方法269例面颊部血管瘤、瘢痕、色素痣患者,依不同的皮肤缺损位置,在邻近部位放置大小适度的1~3个50~400ml容积的扩张器,扩张充分后采用推进皮瓣法、旋转推进皮瓣法和易位皮瓣法修复。结果269例中共形成305个扩张皮瓣,利用推进皮瓣121个,旋转推进皮瓣145个,易位皮瓣39个;共出现并发症52例,分别为扩张皮瓣远端血运障碍、血肿形成、感染、注水壶渗漏、扩张器外露、睑外翻和包囊挛缩,这些并发症基本未影响最终的手术效果,术后面颊部形态正常。结论我们提出的扩张皮瓣的设计和转移原则,对于面颊部的皮肤缺损组织扩张术治疗有非常重要的参考价值。     

颞颊部扩张皮瓣的手术设计

目的　探讨如何设计颞颊部的扩张皮瓣。方法　对 6 19例颞颊部的瘢痕、斑痣、血管瘤等皮肤病变切除后应用不同部位、不同转移方法的扩张皮瓣进行修复。额部以旋转皮瓣、面颊部以旋转及滑行皮瓣、颈部以易位皮瓣为主及胸部带蒂转移的手术设计。结果　 8例扩张后胸三角皮瓣远端坏死 1～ 5cm ,其中 5例再次手术时皮瓣上移后未影响最终修复效果 ,3例补充植皮。 5例面部扩张皮瓣远端坏死 0 5～ 1cm ,4例行二期瘢痕切除缝合术 ,1例行补充植皮术。 4 1例发生扩张器感染外露 (占 6 6 2 % ) ,行二期手术时皮瓣面积稍有不足 ,其余均取得满意效果。结论　额部以旋转皮瓣、面颊部以旋转及滑行皮瓣、颈部以易位皮瓣为主的手术设计 ,以及胸三角皮瓣带蒂转移是修复面颊部皮肤病变切除术后创面的良好方法 ;周密的手术设计对术后效果及并发症的预防非常重要。     

Reconstruction of full-thickness cheek defects using platysma myocutaneous flaps

Summary Myocutaneous flaps play an important role in reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the head and neck area. In this study, a different application of the platysma myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of full-thickness cheek defects is presented. The technique described has provided an acceptable cosmetic and functional result. It was used in four patients operated on under local anesthesia. Reconstruction of full-thickness cheek defects is easily achieved, especially for palliation in poor risk patients.     

面颊部洞穿性缺损修复方法的探讨

为了探讨面颊部洞穿性缺损的修复方法，利用缺损边缘皮瓣翻转、局部唇颊瓣转移、带蒂肌皮瓣及游离皮瓣吻合移植等作为洞穿性缺损的衬里；面颊部局部皮瓣、远位肌皮瓣带蒂转移或吻合移植等修复皮肤缺损。自１９７５年以来，临床共修复面颊部洞穿性缺损２８例，除１例皮瓣远端部分坏死外，皮瓣均成活，颊部功能及外形良好。由此认为面颊部洞穿性缺损修复时尽量选用邻近皮瓣作为衬里，皮肤覆盖应采用局部皮瓣为主，其色泽、质地与缺损区相近，术后外形较好。     

Large liponecrotic pseudocyst formation following cheek augmentation by fat injection

A case in which a growing cystic mass developed in the submandibular area, 6 months following fat injection to the cheek and mandibular area, is described. Histological examination revealed a liponecrotic pseudocyst. It is suggested that subcutaneous masses appearing in an area, which was previously injected with fat, should be excised. Diagnostic aspiration procedures may cause leakage of its oily content and possible further granulomatotic reactions and cysts.     

Resection and augmentation of Bichat's fat pad in facial contouring

Summary The Bichat's fat pad (Corpus adiposum buccae) is of great significance in facial contouring. Resection of major parts of this fat pad results in hollow cheeks and in accentuation of the zygoma. On the other hand, hypoplasia or shrinkage of this fat pad can be augmented by means of silicone implants for improved aesthetic results.     

创伤性唇颊缺损畸形修复126例

目的：研究应用各种皮瓣，皮管、真皮下血管网皮片及全厚皮肤移植，修复唇颊缺损畸形，方法：依据唇颊缺损的面积和损伤的深度，选择相应的唇交叉瓣，鼻唇沟皮瓣，前臂挠动脉游离皮瓣，上臂皮管，真皮下血管网皮片和全厚皮片移植。结果：治疗126例，I期手术完成98例，II－Ⅳ期手术完成28例，各类皮瓣，皮管，皮肤移植全部在活，4例修复上唇仍有轻度外翻，经再次手术修复后恢复自然状态。结论：创伤性唇颊缺损是以缺损的程度选择修复的方法，修复得当，可使唇的功能外观同时恢复对称自然美，使皮瓣，皮管的表面色泽与受区相近，但皮肤移植色泽相差较为明显。     

Augmentation of Cheek Bone Contour Using Malar Osteotomy

Patients with a narrow face have often a defect in expansion of the maxillary–malar complex. A malar osteotomy, separating the malar–zygomatic complex from the orbit and the maxilla, allows an anterolateral cheek projection when performing an external rotation. This technique changes facial contour and improves facial aesthetics. During the past 5 years, 18 malar osteotomies have been performed; the external rotation was stabilized with interposed coral graft in six patients and with interposed bone graft fixed by a miniplate or with a stainless steel wire in 12 patients. Simultaneously septoplasty was performed in five patients, rhinoplasty in 13 patients, and genioplasty in two patients. Six patients had a face and neck lift, one patient had a forehead lift, and one patient had onlay iliac crest bone graft to treat atrophic maxillary alveolar ridges prior to implant placement. Stability was defined after 1 year follow-up. The increase in projection was correlated to the size of the graft. At least 5 mm were necessary to have cheek modification. Mucous inflammation, maxillary sinusitis, and relapse were observed with the use of interposed coral graft, but no complications were observed with bone graft. Malar osteotomy is a simple and safe procedure; it allows an anterolateral cheek projection and seems to be effective for treating transverse midface deficiency. Presented at the XVI^th congress of ISAPS, Istanbul, Turkey, 26–29 May 2002     

带膝上外侧动脉蒂逆行股前外侧岛状皮瓣和肌皮瓣临床应用

目的：报道带膝上外侧动脉蒂逆行股前外侧皮瓣修复膝关节周围组织缺损的结果。方法：应用股前外侧皮瓣和肌皮瓣逆行转移修复膝关节周围缺损，该皮瓣以膝上外侧动脉为蒂，通过膝上外则动脉与旋股外侧动脉降支之间的吻合支营养股前外侧皮瓣，血供丰富。皮瓣大小１２～１５ｃｍ×３～７ｃｍ，供区均原位缝合，结果：修复膝关节周围缺损４例，小腿淋巴水肿桥接淋巴通道１例，皮瓣均成活。术后外形及功能恢复良好。结论：作者认为该皮瓣是膝关节周围组织缺损修复较为理想的方法。     

蒂部潜移法增加V-Y筋膜皮瓣的推进距离

目的:为修复上肢中小创面提供一种V-Y推进皮瓣。方法:在邻近创面的健康皮肤,依纵行的筋膜皮下血管丛方向设计V-Y筋膜皮瓣,通过对蒂部在深筋膜下间隙及皮下疏松组织中不同层次的潜行分离,既增加了皮瓣的推进距离,又不影响皮瓣的血供基础。结果:临床修复上肢创面6例,皮瓣面积为3cm×4cm~5cm×8cm,推进距离2.5cm~5.0cm,均完全成活。结论:皮瓣蒂部潜移法能安全有效地增加V-Y筋膜皮瓣的推进距离,是修复中小面积创面的较好方法。