管花苷B对抗H2O2诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

目的：观察肉苁蓉提取物管花苷B对H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤的影响。方法：用MTT法检测细胞存活率，以激光共聚焦显微镜荧光染色法检测细胞内活性氧的产生和线粒体膜电位的变化，DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡的发生，并用荧光酶标仪测定caspase-3的活性。结果：100μmol·L^-1H2O2处理细胞24h显著降低细胞的存活率；诱导细胞发生凋亡，凋亡率达48．0％；细胞内活性氧水平及caspase-3的活性显著升高；而线粒体膜电位却明显降低，红／绿荧光强度的比值由正常的5．97降低为0．41左右。而预先给予1、10或100mg·L^-1浓度的管花苷B处理细胞12h，可显著提高细胞存活率；并可有效抑制DNA ladder的发生；流式细胞仪检测凋亡率分别降低到30．9％、18．3％和6．2％；激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示管花苷B可明显降低细胞内活性氧的水平；并可逐渐恢复线粒体的高能量状态；caspase-3的活性不断降低，并呈现了一定的剂量依赖性。结论：管花苷B能显著地抑制H2O2诱导的PC12细胞凋亡，其神经细胞保护作用可能与其降低细胞内活性氧水平，维持线粒体膜电位的高能状态和抑制caspase-3的活性有关。     

管花苷B对抗H2O2诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

目的：观察肉苁蓉提取物管花苷B对H₂O₂诱导的PC12细胞损伤的影响。方法：用MTT法检测细胞存活率，以激光共聚焦显微镜荧光染色法检测细胞内活性氧的产生和线粒体膜电位的变化，DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡的发生，并用荧光酶标仪测定caspase-3的活性。结果：100 μmol·L^-1 H₂O₂处理细胞24 h显著降低细胞的存活率；诱导细胞发生凋亡，凋亡率达48.0％；细胞内活性氧水平及caspase-3的活性显著升高；而线粒体膜电位却明显降低，红/绿荧光强度的比值由正常的5.97降低为0.41左右。而预先给予1、10或100 mg·L^-1浓度的管花苷B处理细胞12 h，可显著提高细胞存活率；并可有效抑制DNA ladder的发生；流式细胞仪检测凋亡率分别降低到30.9%、18.3%和6.2%；激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示管花苷B可明显降低细胞内活性氧的水平；并可逐渐恢复线粒体的高能量状态；caspase-3的活性不断降低，并呈现了一定的剂量依赖性。结论：管花苷B能显著地抑制H₂O₂诱导的PC12细胞凋亡，其神经细胞保护作用可能与其降低细胞内活性氧水平，维持线粒体膜电位的高能状态和抑制caspase-3的活性有关。     

雌激素减轻H2O2诱导PCI2细胞凋亡

目的 观察雌激素对H2O2诱导细胞凋亡的作用,探讨雌激素保护作用机制.方法 在PCI2细胞建立H2O2诱导细胞凋亡的实验模型.用MTT法检测细胞存活率,比色法测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,Hoechst染色检测细胞凋亡,碘化丙啶(PI)染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,比色法测定caspase-3活性.结果 H2O2明显降低PCI2细胞的存活率,使LDH释放增加,促进细胞凋亡,并能明显地升高caspase-3的活性.雌激素能显著地减轻上述变化.结论 雌激素对抗H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡,抑制caspase-3的激活是其细胞保护机制之一.     

氧化应激诱导HepG2肝癌细胞凋亡的研究(英)

目的：直接暴露细胞于活性氧能诱导发生凋亡，本文研究氧化应激诱导HepG2肝癌细胞的死亡及其机制。方法：暴露细胞于2 mmol/L过氧化氢产生氧化应激，用DNA凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡，用荧光染色法检测细胞线粒体膜电位变化，Western blotting检测细胞浆中细胞色素c变化，fluorometric assay kit检测caspase活性变化。结果：氧化应激作用于HepG2细胞后12 h开始发生凋亡；氧化应激作用后4 h，细胞线粒体膜电位明显下降；胞浆中细胞色素c浓度呈时间依赖性增高；氧化应激作用8 h、12 h后细胞内caspase-3、caspase-9活性分别升高6.7及3.6倍，但caspase-8活性无变化。结论：氧化应激能诱导HepG2肝癌细胞发生凋亡，其途径与线粒体通路及caspase激活有关。     

N-乙酰-L-色氨酸减轻H2O2诱导小鼠海马神经元细胞凋亡

 目的 探讨N-乙酰-L-色氨酸(L-NAT)对海马神经元（PHN）缺血低氧损伤的影响。方法 用600μmol/L H2O2诱导PHN制备海马神经元细胞凋亡模型,采用免疫荧光染色检测caspase-3的表达,Rhodamine 123染色检测线粒体膜势能（ΔΨm）的改变,台盼蓝染色检测细胞存活率,比色法检测caspase-3、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性,Western blot检测caspase-3及凋亡诱导因子（AIF）和细胞色素C（CytC）等线粒体促凋亡因子在胞质蛋白和线粒体蛋白中的表达。结果 L-NAT可减轻H2O2所引起的细胞形态的死亡、存活率的降低、LDH的释放、caspase-3的激活、线粒体膜势能的丧失及AIF和CytC等线粒体促凋亡因子的释放。 结论 L-NAT能通过抑制caspase依赖性和非依赖性的细胞凋亡途径,减轻H2O2诱导的小鼠海马神经元的细胞损伤。     

京尼平抑制高糖诱导的大鼠心肌H9c2细胞氧化应激及凋亡损伤

目的:探讨京尼平(genipin,GEN)对高糖损伤的大鼠心肌H9c2细胞的抗氧化作用和抑制细胞凋亡的机制。方法:体外培养大鼠心肌H9c2细胞,高浓度(50 mmol/L)葡萄糖处理H9c2细胞建立细胞损伤模型,分为正常糖对照组(NC组,葡萄糖浓度为5.6 mmol/L)、高糖损伤组(HG组,葡萄糖浓度为50 mmol/L)、正常糖+京尼平组(NC+GEN组)和高糖+京尼平组(HG+GEN组,京尼平浓度为10μmol/L)。CCK-8法检测细胞活力;酶标法和WST-1法分别测定细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;微板法检测细胞培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;荧光探针DCF检测细胞内活性氧簇(ROS)水平;ELISA法检测核小体片段的聚集值;线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)检测细胞内线粒体膜电位变化;利用Western blot法检测线粒体内抗氧化酶锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD),以及早期凋亡蛋白细胞色素C(Cyt C)、Bax和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平。结果:与HG组比较,HG+GEN组细胞活力显著升高(P 0.05),细胞内MDA的含量及细胞上清液中LDH的活性明显降低(P 0.05),细胞内SOD活性升高(P 0.05),细胞内线粒体膜电位明显升高(P 0.05),ROS水平降低(P 0.05),核小体片段聚集程度显著降低(P 0.05)。HG组线粒体内抗氧化酶Mn-SOD比NC组降低(P 0.05),但线粒体内凋亡蛋白Cyt C、Bax和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平比NC组显著升高(P 0.05),而HG+GEN组与HG组相比,Mn-SOD升高(P 0.05),Cyt C、Bax和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平显著降低(P 0.05)。结论:京尼平对高糖损伤的心肌H9c2细胞具有抗氧化保护作用和抑制细胞凋亡的作用。     

促血小板生成素对化学性缺氧诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究促血小板生成素(TPO)对化学性缺氧诱导的大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞凋亡的影响及保护作用。方法:将PC12细胞进行相应实验处理,分为对照组、氯化钴(Co Cl2)处理组、Co Cl2+TPO组及TPO对照组。检测各组PC12细胞的存活率并用Annexin V/PI双染流式细胞术分别检测细胞凋亡率,线粒体膜电位的变化及细胞内活性氧簇的变化。结果:化学性缺氧模拟剂Co Cl2可以明显抑制PC12细胞的生长(P0.01);与对照组比较,Co Cl2组的细胞凋亡率明显升高(P0.05),而Co Cl2+TPO组的细胞凋亡率显著低于Co Cl2组(P0.05);TPO能减少细胞内活性氧簇生成以及抑制细胞线粒体膜电位的降低(P0.01)。结论:TPO能对抗Co Cl2缺氧所致的细胞凋亡,稳定线粒体膜电位,发挥细胞保护作用。     

水飞蓟素对同型半胱氨酸诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡的抑制作用

目的：探讨水飞蓟素(SIL)对同型半胱氨酸(HCY)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)凋亡的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法:采用MTT及LDH检测细胞活性，DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡的发生, 流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位的变化,并用荧光酶标仪测定caspase-3，-6，-9的活性。Western blotting分析相关蛋白的表达。结果:1 mmol/L HCY使HUVECs的存活率比对照组低79.5%(P<0.01)，5-20 μg/L SIL明显抑制HCY所致的HUVECs死亡(P<0.05, P<0.01)，20 μg/L SIL可使HUVEC的存活率恢复到对照组的83.7%。HCY刺激后Bcl-2与XIAP的表达显著低于对照组，Bax的表达显著高于对照组，20 μg/L SIL可使Bcl-2凋亡蛋白的改变发生逆转。SIL可明显抑制 1 mmol/L HCY引起的caspase-3、caspase-6、caspase-9的升高。SIL明显抑制 1 mmol/L HCY引起的Δψm下降和Cyto C、Smac及AIF的释放。结论:SIL能抑制HCY诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡, 其细胞保护作用可能与降低细胞内活性氧水平, 抑制caspase-3，-6，-9的活性和维持线粒体膜电位的高能状态有关。     

环孢菌素D衍生物PSC833逆转K562/DOX细胞的凋亡抗性及其机制

 目的:研究环孢菌素D衍生物PSC833对K562/DOX细胞多药耐药的逆转作用。方法:MTT法进行阿霉素（doxorubicin, DOX）和长春新碱（vincristine, VCR）的细胞毒测定;流式细胞术测定细胞周期;Annexin V/PI双染流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;活性氧测定以DCFH-DA标记,线粒体跨膜电位测定用JC-1标记,细胞内钙测定用Fluo-3/AM标记,均以流式细胞术检测;Western blotting法测定细胞色素C（Cyt C）、Bcl-2、Bax和cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达。结果:环孢菌素D衍生物PSC833能显著增强DOX/VCR的细胞毒作用,使细胞阻滞在G2/M期;通过降低线粒体膜电位,升高细胞内活性氧和Ca2+水平,释放Cyt C、下调Bcl-2、上调Bax、激活cleaved caspase-3,增加DOX诱导的耐药细胞凋亡。结论: PSC833与DOX合用后,可阻滞细胞周期于G2 /M期,通过线粒体通路诱导K562/DOX细胞凋亡。     

PXD101诱导人前列腺癌细胞PC3凋亡的线粒体信号通路

目的:探讨PXD101(又称belinostat)诱导人前列腺癌PC3细胞凋亡的线粒体通路。方法:PXD101以不同刺激时间和剂量处理PC3细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞的活力;流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率和线粒体膜电位;Western blot检测线粒体凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、细胞色素C(Cyt C)和Bax;caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测caspase-3活性。结果:PXD101能以时间和剂量依赖的方式抑制PC3细胞的存活(P0.05),流式细胞术检测结果表明PXD101处理后PC3细胞的凋亡率明显增加(P0.01)。PXD101能时间依赖性致线粒体膜电位降低和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显下降,Bax蛋白含量上升,促进线粒体释放Cyt C蛋白,caspase-3活性明显增强。结论:PXD101通过线粒体途径诱导人前列腺癌细胞系PC3细胞凋亡。     

An apparent KIR2DS2-negative KIR2DL2-positive genotype discloses the novel allele KIR2DS2*00104

KIR2DS2*00104 lacks a distinctive synonymous substitution of KIR2DS2 in nucleotide 418 that affects KIR genotyping.     

CaO-MgO-P_2O_5-SiO_2-CaF_2系统自硬性玻璃的研究

为研究钙离子、镁离子在体内环境中对自硬性玻璃结晶行为的影响,为自硬性生物活性玻璃的临床应用提供依据,本文设计了CaO-P2O5-SiO2-CaF2(Ca-glass)和CaO-MgO-P2O5-SiO2-CaF2(CaMg-glass)系统玻璃并使用模拟体液(simulated body flu id,SBF)进行了研究。首先采用磷酸氢二氨[(NH4)2HPO4]/[NH4H2PO4]硬化液与Ca-glass、CaMg-glass制成硬化体,然后使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、失重、力学分析等方法,研究硬化体在SBF中的结晶性、降解性和力学性能。实验结果表明,玻璃粉末与磷酸铵缓冲溶液反应形成了磷酸铵钙[(NH4)2.Ca(HPO4)2.H2O]硬化体。硬化体经过SBF浸泡,Ca-glass系统硬化体中部分磷酸铵钙转化成羟基磷灰石,而CaMg-glass系统硬化体仍然为磷酸铵钙。Ca-glass与CaMg-glass硬化体在SBF中浸泡28天分别降解19.4%和31.3%,抗压强度分别为93.14MPa和64.52MPa。镁离子的歧化作用是导致Ca-glass、CaMg-glass硬化体结晶性能、降解性能以及力学性能差别的主要原因。     

K2O-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO-F系统可切削生物微晶玻璃

目的 可切削微晶玻璃的制备温度高达1500 ℃以上,此特性严重制约其产业化发展.本文设计制备了K2O-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO-F系统低温云母生物微晶玻璃,并探讨制备工艺对材料结构和性能的影响.方法 采用1300 ℃熔化工艺与600～750 ℃晶化热处理工艺制备微晶玻璃,通过X射线衍射分析方法研究微晶玻璃的晶相组成,利用扫描电子显微镜观察微晶玻璃的形貌,并通过显微硬度分析、高速砂轮切削实验考察微晶玻璃的可切削性能.结果 分别经过600 ℃、650 ℃、700 ℃、750 ℃晶化热处理2 h、4 h、8 h后,玻璃中均形成了主晶相为氟金云母的微晶玻璃,微晶玻璃的显微硬度为3～8 GPa.且随着晶化温度的升高,微晶玻璃层状结构逐渐明晰,但硬度不断下降,其可切削性持续提高.结论 低温下熔化K2O-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO系统玻璃工艺降低了可切削微晶玻璃的制备温度和成本,利于产业化生产和推广应用.     

2-Perbromomethyl-2-oxazoline: a novel trifunctional initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline

Polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was carried out using a trifunctional initiator, 2-perbromomethyl-2-oxazoline. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the resulting polymer was very close to the feed mole ratio of the monomer to initiator. The number-average molecular weight M?_n increased linearly with conversion, indicating the living nature of the propagating chain end. ¹H NMR and end-group analyses results are consistent with the proposal that the polymer possesses a star-shaped structure.     

Cross-Protection in Mice After Immunization with H2N2, H3N2, and Heq2Neq2 Influenza Virus Strains

Mice were vaccinated with the influenza viruses A/Japan/57 (H2N2), A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2), and A/Equi/Miami/63 (Heq2Neq2) and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase recombinants derived from these viruses. After infection with the parent viruses, protection was compared with serological findings. It was found that influenza vaccine protects not only against infection with a strain identical or closely related to the vaccine strain, but against heterologous strains as well. Vaccination with Hong Kong/68 and its neuraminidase recombinant resulted in a heterologous neuraminidase inhibition titer against Japan/57 and in a protection against infection with Japan/57. By contrast, after vaccination with Japan/57 and its neuraminidase recombinant, no relevant heterologous neuraminidase inhibition titer against Hong Kong/68 was observed, whereas a protection against infection with Hong Kong/68 did exist. A cross-protection between Hong Kong/68 and Miami/63, but no relationship in the hemagglutination or neuraminidase inhibition tests, was established in the preinfection sera. A one-way antigenic relationship between these viruses was confirmed by the rise of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase antibodies against Hong Kong/68 in the postinfection sera. No cross-protection or serological relationship existed between Miami/63 and Japan/57. Besides the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, a third factor, the “mouse-protecting antigen,” was considered to contribute to the protection obtained. According to the protection observed, the mouse-protecting antigen of Hong Kong/68 virus is related to that of Japan/57 as well as Miami/63 virus. The mouse-protecting antigens of both Japan/57 and Miami/63 are related to that of Hong Kong/68.     

H2O2 enhances Ca2+ release from osteoblast internal stores

The physiological activity of osteoblasts is known to be closely related to increased intracellular Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) in osteoblasts. The cellular regulation of [Ca2+]i in osteoblasts is mediated by Ca2+ movements associated with Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, and transmembrane Ca2+ influx via Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, and Ca2+ ATPase. Reactive oxygen species, such as H2O2, play an important role in the regulation of cellular functions, and act as signaling molecules or toxins in cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of H2O2 on cellular Ca2+ regulation in osteoblasts by measuring intracellular Ca2+ activities using cellular calcium imaging techniques. Osteoblasts were isolated from the femurs and tibias of neonatal rats, and cultured for 7 days. The cultured osteoblasts were loaded with a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fura-2, and fluorescence images were monitored using a cooled CCD camera, and subsequently analyzed using image analyzing software. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The osteoblasts with lower basal Ca2+ activities yielded a transient Ca2+ increase, a Ca2+ spike, while osteoblasts with higher basal Ca2+ activities showed a continuous increase in [Ca2+]i leading to cell death. (2) Ca2+ spikes, generated after removing Na+ from superfusing solutions, were blocked by H2O2 and this was followed by a sustained increase in Ca2+ activity. (3) ATP- induced Ca2+ spikes were inhibited by pretreating with H2O2 and this was followed by a continuous increase of [Ca2+]i. When cells were pretreated with the exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicilance (SNAP, 50 microM), treatments of ATP (1 mM) induced a Ca2+ spike-like increase, but [Ca2+]i did not return to the basal level. (4) The expression of inositol- 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) was enhanced by H2O2. Our results suggest that H2O2 modulates intracellular Ca2+ activity in osteoblasts by increasing Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ stores.     

13C NMR spectroscopy of 2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate and poly(2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate)

The synthesis and characterization of 2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate (FMPA) is reported. ¹³C NMR spectra of FMPA in CDCl₃, CD₃OD, DMSO-d₆, DMF-d₇, and D₂O exhibit two pairs of lines for all seven carbon atoms at room temperature; the ratio of the two conformers varies moderately with solvent (21 : 79 to 41 : 59). The conformers are believed to involve strong internal hydrogen bonding which is not completely broken even by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid to CDCl₃ (1/1, v/v). However, the pairs of lines coalesce in turn as the temperature is raised to 120°C in DMSO-d₆. FMPA was polymerized at 35°C in DMF and CHCl₃, using a free radical initiator and the polymer was characterized by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

KIR2DL2/S2 and KIR2DS5 in alcoholic cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation

IntroductionThe molecular mechanisms underlying alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are not completely understood. Hepatic fibrosis involves the interplay of diverse cells and factors, including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer, NK cells, and T-lymphocyte subsets. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are membrane receptors involved in mediation between NK and activated HSCs, regulating NK cell function through their interaction with HLA-I molecules. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic association between KIR genes and the susceptibility to or protection from alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) in a cohort of male AC patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) with and without concomitant viral infections.Material and methodsKIR genotyping was performed in nuclear DNA extracted from 281 AC patients and compared with 319 male controls.ResultsSignificant differences between total AC patients and healthy controls were only found in the case of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS5. KIR2DL2 was significantly underrepresented in non-viral AC patients (52.6% vs. 63.3%; p = 0.015), while patients heterozygous for KIR2DL2 were also underrepresented in the non-viral AC group compared with controls (p = 0.034). KIR2DS5 was overrepresented in this group compared with healthy controls (p = 0.002). All these observations were only evident in AC patients older than 54 years old.ConclusionsOur data suggest a contrary effect of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS5 in AC patients older than 54 years, in whom the presence of KIR2DL2 appears to be protective against AC, whereas the presence of KIR2DS5 seems to promote the fibrotic process, particularly in patients with no associated viral infection.     

ExspiratorischepO2-undpCO2-Kurven bei Atmung von N2-, He- und Ar−O2-Gemischen

Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der intrapulmonalen Gasmischung wurden an zehn Versuchspersonen die exspiratorischenpO₂- undpCO₂-Kurven fortlaufend und simultan massenspektrometrisch in Abhängigkeit vom Atemvolumen bei Atmung von Stickstoff-Sauerstoff-, Helium-Sauerstoff- und Argon-Sauerstoff-Gemischen registriert.Im Mischluftanteil wurden für den Abfall despO₂ von 75% auf 25% der Endamplitude im Mittel bei N₂–O₂-Atmung 81,6 ml, bei He–O₂-Atmung 66,1 ml und bei Ar–O₂-Atmung 71,9 ml benötigt. Die entsprechenden Zahlen für den Anstieg despCO₂ sind bei Atmung von N₂–O₂ 84,9 ml, von He–O₂ 68,5 ml und von Ar–O₂ 80.6 ml.DerpO₂ des Alveolarluftanteils sank während der letzten 300 ml Exspirationsvolumen bei Atmung des N₂–O₂-Gemisches im Mittel um 4,7 Torr, bei He–O₂ um 3,4 Torr und bei Ar–O₂ um 6,8 Torr. DerpCO₂ stieg gleichzeitig im Mittel bei Atmung des N₂–O₂-Gemisches um 2,8 Torr, bei He–O₂ um 2,1 Torr und bei Ar–O₂ um 3,7 Torr.Die Ursachen dieser Differenzen werden für den Mischluftanteil auf unterschiedliche Diffusions- und Strömungsbedingungen in den zentralen Lungenabschnitten zurückgeführt. Demgegenüber lassen sich die unterschiedlichen Partialdruckänderungen im Alveolarplateau durch Diffusion in den peripheren Lungenabschnitten und durch die Form der O₂ und CO₂-Bindungskurven erklären.Mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl durchgeführte Forschungsarbeit.