慢性胰腺炎78例诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨慢性胰腺炎的临床诊断,评价慢性胰腺炎的手术疗效。方法回顾性临床资料分析。结果慢性胰腺炎的临床诊断正确率78.2%(61/78),误诊17例,其中真性囊肿误诊为假性囊肿8例,胰腺壶腹部癌误诊为慢性胰腺炎6例。手术方法包括胰十二指肠切除术12例,胰体尾或囊肿切除术27例,胰腺囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术8例,胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例,胰腺囊肿外引流4例,胰床引流3例,胰腺活组织学检查22例。疗效:手术后腹痛缓解率65.6%(40/61),腹痛缓解明显42.6%(26/61),腹痛缓解不明显23.0%(14/61);腹痛不缓解率32.8%(20/61);手术死亡率1.64%(1/61)。结论病理组织学诊断是慢性胰腺炎诊断的金标准;慢性胰腺炎可发生局限性癌变;慢性胰腺炎临床表现复杂,外科治疗应采用个体化原则。     

慢性胰腺炎的手术适应证和术式选择

目的提高慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗效果. 方法回顾性总结分析55例慢性胰腺炎外科治疗资料.发病因素:嗜酒5年以上、胆系结石、急性胰腺炎病史分别占38.2%,29.1%和20.0%.主要临床表现:慢性腹痛、梗阻性黄疸、体重减轻、消化不良、糖尿病分别为98.2%,38.2%,34.5%,20.0%和10.9%.全组均因慢性腹痛或伴有胰管和(/或)胆管梗阻、结石、胰腺钙化、肿块、假性囊肿等行外科治疗,共采用了10种术式. 结果无手术死亡和严重并发症.术后效果良好43例(78.2%),症状减轻好转10例(18.2%),无效2例(3.6%). 结论慢性胰腺炎长期慢性腹痛并胰胆管梗阻、结石、肿块、假性囊肿适于外科治疗,应根据病变类型和特点选择不同的术式.胰管梗阻扩张、结石或假性囊肿宜行胰管或囊肿空肠吻合,胰头肿块并胆、胰管梗阻可行胰头十二指肠切除或胆胰管空肠吻合术.     

胰腺假性囊肿25例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿的价值。方法 2012年7月~2015年7月我院手术治疗25例胰腺假性囊肿,21例胰腺假性囊肿未与主胰管相通者,行腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术,4例囊肿与主胰管相通且5 cm者,行囊肿胃引流术或囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术21例,平均手术时间65.8 min(55~88 min),平均出血量50 ml(20~78 ml),无中转开腹,平均住院时间8.5 d(7~13 d)。囊肿胃引流术2例,手术时间分别为72、75 min,术中出血量分别为70、82 ml,住院时间分别为7、7.5 d。囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术2例,手术时间分别为112、122 min,术中出血量分别为120、105 ml,住院时间分别为9、9.5 d。23例随访6~24个月,平均15个月,无囊肿复发。结论胰腺假性囊肿未与主胰管相通采用腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术可取得较好的效果。     

创伤后复发性假性囊肿和胰腺炎:先天性胰断离的并发症

胰腺创伤常形成假性囊肿,可经引流或胰部分切除治愈。但作者用此传统方法治疗二例均遭失败,后发现该二患者的胰腺有先天性断离畸形,胰腺主要靠副胰管引流。第一例患者在与人争吵时腹部受伤,行胰腺假性囊肿胃吻合术,后有一系例的急性胰腺炎发作。经内窥镜胰腺照相未能显现胰管,切除远侧一半胰腺,仍有胰腺炎发作。六年后第三次ERCP检查始发现先天性胰腺断离。十二指肠乳头处注入造影剂未能显示胰管,插管副乳头才显示扩张的背侧胰管系统,故切除95%胰腺,仅残留一小块腹侧胰腺缘。此后患者发生糖尿病及胆道下端狭窄,反复出现胆管炎,行胆囊十二肠吻合术仍无效,再行胆总管空肠吻合术,控制     

胰性腹水的内镜治疗(英)

胰性腹水多由于假性胰腺囊肿破裂所致,当然也可因胰管直接破裂引起,尚见于腹部钝性伤以及酒精性慢性胰腺炎病人.传统的治疗方法有高价静脉营养、腹腔穿刺和生长抑素药物,手术治疗有胰腺切除或囊肿空肠吻合术,而半数以上病人最终需要手术,死亡率约15%～25%,作者应用经内镜(ERCP)放置胰管支撑物治疗了4例胰性腹水病人,计男性3例、女性1例,年龄37～58岁,3例有慢性酗酒史,1例为克隆病回肠结肠炎和硬化性胆管炎病人.高价静脉营养补充和利尿剂均无效,3例还同时使用了生长抑素.CT扫描均显示大量腹水和2例假性囊肿,腹水中总蛋白量     

巨大胰腺假性囊肿外科内引流术式的选择

目的探讨巨大胰腺假性囊肿内引流术治疗的术式选择。方法回顾性分析收治且行囊肿内引流的13例巨大胰腺假性囊肿(长径15 cm)的临床资料。结果均经B超或/和CT以及术后病理学检查明确胰腺假性囊肿的诊断。行囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术的6例,其中术后囊肿感染2例。囊肿胃吻合术3例,术后囊肿感染2例,消化道出血1例,其中2例需二次干预。囊肿胃肠道一期内、外引流术4例,其中囊肿胃一期内、外引流术2例,术后1例囊肿感染,非手术治疗后痊愈;囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y一期内、外引流术2例,无术后并发症。全组无死亡病例。结论对部分巨大胰腺假性囊肿,囊肿胃肠道一期内、外引流术可能更为合适。对适宜行囊肿胃吻合术的巨大胰腺假性囊肿,建议行囊肿胃一期内、外引流术。     

慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石外科治疗体会

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石外科治疗的术式选择.方法 对1991年6月至2006年6月收治的17例慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石手术治疗的患者进行回顾性分析,总结不同类型的胰管结石的手术方式及结果.结果 本组17例中胰头部胰管结石13例,胰体尾部胰管结石4例,合并胆石症6例,其中6例行胰管切开取石胰管空肠吻合术(Partington法);4例行胰管胃吻合术(Warren法);3例行保留十二指肠胰头次全切除术(Beger法);3例行胰尾切除胰腺空肠吻合术(Duval法);1例行胰尾、脾切除胰腺空肠吻合术.17例临床治愈,其中上腹部顽固性疼痛完全缓解15例,血糖控制2例,胰漏2例,1例术后11个月死于胰腺癌.结论 针对慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石患者的不同状况采取的手术方式应高度个体化,有主胰管扩张者采取引流术,无胰管扩张及局部胰腺病变者采取胰腺部分切除联合内引流术,同时注意尽量保存胰腺组织功能,可明显改善患者生活质量.     

胰腺结石的诊断与外科治疗(附10例报告)

目的　探讨胰腺结石的外科诊断方法与外科手术方式。方法　对 10例胰腺结石病人的诊治情况进行了回顾性分析。结果　B超诊断结石 6例 ,ERCP检查 4例 ,腹部X线摄片检查3例 ;胰十二指肠切除 2例 ,切开胰管取石、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术 5例 ,囊肿Roux Y吻合术 1例 ,脾胰体尾切除与胰体尾切除各 1例。结论　B超、腹部平片、CT和ERCP对胰腺结石是有效的诊断手段。手术方式的选择取决于胰腺结石的部位、主胰管狭窄程度、是否合并胰腺癌肿与胰腺囊肿、有无慢性胰腺炎与糖尿病情况。     

腹腔镜胰腺假性囊肿手术的应用现状

胰腺假性囊肿是最常见的胰腺囊性损害,占胰腺囊肿的40%~50%。急慢性胰腺炎和胰腺损伤是其主要成因。其外科治疗包括胰腺假性囊肿内引流术、胰腺假性囊肿外引流术、胰腺假性囊肿切除术及胰尾切除术。现将胰腺假性囊肿的腹腔镜手术进展做一综述。     

胰腺假性囊肿38例诊治分析

目的: 探讨胰腺假性囊肿的诊断方法和治疗效果.方法: 回顾分析38例胰腺假性囊肿的临床资料.结果: 保守治疗6例,外引流5例,内引流26例,囊肿切除1例.无死亡,2年随访无复发.结论: B超和CT扫描是主要的诊断方法,ERCP可了解胰管病变和囊肿关系.大多数患者需外科手术,囊肿空肠Roux-Y 吻合内引流术是主要的手术方式.     

Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with pancreatic pseudocyst associated with resolving acute and chronic pancreatitis.

Experience with patients with pancreatic pseudocysts has led the authors to the hypothesis that preoperative evaluation of the pancreatic and bile ducts by ERCP will define those patients who may be inadequately treated by pseudocyst drainage alone without attention to associated pancreatic and biliary ductal abnormalities. In patients with certain ductal abnormalities, the pseudocyst operation was combined with a definitive operative drainage of the pancreatic duct and/or of the biliary tree where appropriate. A prospective evaluation of routine preoperative ERCP was undertaken over a 36-month period in all patients scheduled for operative treatment of pseudocyst of the pancreas. From an initial group of 44 patients with pseudocysts, three patients who had spontaneous regression of the pseudocyst were excluded. ERCP was successful in 39 of the remaining 41 patients. Among 41 operated patients, 24 were admitted with a diagnosis of pseudocyst that arose after an episode of acute pancreatitis, and 17 had chronic pancreatitis with pseudocyst. Nine patients, initially assumed to have acute pancreatitis, were recognized to have chronic pancreatitis on the basis of ERCP findings. Communication with the main pancreatic duct (MPD) was demonstrated in 18 of 41 pseudocysts, and the rate of communication was similar in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis. Dilatation of the MPD was seen in 23 of 41 patients and was associated with chronic pancreatitis in 21. Dilatation of the common bile duct was found in 12 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The operative plan was altered by ERCP findings in 24 of 41 patients; 22 of the 24 patients had chronic pancreatitis. There were no complications of ERCP. These data suggest that ERCP should be performed in all patients with pseudocysts to establish correct diagnosis and to allow optimal choice of operation.     

Simultaneous treatment of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst

Records from 87 consecutive patients undergoing lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) for chronic pancreatitis were reviewed to determine the incidence of pseudocyst and the safety of combined pancreatic duct and pseudocyst drainage. Twelve patients had undergone previous pancreatic pseudocyst drainage; four of them also had pancreatic pseudocysts present at the time of LPJ. In addition, 22 patients had pseudocysts identified preoperatively and/or confirmed at operation. The overall incidence of pseudocyst was 39%. Twenty-six patients (group 1) underwent pancreaticojejunostomy combined with pseudocyst drainage. Sixty-one patients (group 2) underwent pancreaticojejunostomy only. Operative morbidity and mortality results (19% and 8%, respectively, in group 1; 18% and 2%, respectively, in group 2) were similar. Patient outcome was also similar in the two groups (81% and 84% of patients obtained pain relief in groups 1 and 2, respectively). There were no pseudocyst recurrences in either group. Thus, there is a high incidence (39%) of pancreatic pseudocyst in patients undergoing LPJ for chronic pancreatitis. Combined drainage of the pancreatic duct and pseudocyst is safe and effective.     

ERCP in evaluating the mode of therapy in pancreatic pseudocyst

Twenty patients with ultrasonographic or computed tomographic diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst were referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Two of these were found at laparotomy not to have pseudocysts and were excluded. Pancreatography was successful in 15 out of 18 cases (83%) and cholangiography in 12 out of 18 cases (67%). Three types of pseudocysts were noticed according to the communication of the pseudocyst to the main pancreatic duct and the presence of pancreatic duct stenosis. Successful treatment included two spontaneous resolutions, two internal drainages and three left pancreatic resections. In the eight percutaneous external drainages four recurrences (50%) occurred, one after closure of temporary pancreatocutaneous fistula. All the recurrences occurred in Type III pseudocysts with communication of the pseudocysts to stenotic main pancreatic duct. In these cases internal drainage would have been the preferable treatment method. We believe that by ERCP one can identify pseudocysts not suitable for external drainage.     

Duct drainage alone is sufficient in the operative management of pancreatic pseudocyst in patients with chronic pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: To test a hypothesis that definitive management of pseudocyst associated with chronic pancreatitis is predicated on addressing pancreatic ductal anatomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The authors have previously confirmed the impact of pancreatic ductal anatomic abnormalities on the success of percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst. The authors have further defined a system to categorize the pancreatic ductal abnormalities that can be seen with pancreatic pseudocyst. The authors have published, as have others, the usefulness of defining ductal anatomy when managing pancreatic pseudocysts associated with chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: Beginning in 1985, all patients with pseudocyst who were candidates for intervention (operative, percutaneous, or endoscopic) have undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). An associated diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was established by means of ERCP findings. Patients were candidates for longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) if they had a pancreatic ductal diameter greater than 7 mm. In a nonrandomized fashion, patients were managed with either combined simultaneous LPJ and pseudocyst drainage or with LPJ alone. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-three patients with pseudocyst have been evaluated. Among these there have been 103 patients with chronic pancreatitis and main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilatation (>7 mm). Among these 103 patients, 56 underwent combined LPJ/pseudocyst drainage and 47 had LPJ alone. Compared to combined LPJ/pseudocyst drainage, the patients undergoing LPJ alone had a shorter operative time, slightly less transfusion requirement, slightly reduced length of hospital stay, and slightly reduced complication rate. Long-term pain relief was achieved in 90%, and pseudocyst recurrence was less than 1%. Rates of each of these long-term outcomes were nearly incidental among the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ductal drainage alone (LPJ) is sufficient in patients with chronic pancreatitis (MPD > 7 mm) and an associated pseudocyst. Simultaneous drainage of pseudocyst is not necessary.     

AN AUDIT OF PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST MANAGEMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC PANCREATOGRAPHY

Background : A rational algorithm for the management of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts is necessary with the increasing availability of radiological, surgical and endoscopic methods of treatment. Methods : A retrospective audit of the management and outcome of all patients who presented with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts to the Auckland Hospital over a 9-year period (1988–96) was made. Results : There were 44 patients (28 men, 16 women; median age 50; range 18–81) in this series. Initial management was not based on pseudocyst size, duration, location, wall thickness, the patients' symptoms and comorbidity, or the aetiology of pancreatitis. Of the 27 patients who had initial conservative management, 15 pseudocysts (56%) completely resolved. Of the 17 patients who were initially or subsequently treated with percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD), 10 pseudocysts (59%) completely resolved without additional treatment. Of the 13 patients initially or subsequently treated by surgery, all but one completely resolved after the first procedure. Two patients were successfully treated with endoscopic pancreatic stent placement. Complications arose in eight patients treated with PCD (47%) and four patients treated with surgery (31%). There was no mortality. The decision for active treatment was not preceded by delineation of the pancreatic duct by ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) in 60% of patients. Conclusions : More than one-third of all patients with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts can be managed conservatively. Surgery yields excellent results but PCD has a high failure rate in patients with an underlying pancreatic duct stricture. A rational management algorithm is presented, based on pre-intervention ERCP, which should improve patient selection and outcome.     

Assessment of the degree of maturity in the wall of pancreatic pseudocysts in relation to choice of surgical procedure

The aim of this study is to present our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. A pancreatic pseudocyst is an incapsulated collection of pancreatic juice, enclosed by nonepithelial elements, containing a high concentration of pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonates and necrotic detritus. It is a common complication of acute pancreatitis and trauma of the pancreas. In the period between 1996 and 2001, 53 surgical procedures were performed for pancreatic pseudocyst at the Institute for Digestive Diseases (First Surgical University Hospital), 35 male patients (67%) and 17 female patients (33%) underwent surgery. In 39 (75%) patients the method of choice was cystojejunostomy by Roux. In 4 cases distal pancreatectomy for pseudocysts localized within the pancreatic tail was performed, complete pseudocyst excision only was performed in one case and complete pseudocyst excision combined with cystojejunostomy was also performed in one case. Cystogastrostomy and drainage in one case and partial cystectomy and drainage also in one case. Surgical internal drainage is the method of choice for the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts, involving low morbidity and mortality rates.     

Evaluation of therapeutic options for pancreatic pseudocysts

A review of 81 patients with pancreatic pseudocyst was conducted to assess the value of different treatment modalities. Resection was associated with 18% mortality (two of 11 patients) and 36% morbidity. In three of nine patients undergoing external drainage a recurrent pseudocyst developed, and in one additional patient, a pancreatic fistula persisted. Internal drainage by cystogastrostomy (21 patients) resulted in 9.5% mortality and 9.5% morbidity, whereas cystojejunostomy (33 patients) was associated with a 6% mortality and 6% morbidity. Endoscopic drainage through the posterior wall of the stomach was unsuccessful in the two patients in which it was used. Internal drainage into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum is a safe and effective approach for most pseudocysts. Persistent symptoms following surgical treatment were primarily related to failure to recognize multiple cysts and/or pancreatic duct obstruction and dilation characteristic or chronic pancreatitis.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts

The value of ERCP was studied in 25 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. There were no episodes of sepsis; however, acute pancreatitis developed in one patient for an overall complication rate of 4 percent. Results of ERCP were positive in 24 of the 25 patients (96 percent), with filling of the pseudocyst in 17 and pancreatic ductal obstruction in 7. Biliary tract abnormalities were found in seven patients and included common bile duct strictures in four, bile duct dilatation in two, and cystic duct obstruction in one. ERCP also detected six pseudocysts not diagnosed by ultrasonography, five of which were small and resolved with nonoperative therapy. ERCP is a safe diagnostic procedure for patients with pancreatic pseudocysts and may provide important information about coexistent biliary tract disease not otherwise available. It is also sufficiently sensitive to detect small pseudocysts that otherwise would be missed.     

Laparoscopic pancreatic cystogastrostomy

The purpose of the review was to evaluate the feasibility and outcome of laparoscopic pancreatic cystogastrostomy for operative drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic pancreatic cystogastrostomy between June 1997 and July 2001 was performed. Data regarding etiology of pancreatitis, size of pseudocyst, operative time, complications, and pseudocyst recurrence were collected and reported as median values with ranges. Laparoscopic pancreatic cystogastrostomy was attempted in 6 patients. Pseudocyst etiology included gallstone pancreatitis (3), alcohol-induced pancreatitis (2), and post-ERCP pancreatitis (1). The cystogastrostomy was successfully performed laparoscopically in 5 of 6 patients. However, the procedure was converted to open after creation of the cystgastrostomy in 1 of these patients. There were no complications in the cases completed laparoscopically and no deaths in the entire group. No pseudocyst recurrences were observed with a median followup of 44 months (range 4-59 months). Laparoscopic pancreatic cystgastrostomy is a feasible surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts with a resultant low pseudocyst recurrence rate, length of stay, and low morbidity and mortality.     

Gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction from inflammatory pancreatic disease

During a ten-year period, 16 patients with gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction due to inflammatory pancreatic disease were seen. The cause of obstruction was chronic pancreatitis in ten patients, pseudocysts with associated pancreatitis in five patients, and pancreatic abscess in one patient. All patients had nausea and vomiting, 14 had abdominal pain, and five had weight loss greater than 4.5 kg. Diagnosis was made by plain abdominal film in one case, upper gastrointestinal tract roentgenographic series in 15 cases, and endoscopy in 11 cases. Mobilization of the duodenum relieved the obstruction in two patients. Fixed obstruction remained in 14 patients. This was relieved by gastrojejunostomy in 12 patients. Gastrojejunostomy was combined with drainage of a pseudocyst in three patients, a dilated pancreatic duct in three patients, and a dilated common bile duct in four patients. Obstruction was relieved by pseudocyst drainage in two patients. Associated common duct and pancreatic duct obstruction must be identified preoperatively.