进胸取膈神经移位术后肺功能的变化

目的　研究进胸取膈神经移位术后患者肺功能的变化。方法　对 5例进胸取膈神经移位患者术前及术后 (8～ 14个月 )肺功能的变化进行比较。结果　 5例在术后均未出现供氧不足症状。 3例出现膈肌抬高 ;术后肺活量 (VC)、肺活量预计值百分数 (VC % )分别比术前减少 17.3 %和 3 2 .3 % ,两者差异有显著性意义 (tvc=3 .49、tvc% =4.17,P <0 .0 5 )。其它项目如残气量 (RV)、肺总量 (TLC)、残气量 /肺总量比值 (RV/TLC)、用力肺活量 (FVC)、1s用力呼气量 (FEV1)、1s用力呼气量 /用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)、5 0 %肺活量的最大呼气流量预计值百分数 (FEF 5 0 % )的变化 ,和术前相比均无明显差异。结论　进胸取膈神经移位术后成人的肺容量有部分丧失 ,但其丧失程度在机体可耐受范围内 ,不会导致呼吸功能障碍     

进胸膈神经全长切断后的肺功能变化观察

目的 研究全长膈神经移位术对肺功能的影响。方法 对15例行全长膈神经移位肌皮神经术的全臂丛根性撕脱伤病人的术后肺功能进行回顾性分析。11例共随访42～48个月，4例在随访过程中失访。结果 所有病例术后无呼吸功能障碍，胸部X线片中均出现不同程度的术侧膈肌麻痹和抬高（高1．0～1．5个肋间）。肺功能参数如肺活量、肺活量占预期值的百分比、残气量、肺总量、功能残余量、第1秒用力呼气量在术后1年均恢复到术前水平，但所有病例的最大吸气压值即使在术后4年仍比预期值有明显降低（平均降低20％）。结论 单侧膈神经完全切断后的肺功能参数均在术后1年内逐渐恢复到术前水平。     

术前肺通气功能与术中肺通气功能和术后呼吸衰竭的关系

目的探讨机械通气时呼吸力学与术前肺功能的关系,确定术前肺通气功能参数能否预测术后呼吸衰竭。方法择期行肺切除术的原发性肺癌病人100例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,术前测定常规肺功能：第1秒用力呼气容量（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量与用力肺活量之比（FEV1/FVC）、最大肺活量（VC）、最大通气量（MVV）、75%肺活量位用力呼气流速（FEF75）、最大中期呼气流速（MMEF75/25）、功能残气量（FRC）和残气量与肺总量之比（RV/TLC）;脉冲震荡肺功能参数：共振频率（Fres）、呼吸总阻抗（Zres）、中心阻力（Rc）、5 Hz和20 Hz时粘性阻力（R5、R20）。插管后机械通气初始时记录双肺气道峰压和双肺胸肺顺应性,开胸单肺通气肺萎陷时记录单肺气道峰压（Ppeak）和单肺胸肺顺应性（CT）。单肺通气时Ppeak和CT与身高、体重及肺功能的关系采用多元逐步回归。一般情况和术前肺功能与术后呼吸衰竭的关系采用非条件logistic回归分析。根据术后是否发生呼吸衰竭分为2组：呼吸衰竭组（RF）和非呼吸衰竭组（NRF）。结果Ppeak与Zres、身高、体重和FEF75呈线性关系（R^2=0.504,P〈0.01）,CT与Zres、身高、VC和RV/TLC呈线性关系（R^2=0.602,P〈0.01）。与NRF组比较,RF组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV和MMEF75/25均降低（P〈0.05或0.01）。年龄≥60岁的中老年患者FEV1≤60%、FEV1/FVC≤60%、MVV≤50%、MMEF75/25≤35%时,RF组术后呼吸衰竭发生率高于NRF组（P〈0.05或0.01）。logistic回归表明,年龄和MVV是术后呼吸衰竭的两个主要预测因素。结论术中单肺通气时Ppeak和CT分别与身高、体重和术前肺功能呈线性关系。年龄和MVV是术后呼吸衰竭的两个主要预测因素。     

膈神经移位治疗臂丛损伤的临床应用和早期疗效

目的探讨膈神经移位至肌皮神经重建屈肘功能的临床应用及早期疗效。方法对8例臂丛根性撕脱伤行膈神经移位术，膈神经与上干前股的肌皮神经束直接吻合5例，膈神经通过神经移植桥接至肌皮神经3例，术后随访评定其屈肘功能。结果8例经10月-2年随访，肱二头肌肌力在2级以上5例，有效率62．5％。结论膈神经移位术是治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤的理想术式，重视术前和术中膈神经功能的评估、神经移位时吻合方法的合理选择和术后综合康复锻炼是提高手术疗效关键。     

全长膈神经移位重建屈指功能的临床报告

目的 探讨在胸腔镜视下切取全长膈神经直接移位至正中神经内侧头重建全臂丛撕脱伤后屈指功能的可行性,为全臂丛根性撕脱伤后屈指功能的恢复提供新思路.方法 对3例全臂丛根性撕脱伤的患者,采用胸腔镜视下游离胸腔内的全长膈神经,于入膈肌处切断膈神经,将全长膈神经直接移位于正中神经内侧头,术后每3个月随访肺功能和临床功能恢复情况.结果 3例患者随访时间均超过3年,拇长屈肌及2～5指指浅屈肌肌力均恢复至3～4级,掌长肌肌力2例为2级,1例为1级;桡侧腕屈肌、旋前圆肌、鱼际肌肌力为0级.肺功能显示患者在术后6个月内有不同程度的肺功能降低,但在1年内都恢复到术前水平.结论 胸腔镜视下切取全长膈神经直接移位至正中神经内侧头重建全臂丛撕脱伤后的屈指功能是一种可行的新术式.     

膈神经移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤的护理

臂丛根性撕脱伤是骨科领域最严重的创伤之一，治疗复杂、疗效较差。1970年我国顾玉东首创膈神经移位术治疗臂丛神经根性损伤并取得良好疗效，此后膈神经移位术成为治疗臂丛损伤的。我科2005年以来对8例全臂丛撕脱伤患者行膈神经移位术经典术式，将其术前和术后的护理体会介绍如下。     

电视胸腔镜辅助小切口行双侧肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿

目的:评价电视胸腔镜辅助小切口行双侧肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿的疗效,并总结围术期的处理经验。方法:回顾分析2006年以来为18例重度肺气肿患者实施肺减容术的临床资料,对比分析手术前后肺功能指标和动脉血氧分压的变化。结果:本组无手术死亡病例,2例合并急性呼吸衰竭。术后随访半年,平均第1秒用力呼气量增加39.2%,用力肺活量增加20.1%,残气量下降26.5%,肺总量下降23.1%,动脉血氧分压平均上升15.1%,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:电视胸腔镜辅助小切口行双侧肺减容术是经济有效的治疗方法,能明显改善重度肺气肿患者的临床症状和生理状况,增加活动能力。     

膈神经副神经肌电图检查对提高臂丛神经根性损伤诊断符合率的机制和意义

目的阐明膈神经、副神经肌电图检查对提高臂丛神经根性损伤诊断符合率的机制和意义。方法对１００例术中证实为全臂丛或上中干根性损伤的术前肌电图资料（包括膈神经、副神经和臂丛神经）进行分析，总结Ｃ５神经根性损伤中节前、后的发生率，术前诊断符合率及膈神经、副神经的功能。结果１００例臂丛神经根性损伤中，Ｃ５神经根性损伤的诊断符合率为８７％，比过去提高３１．９％；节后损伤的诊断符合率为８１．９％，提高３０．８％。膈神经、副神经完全损伤者Ｃ５神经根均为节前损伤。膈神经完全损伤１３例，不全损伤７例中５例（７１．４％）为节前损伤；副神经完全损伤５例，不全损伤１４例中８例（５７．１％）为节前损伤。结论对膈神经、副神经进行肌电图检测，可提高Ｃ５神经根性损伤的术前诊断符合率；并可判断膈神经、副神经的功能是否适合作神经移位术的动力神经     

肺减容术治疗晚期肺气肿

目的 总结肺减容术治疗晚期肺气肿的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析22例晚期肺气肿行肺减容术患者的临床资料。结果 患者术前1s用力呼吸量（FEV1）为24．5％、残气量（RV）为196．5％、总肺活量（TLC）为130．5％,术后FEV1为27．8％、RV为148．8％,TLC为112．5％。术前16例患者经常吸氧,术后5例活动后需吸氧。术前16例完成6min行走试验,平均行走198m,术后所有患者均完成行走试验,平均行走256m。术前呼吸困难14例3级,8例4级;术后5例2级,13例3级,4例4级。结论 靶区明确的非均质型尤其泡性肺气肿是肺减容术最佳适应证,经严格选择均质型肺气肿病例亦可手术。手术适应证及禁忌证值得进一步探讨;胸腔镜辅助腋下小切口单侧肺减容术安全、可靠、有效;机械缝切器和牛心包加垫可减少漏气。     

膈神经移位接上干前股的疗效分析

目的通过对40例采用膈神经移位接上干前股以恢复屈肘功能的臂丛损伤患者的长期随访，分析与疗效相关的不良因素，为进一步提高其疗效及选择最佳手术适应证提供基础。方法对2002年-2005年在我院进行膈神经移位接上干前股治疗的40例患者进行长期随访，观察其疗效及与疗效相关的因素。结果40例患者屈肘功能恢复的总有效率为82．5％，其中年龄大于40岁、病程超过1年、术前膈神经诱发电位潜伏期（LAT）衰减≥20％者，疗效较差。结论膈神经移位接上干前股手术简单、创伤小、疗效满意，适宜在临床上推广应用于臂丛神经股部无损伤的患者。但对年龄大于40岁、病程超过1年、术前膈神经LAT衰减≥20％者，应慎用。     

Brachial plexus neurotization with donor phrenic nerves and its effect on pulmonary function

OBJECT: To examine possible side effects of neurotizations in which the phrenic nerve was used, pulmonary function was analyzed pre- and postoperatively in patients with brachial plexus injury and root avulsions. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with complete brachial plexus palsy underwent neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve, with the phrenic nerve as donor material. Patients who suffered lung contusions as part of the primary injury were excluded from this study. In 12 patients (five left-sided and seven right-sided neurotizations) pre- and postoperative functional parameters were compared and additional body plethysmography was performed more than 12 months postsurgery. Of the 23, no patient experienced pulmonary problems postoperatively. Nonetheless, pulmonary functional parameters showed a vital capacity in percent of the predicted value of 9.8 +/- 6.3% (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) in all patients examined, which was a significant reduction (p = 0.0002). In right-sided phrenic nerve transfers this reduction was significant, at 14.3 +/- 3.3% (mean +/- SD), whereas left-sided transfers showed a nonsignificant reduction of 3.6 +/- 3.5% (mean +/- SD). The observed decrease in vital capacity (VC) correlates with the maximal inspiratory pressure (Pi(max)) as an indication of clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS: When the right phrenic nerve is used as a donor in neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve, the patient incurs a higher risk of reduced pulmonary VC. If possible, the left phrenic nerve should be preferred. The Pi(max) has to be determined preoperatively to avoid any further decrease in the already reduced pulmonary function due to the initial injury.     

Effect of pleurotomy on pulmonary function after median sternotomy

To determine whether pleurotomy during median sternotomy worsens postoperative pulmonary function, patients whose pleurae remained intact (N = 7) were compared with those whose pleural spaces were entered during median sternotomy (N = 31). Thirty-eight adults performed spirometry and N2 washout to determine functional residual capacity preoperatively and 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours after extubation. Two mediastinal drainage tubes were placed in every patient; no pleural drainage tubes were inserted. Chest roentgenograms were performed preoperatively and 24 and 72 hours after extubation. Preoperatively, functional residual capacity, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC did not differ between groups. Postoperatively, in all patients developed a restrictive pulmonary defect, but mean functional residual capacity, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC did not differ between groups. In contrast to earlier reports, entering the pleural space did not worsen the restrictive pulmonary defect that results from median sternotomy when direct pleural drainage was avoided.     

斜角肌间沟锁骨上入路臂丛阻滞对通气功能的影响

目的：观察两种麻醉方法对患者呼吸功能的影响。方法：用日本产ＭＩＣＲＯＳＰＩＲＯ－２９８型呼吸功能仪检测了１０例肌间沟入路和８例锁骨上入路臂丛神经阻滞患者麻醉前后的通气功能。结果：发现患者肺活量（ＶＣ）、用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ）、１秒钟时间肺活量（ＦＥＶ１）均有显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），其下降幅度与既往报道由于单侧膈肌麻痹所造成的通气降低幅度相近。结论：作者认为此两种麻醉方法均可阻滞膈神经而导致单侧膈肌麻痹，引起通气功能降低，故此提出：（１）并发心肺疾患、呼吸代偿能力低下或有严重胸部损伤、呼吸功能不全者，慎行此两种神经阻滞；（２）不宜同时进行对侧锁骨上和肌间沟阻滞；（３）麻醉中慎用强力镇静药，以避免进一步加重呼吸抑制。     

Effect of aminophylline on respiratory muscle strength after upper abdominal surgery: a double blind study.

BACKGROUND--The effect of aminophylline on maximum respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery was investigated. METHODS--An open pilot study was performed in which aminophylline was administered continuously for 48 hours after surgery (protocol I). In a second group of subjects aminophylline was given for 24 hours after cholecystectomy in a double blind placebo controlled trial (protocol II). Twelve patients participated in the pilot study (group A) and 25 in protocol II of which 14 received aminophylline (group B) and 11 placebo (control, group C). Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring mouth pressures during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), inspiratory maximum pressures (PImax), expiratory maximum pressures (PEmax) were measured 24 hours preoperatively, PImax and serum theophylline 24 hours postoperatively, and FEV1, FVC, VC, PImax, PEmax, and serum theophylline 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS--FEV1, FVC, and VC decreased in all groups of patients at +48 hours. PImax fell at +24 hours and +48 hours but this decrease was significantly smaller in the two groups who received aminophylline than in the control group. PEmax showed a decrease at +48 hours but this reduction was similar in all three groups studied, independent of the treatment given. These data suggest that either aminophylline had a protective effect only on the inspiratory muscles or, most probably, that the effect of aminophylline was central, reducing the phrenic nerve inhibition induced by cholecystectomy and thus improving diaphragmatic function. CONCLUSIONS--Upper abdominal surgery decreases inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength and aminophylline has a protective effect only on inspiratory muscle function. This may have important clinical applications in minimising pulmonary complications after cholecystectomy.     

Pulmonary and biceps function after intercostal and phrenic nerve transfer for brachial plexus injuries

This pseudo-randomized study was performed to compare the pulmonary function and biceps recovery after intercostal (19 cases) and phrenic (17 cases) nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve for brachial plexus injury patients with nerve root avulsions. Pulmonary function was assessed pre-operatively and postoperatively by measuring the forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, vital capacity, and tidal volume. Motor recovery of biceps was serially recorded. Our results revealed that pulmonary function in the phrenic nerve transfer group was still significantly reduced 1 year after surgery. In the intercostal nerve transfer group, pulmonary function was normal after 3 months. Motor recovery of biceps in the intercostal nerve group was significantly earlier than that in phrenic nerve group. We conclude that pulmonary and biceps functions are better after intercostal nerve transfer than after phrenic nerve transfer in the short term at least.     

腹腔镜与开腹脾切除术对肺功能影响的对比研究

目的:对比分析腹腔镜脾切除术与开腹脾切除术对肺功能的影响。方法:选择需行脾切除术的38例患者,随机分为腔镜组(n=19)与开腹组(n=19)。分别记录两组患者术前1天及术后24 h的用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)及第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in 1 second,FEV1)。结果:两组患者术前FVC、FEV1实测值差异无统计学意义,术后24 h腹腔镜组FVC、FEV1实测值高于开腹组,差异有统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜脾切除术对肺功能的影响小于开腹脾切除术,具有手术创伤小、对呼吸系统影响小的优点。     

Pulmonary function after complete unilateral phrenic nerve transection

OBJECT: The status of pulmonary function following phrenic nerve transfer surgery is still largely unknown because of the high degree of variability in the accessory phrenic nerve that may be involved. In the present study, pulmonary functions were assessed in patients before and after full-length phrenic nerve transfer surgery, in whom the phrenic nerve was severed at a location just before its entry into the diaphragm. METHODS: Fifteen patients (average age 27.4 years) with complete brachial plexus palsy underwent full-length phrenic nerve transfer. The phrenic nerve was harvested from the thoracic cavity by means of video-assisted thoracic surgery and then transferred to the musculocutaneous nerve. Postoperative pulmonary functions were retrospectively analyzed. Patients underwent follow-up evaluation for 42 to 48 months; four patients were eventually lost to follow up. Although no patient experienced pulmonary problems following the surgery, all sustained varying degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis and elevation (for 1-1.5 intercostal spaces) on the surgically treated side as seen on chest x-ray films. Pulmonary functional parameters, including vital capacity, vital capacity in percentage of predicted values, residual volume, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second, recovered to preoperative levels by 1 year postsurgery. In contrast, the postoperative maximal inspiratory pressure value was significantly decreased compared with the predicted values (average decrease approximately 20%) in all of the patients, even at 4 years after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In young patients with healthy lung function, unilateral phrenic nerve transection surgery can cause unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and reduce the inspiration muscle force; however, most pulmonary function parameters gradually recover to preoperative levels within 1 year.     

The effect of thoracic epidural analgesia on respiratory function after cholecystectomy

To assess the effect of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on postoperative respiratory function and pulmonary complications, a prospective randomized trial was conducted in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. One hundred patients were allocated to TEA (n = 30), TEA + general anesthesia (TEA + GA) (n = 30), or general anaesthesia (GA) (n = 40) groups. Respiratory function was analysed by measuring forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the supine and sitting postures, and arterial blood gases. Postoperative pulmonary complications were carefully documented. TEA significantly prevented the postoperative deterioration of respiratory function as compared with general anaesthesia. FVC, FEV1 and PEF decreased by 20% in patients receiving TEA, in contrast to 55% in patients after GA on the day of operation. This improvement continued until the 2nd day after operation, when FVC, FEV1 and PEF and their recovery rates were equal in all groups. In the sitting posture the preoperative FVC, FEV1 and PEF were about 10% greater than in the supine position. After operation, this difference was further increased. The preoperative difference of 27% in FRC between the sitting and supine postures was maintained after operation. PaO2 decreased by 0.8 kPa after TEA, by 1.5 kPa after TEA + GA with the lowest value on the 2nd postoperative day and by 1.5 kPa after GA, with the lowest value immediately after operation. Simultaneous hypercarbia indicated hypoventilation, which may have contributed to impaired respiratory function on the following days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)