内吗啡肽及其类似物对心血管系统的作用

目的研究内吗啡肽(EMs)及其类似物对心血管系统的影响，初步探讨其作用机理。方法测定EMs及其类似物对大鼠平均动脉压和后肢血管阻力、蟾蜍肠系膜微动脉内径、兔离体胸主动脉条张力的影响。结果EMs及其类似物剂量依赖(10^-9-10^-6mol·L^-1，iv)且Nx敏感地降低麻醉大鼠平均动脉压、后肢血管灌流压和扩张蟾蜍肠系膜微动脉。EMs对去内皮兔离体胸主动脉条张力无影响；但剂量依赖地显著降低完整内皮胸主动脉条张力并被Nx和L-NNA阻断。结论EMs及其类似物通过降低外周阻力而显著降低动脉血压，其作用与血管内皮细胞释放NO有关。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂(L-NAME)的药理作用与慢性血管效应

目的:探讨Nω-硝基L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对不同动脉的慢性血管效应及其与抑制内皮依赖性一氧化氮(EDNO)合成的关系.方法:采用大鼠离体动脉环的张力测定,一氧化氮合酶活性测定及组织学、生化学等方法.结果:给药8周后大鼠尾动脉压明显升高、体重及胸主动脉的内皮依赖性舒张功能明显下降并释放内皮依赖性收缩因子,肠系膜微动脉的内皮依赖性舒张功能无改变.给药8周后出现了动脉中膜肥厚及其周围纤维化.Nω-硝基D-精氨酸甲酯(D-NAME)的慢性给药亦可引起与L-NAME同样的动脉周围纤维化.结论:L-NAME对大鼠胸主动脉及肠系膜微动脉的作用不同,其慢性血管效应与抑制EDNO合成以外的其它机制相关.     

淫羊藿苷对离体大鼠胸主动脉环舒缩功能和左心室内压的影响

目的:研究淫羊藿苷体外给药对大鼠离体胸主动脉环舒缩功能和左心室内压的影响以及其可能的机制。方法:取正常大鼠胸主动脉和心脏,制成胸主动脉环和完整的离体心脏,观察不同浓度淫羊藿苷对胸主动脉环张力和左心室内压的影响。结果:淫羊藿苷能够剂量依赖性的舒张内皮完整的胸主动脉环,降低胸主动脉环的收缩张力,L-硝基精氨酸(NLA)能够减弱淫羊藿苷的舒血管作用。淫羊藿苷还能够降低离体大鼠心脏左心室收缩峰压(LVSP)、最大上升速率(+dp/dt)。结论:淫羊藿苷能舒张离体胸主动脉环,降低心脏收缩力,并且其舒血管效应与内皮和一氧化氮(NO)相关。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂(L-NAME)的药理作用与慢性血管效应

目的：探讨N^ω-硝基L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对不同动脉的慢性血管效应及其与抑制内皮依赖性一氧化氮(EDNO)合成的关系。方法：采用大鼠离体动脉环的张力测定,一氧化氮合酶活性测定及组织学、生化学等方法。结果：给药8周后大鼠尾动脉压明显升高、体重及胸主动脉的内皮依赖性舒张功能明显下降并释放内皮依赖性收缩因子,肠系膜微动脉的内皮依赖性舒张功能无改变。给药8周后出现了动脉中膜肥厚及其周围纤维化。N^ω-硝基D-精氨酸甲酯(D-NAME)的慢性给药亦可引起与L-NAME同样的动脉周围纤维化。结论：L-NAME对大鼠胸主动脉及肠系膜微动脉的作用不同,其慢性血管效应与抑制EDNO合成以外的其它机制相关。     

内皮依赖性超极化因子在血管舒张中的作用

目的研究内皮依赖性超极化因子(EDHF)在血管舒张中的作用及机制。方法测定各种内皮依赖性舒张因子抑制剂、钾通道抑制因子、细胞色素P450单氧化酶抑制剂作用下的血管环张力。结果EDHF的血管舒张作用在大鼠肠系膜微动脉明显大于胸主动脉。一氧化氮(NO)合成受到慢性抑制时,胸主动脉的EDHF作用有增加趋势,在肠系膜微动脉投药后3 d和1周的EDHF作用明显增加。ChTx部分抑制、TBA明显抑制EDHF在肠系膜微动脉的舒张作用。结论EDHF在大鼠肠系膜微动脉的内皮依赖性舒张反应中起主要作用;在NO合成受抑制时其作用明显增加;其作用介导于K_Ca通道。     

粉防己碱对肾血管性高血压大鼠阻力血管反应性的影响

目的　探讨肾血管性高血压 (RH)大鼠阻力血管重构时功能变化特点 ,分析粉防己碱的影响与机制。方法　两肾一夹法制备RH大鼠模型 ,观察肠系膜动脉床和尾动脉对收缩和舒张刺激的反应性。结果　RH大鼠肠系膜动脉和尾动脉对去甲肾上腺素 (NE)诱导的收缩反应性增高 ,最大收缩值增大 ;对乙酰胆碱和硝普钠引起的血管舒张反应性降低 ;对鸟苷酸环化酶 (GC)抑制剂敏感性下降。粉防己碱降低肠系膜动脉的静息阻力和NE诱导的阻力升高幅度 ,改善去内皮后或GC抑制后血管压力及管壁张力。结论　RH大鼠阻力血管对收缩刺激反应性增高 ,对内皮依赖及非内皮依赖性的舒张刺激反应性降低 ;粉防己碱可通过保护内皮和维护细胞GC活性而有效逆转阻力血管功能异常     

黄芩苷对离体大鼠胸主动脉的舒张作用及机制

研究黄芩苷对大鼠离体胸主动脉环的舒张作用并探讨其可能的机制。记录去甲肾上腺素(NE)和KCl预收缩的大鼠离体主动脉环张力变化,观察黄芩苷的舒血管作用及不同工具药对其影响。实验发现黄芩苷对NE和KCl引起的去内皮和内皮完整大鼠胸主动脉环的收缩均有舒张作用;L-硝基精氨酸甲酯、亚甲蓝不能抑制黄芩苷对大鼠胸主动脉环的舒张作用,吲哚美辛能显著抑制;钾离子通道阻断剂4-氨基吡啶、四乙基胺、BaCl2不能抑制黄芩苷对胸主动脉环的舒张作用,格列苯脲能抑制黄芩苷的舒张作用;无钙环境下,黄芩苷预处理对NE收缩有明显抑制作用。因此,黄芩苷具有浓度依赖性血管舒张作用,此作用具有内皮依赖性和非内皮依赖性特点,内皮依赖性收缩可能与前列环素途径有关,非内皮依赖机制可能与KATP通道及钙离子通道有关。     

内吗啡肽抑制苯肾上腺素和血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的离体大鼠胸主动脉环收缩

目的:研究吗啡、内吗啡肽-1和内吗啡肽-2对由苯肾上腺素(PE)和血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ诱导离体大鼠胸主动脉环收缩的抑制作用.方法:离体血管环张力试验.结果:与对照组相比,吗啡、内吗啡肽-1和内吗啡肽-2的预处理(0.1-10μmol/L)能明显降低由PE(0.1μmol/L)和Aug Ⅱ(1μmol/L)(P<0.01)诱导离体大鼠胸主动脉环的张力,但是不能减少去内皮血管的张力.纳络酮(1μmol/L)能部分阻断内吗啡肽-1和内吗啡肽-2的抑制作用(P<0.01),N~(ω)-nitro-L-arginine(10μmol/L)或血管环去内皮能完全阻断这种作用(P<0.01).结论:内吗啡肽-1和内吗啡肽-2通过纳络酮敏感方式抑制由PE和AngⅡ诱导的离体大鼠胸主动脉环收缩,这种抑制作用可能与血管内皮NO的释放有关.     

豨莶草提取物对血管内皮NO依赖作用的研究

目的:研究豨莶草提取物对血管内皮NO的依赖作用。方法:采用SD大鼠离体胸主动脉环测定血管张力,观察豨莶草提取物对去氧肾上腺素(PE)诱导的动脉环收缩的影响。结果:豨莶草提取物能抑制PE引起的血管收缩;当用NO合酶抑制剂Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA)预处理血管,在豨莶草提取物低浓度时其舒血管作用明显削弱(P<0.01),在高浓度时则未见明显影响。结论:豨莶草提取物具有内皮NO依赖性舒血管作用。     

鸟苷对大鼠胸主动脉血管环的舒张作用及机制

目的研究鸟苷对大鼠离体血管环的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法分离SD大鼠胸主血管环,分成去内皮组和内皮完整组,采用离体血管环实验方法,经生物信号采集与分析系统测定血管环张力的变化,观察鸟苷的舒血管作用并探讨不同抑制剂对鸟苷舒张大鼠离体血管环作用的影响。结果鸟苷(10-9～10-5 mol.L-1)对基础状态下或KCl预收缩血管环的张力无影响;对PE预收缩的血管环有内皮依赖性舒张作用;环氧合酶抑制剂吲哚美辛孵育对鸟苷的舒张作用无明显影响;一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME或鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂亚甲蓝可阻断鸟苷的血管舒张作用。结论鸟苷对大鼠离体胸主动脉有浓度依赖性舒张作用,其舒张作用可能与NO-GC-cGMP途径相关。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.