乳腺癌根治乳房重建二期乳头乳晕再造手术的护理体会

乳腺癌现已成为女性最常见的一种恶性肿瘤[1],对于部分乳腺癌患者,不得不选择乳房全切的手术方式,而乳房重建在恢复身体外型的同时,也改善了患者的心理健康,从根本上提高了她们的生活质量,恢复并达到身心康复。对于乳房重建手术,乳头乳晕再造是重建乳房完整性的标志。一、资料与方法自2008年10月以来在我院行乳腺癌根治乳房重建患者中,对于有乳头乳晕再造要求的9例患者,采用了局部皮     

乳腺癌改良根治术一期乳房重建（附5例报告）

文章报告５例早期乳腺癌患者在功能性改良根治的同时利用背阔肌肌皮瓣转位加硅胶囊假体充填一期乳房再造的临床资料。对乳腺癌术后乳房再造的适应症、再造时间及组织材料选择进行了讨论。提出了为再造手术的方便，根治的切口以斜横切口为好。     

皮瓣二次扩张、乳房假体植入重建乳腺癌根治植皮术后胸壁“补丁样”瘢痕乳房缺损

目的探讨皮瓣二次扩张在乳腺癌根治植皮术后乳房重建中的可行性,评价该方法的优越性。方法 10例行乳腺癌改良根治术+游离植皮术后胸壁"补丁样"瘢痕患者,在瘢痕下、胸大肌深面埋置较对侧乳房容积稍大的扩张器,定期注水扩张皮瓣达到可修复瘢痕切除后的缺损面积后,切除瘢痕缝合创面,伤口愈合后,扩张器二次注水,达到与对侧乳房基本对称时,取出扩张器,更换乳房假体。结果 10例患者"补丁样"瘢痕完全切除,皮瓣成活,再造乳房外观较满意,无并发症发生。结论皮瓣二次扩张、假体植入是修复乳腺癌根治术后胸壁"补丁样"瘢痕的一种安全、有效、损伤小的乳房重建方法 。     

专家为你解疑惑——百姓观点PK专家看法

百姓观点：切除乳房能根治乳腺癌。 专家看法：乳腺癌的治疗应当采用综合治疗手段，根据乳腺癌患者的个体临床病理特征，联合使用手术、化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗、靶向治疗、综合治疗等，对于早期乳腺癌患者可达到治愈。仅通过手术切除能够被根治的乳腺癌仅占极少数。     

双侧乳腺切除加假体植入一期乳房重建治疗青年早期乳腺癌患者

目的探讨保留皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体的双侧乳腺切除及假体植入一期乳房重建在青年早期乳腺癌治疗中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年3月接受保留皮肤及乳头乳晕复合体双侧乳腺切除加假体植入一期乳房重建术的21例青年早期乳腺癌患者临床资料。结果21例患者手术成功,术后美容效果优良。随访12—72个月（中位随访期为34个月）,无局部复发和远处转移。结论对青年早期乳腺癌患者,在切除患乳同时预防性切除对侧乳房,即行保留皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体的双侧乳腺切除加一期假体植入重建乳房,美容效果好,临床疗效满意。     

乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的相关问题探讨

 乳腺癌术后乳房重建显著提高了患者的生活质量,已成为乳腺癌综合治疗的一个重要部分,但也暴露出一些盲目重建的问题。乳腺癌术后乳房重建的选择应综合考虑,即刻重建与保乳手术相比选保乳,即刻重建与延期重建相比尽量即刻再造乳房,假体重建与自体重建的选择也因人而异。总之,乳房重建应遵循根治基础上兼顾美容的原则。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建与传统改良根治术的疗效比较*

目的:比较乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建和传统改良根治术的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析柳州市人民医院乳腺外科2009年11月至2012年7 月手术治疗0～ⅢA 期女性乳腺癌患者224 例的病例资料,根据手术方式分为乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建（乳房重建）组（n=42）和单纯乳腺癌改良根治术（单纯改良根治）组（n=182）,通过对两组患者术后并发症、恢复情况、术后生活质量、局部复发率、远处转移率、病死率进行对比分析,评价两种手术的疗效。结果:两组患者术后积液、皮瓣坏死、患肢及肩关节活动、引流时间及开始辅助治疗时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但乳房重建组术后生存质量明显优于单纯改良根治组（P<0.01）。 乳房重建组患者重建乳房外形美学评价明显优于单纯改良根治组（P<0.01）。 随访期间两组转移率、复发率、死亡率的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论:乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建可以达到和传统改良根治术相当的疗效,且其重建乳房外形良好,手术操作简单易行、安全性高,并可显著改善患者术后乳房的外形美观及提高术后生活质量,对早期乳腺癌是一种安全、可行的治疗方法,值得临床推广。      

乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建方法及进展

近年来 ,对于乳腺癌的治疗不仅致力于提高乳腺癌患者的生存率 ,而且要重视手术治疗后的整复效果。对于早期乳腺癌患者 ,可采取保乳手术 ;对于肿瘤较大而需切除乳腺者 ,另 1种常用的治疗手段是根治性手术后做乳房重建 ,包括假体的植入及应用自身组织重建乳房。 2 0 0 0年 9月 ,美国国立医学研究所(ＮＩＨ )报道了对 135 0 0名接受假体植入的妇女进行的平均长达 12 .9年的随访结果 :假体植入不会增加妇女患乳腺癌的可能性。假体植入是乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建的 1种方式 ,这一发现无疑会坚定肿瘤外科医生开展乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建的信心。我…     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣即刻乳房重建

目的总结乳腺癌切除同时应用腹壁下动脉穿支（DIEP）皮瓣行即刻乳房重建的手术经验,探讨DIEP皮瓣即刻乳房重建的适应证及优点。方法2003年4月-2009年6月,中国医学科学院肿瘤医院乳腺中心接受乳腺癌切除术患者21例（根治术6例,改良根治术15例）,术前应用多排螺旋CT（MDCT）血管造影及多普勒血流仪探明穿支位置,乳腺癌切除的同时,解剖腹壁下动脉穿支,形成腹壁下动脉穿支蒂皮瓣,与患侧胸背血管吻合,进行即刻乳房重建。结果术后随访6个月至6年。21例患者中,20例皮瓣全部存活,1例出现皮瓣远端1／3脂肪液化;胸部受区出现1例血肿;无腹壁膨隆、腹壁疝、切口脂肪液化等供区并发症;再造乳房外形满意,形态自然。结论乳腺癌切除同时,采用DIEP皮瓣进行即刻乳房重建,可以使患者免受乳房缺失的痛苦,同时具有受区组织条件好、皮瓣组织量丰富、供区损伤小及并发症少的优点,是一种理想的即刻乳房重建方法。     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大或合并乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大患者，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者手术中的应用及其临床意义。 方法本回顾性研究共纳入2007年10月到2017年10月分别在同济大学附属东方医院及附属同济医院乳腺外科行缩乳术的39例乳房肥大女性患者，均采用倒T形切口(内侧蒂25例，垂直蒂5例，外侧蒂9例)。其中，包括18例符合保留乳房手术指征的乳腺癌患者(内侧蒂10例，垂直蒂4例，外侧蒂4例)。术后6、12个月评价美容效果(乳腺癌患者待放射治疗结束后进行评价)。评估患者的术后并发症、满意度以及复发转移情况。 结果39例患者术后乳房外形自然、对称，明显缩小上提，乳头、乳晕血供和感觉良好，瘢痕不明显，患者满意度高。1例术后2周出现一侧乳房的乳头乳晕区坏死，经过清创换药后愈合。5例术后双侧乳头乳晕感觉减退，其中4例在术后6个月左右恢复正常感觉，1例在术后12个月恢复。5例出现术后局部乳房组织硬结，其中3例为接受过放射治疗的乳腺癌患者，二次手术切除硬结后无再次发生。3例出现瘢痕处猫耳畸形，再次局部麻醉手术修整后效果良好，3例瘢痕增粗，其余患者瘢痕正常。乳腺癌患者中有3例出现放射治疗后患侧乳房皮肤水肿，术后12个月消退。术后6个月进行了美容效果评价，极好25例，良好10例，中等4例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好6例，中等3例，差0例)。术后12个月的美容效果评价显示：极好25例，良好13例，中等1例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好8例，中等1例，差0例)。随访时间最长的1例患者(双侧乳房单纯性重度肥大)术后观察了10年，乳房外形无明显变化。全部患者术后随访15～120个月，中位随访61个月，18例乳腺癌患者均无局部复发转移。 结论对于乳房肥大，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者，采用倒T形切口缩乳术，既可切除病变，又可缩小并悬吊乳房。     

保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者手术后生活质量(QOL)的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2015年6月北京协和医院行保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后于2016年3月至2016年4月在医院乳腺外科门诊随访的64例患者,其中保乳手术30例(保乳组),延迟即刻再造术34例(乳房再造组)。应用肿瘤治疗功能评价系统(FACT-B)量表对两组患者进行生活质量测评比较。结果两组患者生理状况、社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、总体生活质量评价FACT-G和FACT-B条目状况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳房再造组患者附加关注(乳腺癌特异模块)方面QOL优于保乳术组,差异有统计学意义(29.37±2.72vs 24.05±7.01,P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后患者生活质量无明显差异。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射与全乳照射剂量学的比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)与全乳照射(WBI)剂量学的差异。方法选取2013年1月至2013年12月间收治的26例保乳术后采用APBI治疗的乳腺癌患者作为观察组,另选取同期保乳术后采用WBI治疗的28例乳腺癌患者作为对照组。采用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两组患者剂量学差异,总结两组患者的短期疗效;比较观察组患者在有无图像指导下的位移差异。结果观察组患者的平均剂量(Dmean)、照射体积百分比(V103、V105、V110)和靶区剂量不均匀指数(IHI)均显著低于对照组,各项危及器官(OARS)照射剂量均显著低于对照组,且心脏和肺的照射体积也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者美容满意率为96.2%(25/26),对照组患者为67.9%(19/28),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在有无图像引导下的位移差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后APBI照射剂量低于WBI,改善靶区剂量分布,降低心肺等组织高剂量受照体积,结合图像引导,可以增加准确性。     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

Delayed breast cellulitis following breast conserving operation.

A complication of breast conservation, which has been increasingly reported in the literature, is 'delayed cellulitis' in the treated breast. This is to be distinguished from wound infection in the breast following lumpectomy. This study reports 16 cases diagnosed with delayed cellulitis following breast conserving surgery, unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Diagnostic criteria included: pain, erythema and edema in the operated breast. Symptoms appeared up to 10 months after surgery and time to resolution was seven and a half months. No patients had positive cytology and bacteriology tests were negative. Thirteen patients were observed, and three patients were treated with antibiotics with no apparent immediate effect. The appearance of breast cellulitis after surgery poses a problematic diagnostic and management dilemma. It is important to distinguish between this entity and infection, or inflammatory carcinoma. The picture may be attributed to impairment or occlusion of the lymphatic circulation in the breast. This seems to be a newly defined complication with an incidence of 3-5%.     

Prostate specific antigen in breast cancer,benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, we provided evidence that PSA may also be produced by breast tumors. In this report we examined quantitatively the PSA levels in 199 breast tumors, 48 tissues with benign breast disease (BBD, 34 fibroadenomas), and 36 normal breast tissues. Significant amounts of PSA (≥ 0.030 ng of PSA per mg of total protein) were found in 28% of breast tumors, 65% of BBD tissues, and 33% of normal breast tissues. PSA positivity in breast tumors was highest in stage I disease (34%) and decreased with disease stage (24% in stage II and 18% in stage III–IV). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification we have shown PSA mRNA presence in patients with PSA protein-positive tissues (benign and malignant) but not in patients with PSA protein-negative tissues. Our data suggest that PSA is expressed frequently by normal breast tissue, by tissue of benign breast diseases, and by breast cancer tissue. Highest expression is seen in benign breast disease and lowest expression in advanced stage cancerous tissue. As PSA production is mediated by steroid hormones and their receptors, we propose that PSA may be a new marker of steroid hormone action in the normal or diseased female breast. The role of this enzyme in the development of breast diseases including breast cancer is currently unknown.