结肠癌细胞及线粒体双级靶向脂质体的处方工艺筛选研究

目的：研究结肠癌细胞及线粒体双级靶向脂质体（HA/TPP-TPGS LP/DOX）的最佳处方工艺。方法：用薄膜分散法结合微孔滤膜法制备;以细胞抑制率为指标,用MTT法筛选最佳聚脂比;以包封率为指标,用正交试验筛选最佳胆脂比、药脂比和超声时间;以粒径为指标,筛选最佳透聚比;以复溶后粒径和包封率为指标,筛选冻干保护剂的品种;用荧光显微镜和流式细胞术考察脂质体的靶向性;用透析法考察体外释药行为。结果：最佳处方是聚脂比1∶7、胆脂比1∶10、药脂比1∶15、超声时间15 min、透聚比2∶1,冻干保护剂为蔗糖。制备的脂质体呈类球形,粒径（142.20±0.54）nm,Zeta电位-（24.06±0.25）mV,包封率（98.20±0.18）%,稳定性高,有双级靶向性和体外药物缓释性。结论：本研究制备的脂质体有包封率高、粒径小、双级靶向性和缓释性等优点,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

利福喷丁/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米粒的制备及处方工艺优化

目的： 研制负载利福喷丁的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）,PLGA]纳米粒,并对其处方及制备工艺进行优化。方法： 采用快速膜乳化法制备利福喷丁/PLGA纳米粒。通过单因素实验考察了乳化剂浓度、PLGA浓度、油相/水相体积比、初乳制备转速、初乳制备时间、过膜压力、过膜次数对纳米粒制备的影响。在此基础上以粒径、载药率、包封率为评价指标,使用正交实验设计对纳米粒制备的处方工艺进行优化,以TOPSIS法进行多指标综合分析。然后对最优处方工艺进行验证,并对载药纳米粒的体外释药行为进行考察。结果： 经最优处方工艺制备的载药纳米粒,粒径（428±11.4）nm,粒径分布为（0.186±0.036）,包封率为（76.89±2.6）%,载药率为（10.89±1.2）%。用透视电镜观察呈均匀分布的球形。在体外药物释放实验中,药物在72 h内累计释放了78.81%。结论： 采用快速膜乳化可以简单快捷地制备均匀圆整、包封性好、具有良好缓释性能的利福喷丁/PLGA纳米粒,并为新型抗结核精准治疗的开发提供了基础。     

木犀草素纳米结构脂质载体及其冻干粉的制备和体外释药研究

目的：制备木犀草素纳米结构脂质载体及其冻干粉,考察体外释放情况,并对其释药模型进行拟合。方法：热熔乳化超声法制备木犀草素纳米结构脂质载体,逐步考察药脂比、固液脂质比例、大豆磷脂和泊洛沙姆188比和表面活性剂总浓度等对包封率、载药量、粒径及Zeta电位的影响,采用正交试验得出木犀草素纳米结构脂质载体最佳处方,进一步制备成冻干粉并对体外释药模型进行拟合。扫描电镜观察纳米粒子形态,X射线粉末衍射法（XRPD）分析存在状态。结果：正交优化木犀草素纳米结构脂质载体的最佳处方的包封率为（77.62±1.51）%,载药量为（3.41±0.11）%,平均粒径为（167.91±6.44）nm,Zeta电位为（-27.7±2.6）mV,外观呈球形或椭圆形。木犀草素相纳米结构脂质载体冻干粉体外释药模型符合Weibull模型：lnln （1/1-M_t/M_∞）=1.025 1lnt-4.600 4（r=0.987 5）。木犀草素以无定型状态包封于纳米结构脂质载体中。结论：木犀草素纳米结构脂质载体工艺重复性良好,值得进一步研究。     

萘磺酸钠修饰的石墨烯基Fe3O4-华法林复合材料的研制

目的：合成新型的萘磺酸钠修饰的石墨烯基Fe₃O₄-华法林复合材料（Fe₃O₄/GO-NA/W）,对其进行质量评价并分析其抗凝血性,以期用于心脏支架抗凝血。方法：采用离心法对Fe₃O₄/GO-NA/W的包封率进行测定;计算生成物的回收率、精密度并评价其稳定性;将Fe₃O₄/GO-NA/W复合材料固定于多巴胺涂覆的316 L不锈钢表面,研究其表面抗凝血性能,用扫描电镜观察样品表面血小板的黏附情况。结果：所制得复合材料的包封率（n=5）为（80.1±1.09）%,平均回收率（n=3）为（100.4±0.44）%,华法林检测浓度线性范围为20~100 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,DA-GNW表面水接触角为（50.8±1.1）°,固定了Fe₃O₄/GO-NA/W复合材料的不锈钢表面具有良好的抗凝效果。结论：Fe₃O₄/GO-NA/W复合材料制备工艺可行,质量控制方法简便可靠,抗凝血性能良好。氧化石墨烯复合材料在心血管材料表面的应用为其生物功能化提供了一种可行的方法。     

橙皮苷脂质体凝胶的制备及其透皮吸收研究

目的:制备橙皮苷脂质体凝胶并对其体外释药和透皮吸收情况进行考察。方法:采用薄膜超声法制备橙皮苷脂质体,以包封率为主要评价指标,在单因素实验基础上采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化处方,并对最优处方制备的橙皮苷脂质体凝胶进行各项理化指标、体外释放模型和透皮吸收进行考察。结果:橙皮苷脂质体最优处方为磷胆比2.35∶1、磷药比7.43∶1、水合介质pH 6.54。橙皮苷脂质体粒径(207.87±13.27)nm,PDI (0.36±0.02),Zeta电位(-40.60±3.32)mV,包封率(58.21±0.90)%,橙皮苷脂质体凝胶体外释药曲线符合Ritger-Peppas方程(R²_adj=0.998 9)。结论:橙皮苷脂质体凝胶黏度适宜,易于涂展,体外释药具有明显的缓释效果且透皮吸收特性良好,该制备方法稳定可行,适用于橙皮苷脂质体凝胶的制备。     

光敏性多西他赛脂质体的制备、处方优化和体外释放度研究

目的：以富勒烯丙二酸衍生物（DMA-C60）-多西他赛为模型药物,构建光敏性脂质体,增强抗肿瘤效果。系统研究脂质体（LP）的制备工艺、理化性质、处方优化和体外释放特性。方法：采用Bingle环加成反应和酯水解反应合成了DMA-C60,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）对产物表征定性;采用薄膜法制备DMA-C60-DTX脂质体;超滤离心法测量DTX包封率和载药量;采用激光纳米粒度测定仪测定粒径、粒径分布和Zeta电位;透射电镜测定脂质体外观形态;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）考察LP中原料药DTX及脂质材料的晶形存在状态;采用透析袋法测量体外释放度并拟合释放模型。结果：采用FT-IR表征定性DMA-C60合成成功。最优处方得到的DMA-C60-DTX-LP,平均粒径约为170 nm,Zeta电位约为-30 mV,DTX包封率（85.76±2.60）%,DMA-C60包封率约为89%;透射电镜观察DMA-C60-DTX-LP呈类球形,粒径大小约为170 nm,分布均匀且与所测粒径大小相符;DSC显示DTX原料药几乎以无定型的状态存在于脂质内核中;DMA-C60的加入并不影响DTX的释放,60 h内累计释放百分数为80%,DTX在LP中体外释放行为可用Ritger-Peppas释放动力学方程进行描述。结论：光敏性多西他赛脂质体载药量和包封率较高、脂质体外观呈类球形,粒径较小且分布均匀,体外释放具有一定的缓释作用。     

硫酸铵梯度法制备莫西沙星脂质体的工艺研究

目的 制备具有较高包封率和载药量且体外放置稳定的莫西沙星脂质体。方法 采用硫酸铵梯度法制备包载莫西沙星的脂质体,以粒径及其分布和包封率、载药量为指标对处方和工艺进行优化。结果 最佳制备条件为：空白脂质体中硫酸铵质量浓度70 mg/mL、磷脂质量浓度50 mg/mL、脂质体粒径120 nm左右、透析时间5 h、载药时药脂比2∶3、孵育温度40 ℃、孵育时间30 min。制备得到的莫西沙星脂质体粒径为（143.00±3.98）nm,包封率为（74.56±3.21）%,载药量为（26.39±1.88）%。结论 硫酸铵梯度法制备的莫西沙星脂质体包封率较高,粒径均一,室温放置稳定性良好。     

达沙替尼纳米结构脂质载体及其冻干粉的制备和体外释药研究

目的： 制备达沙替尼-NLCs及其冻干粉末,考察体外释药情况及释药模型。方法： 热熔乳化超声法制备达沙替尼-NLCs,单因素考察固-液脂质比例、药-脂比例、泊洛沙姆188和大豆磷脂比例、表面活性剂浓度等因素的影响,采用正交试验优化达沙替尼纳米结构脂质载体处方。筛选冻干保护剂种类及质量浓度,制备达沙替尼纳米结构脂质载体的冻干粉末。结果： 按照最佳处方制备的达沙替尼-NLCs,包封率为（74.91±1.53）%,载药量为（2.22±0.13）%,平均粒径为（168.43±8.14）nm,PdI为0.094±0.008,Zeta电位为（-36.0±2.3）mV。3%甘露醇制备的达沙替尼-NLCs冻干粉末体外释药具有明显的缓释特征,体外释药模型更符合Higuchi模型：M_t/M_∞=0.153 5 t^1/2+0.005 9（r=0.991 9）。结论： 达沙替尼纳米结构脂质载体的制备工艺重复性良好,体外释药缓释特征明显,为进一步体内研究奠定了基础。     

穿心莲内酯甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米粒处方优化及体外释药考察

目的：优化穿心莲内酯甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸[methoxy poly（ethylene glycol）-poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）,mPEG-PLGA]纳米粒处方,并进行体外释药评价。方法：乳化法制备穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒,Box-Behnken设计-效应面法筛选穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒最优处方,测定包封率、载药量、粒径及Zeta电位。采用质量分数为5%的甘露醇和乳糖等量混合物作为冻干保护剂,进一步制备成冻干粉,考察体外释药行为。结果：穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒最佳处方为：mPEG-PLGA用量为589 mg、水相体积为70 mL、聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯15（Solutol HS 15）质量分数为1.2%,包封率为（82.07±1.62）%,载药量为（3.87±0.21）%,粒径为（179.56±9.19）nm,Zeta电位为（-10.91±1.84）mV。穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒体外释药具有缓释特征,释药过程符合Weibull模型：lnln[1/（1-M_t/M_∞）]=0.410 3lnt-1.434 1。结论：可用Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒,为后续研究奠定基础。     

多柔比星壳聚糖微球的制备及其特性研究

目的 以壳聚糖为载体材料,多柔比星为模型药物, 制备脑内局部给药缓释微球。方法 以液体石蜡为油相,L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯为交联剂,司盘-80为乳化剂,采用乳化化学交联技术制备多柔比星脑用微球。用动态透析法检测微球的体外释放特性。结果 多柔比星/壳聚糖的质量比为1：9的载药微球形态良好,粒径分布较为均匀,平均粒径为（9.41±2.43） μm,载药量为（8.49±0.37）%,包封率为（70.56±4.23）%。体外释放具有良好的缓释效果。结论 所优化的制备工艺稳定,适用于多柔比星壳聚糖脑用微球的制备.     

Dose Dependency of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Efficacy of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (DOXIL) in Murine Models

Stealth (pegylated) liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) has been extensively studied at the pre-clinical and clinical level in recent years. However, one issue not yet addressed is the effect of dose on tumor localization and therapeutic efficacy of Doxil. Although it has been reported that the pharmacokinetics of drug-free Stealth liposomes is independent of dose within a certain range, clinical pharmacokinetic analysis of Doxil suggests a dose-dependent clearance saturation phenomenon when a broad dose range is examined. In addition, liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin can exert toxic effects on the liver macrophage population in the form of impairment of the phagocytic function and reduced ability of colloid particle clearance. In studies with tumor-bearing mice in which the dose of Doxil was escalated from 2.5 to 20 mg/kg, we demonstrate that dose escalation results in a saturation of Doxil clearance and a disproportional increase of the amount of liposomal drug accumulating in tumor. Experiments with radiolabeled highly negatively-charged liposomes injected into mice previously treated with Doxil are consistent with a partial blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system with relative reduction of liver uptake and greater prolongation of liposome circulation time. The clearance saturation effect is seen after Doxil in a dose-dependent fashion, and not after a similar free doxorubicin dose or similar phospholipid dose in drug-free liposomes. A trend to superior therapeutic efficacy for treatments based on larger doses as compared to smaller split doses, while maintaining an equivalent dose intensity, was also observed. These observations may be relevant to the choice of dose-schedule of Doxil to ensure optimal anti-tumor activity. Therefore, dose-dependent liposomal doxorubicin blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system may prolong liposome circulation time and enhance significantly drug delivery to tumors.     

Dose dependency of pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL) in murine models

Stealth (pegylated) liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) has been extensively studied at the pre-clinical and clinical level in recent years. However, one issue not yet addressed is the effect of dose on tumor localization and therapeutic efficacy of Doxil. Although it has been reported that the pharmacokinetics of drug-free Stealth liposomes is independent of dose within a certain range, clinical pharmacokinetic analysis of Doxil suggests a dose-dependent clearance saturation phenomenon when a broad dose range is examined. In addition, liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin can exert toxic effects on the liver macrophage population in the form of impairment of the phagocytic function and reduced ability of colloid particle clearance. In studies with tumor-bearing mice in which the dose of Doxil was escalated from 2.5 to 20 mg/kg, we demonstrate that dose escalation results in a saturation of Doxil clearance and a disproportional increase of the amount of liposomal drug accumulating in tumor. Experiments with radiolabeled highly negatively-charged liposomes injected into mice previously treated with Doxil are consistent with a partial blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system with relative reduction of liver uptake and greater prolongation of liposome circulation time. The clearance saturation effect is seen after Doxil in a dose-dependent fashion, and not after a similar free doxorubicin dose or similar phospholipid dose in drug-free liposomes. A trend to superior therapeutic efficacy for treatments based on larger doses as compared to smaller split doses, while maintaining an equivalent dose intensity, was also observed. These observations may be relevant to the choice of dose-schedule of Doxil to ensure optimal anti-tumor activity. Therefore, dose-dependent liposomal doxorubicin blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system may prolong liposome circulation time and enhance significantly drug delivery to tumors.     

Liposome-induced complement activation and related cardiopulmonary distress in pigs: factors promoting reactogenicity of Doxil and AmBisome

Hypersensitivity reactions to liposomal drugs, often observed with Doxil and AmBisome, can arise from activation of the complement (C) system by phospholipid bilayers. To understand the mechanism of this adverse immune reaction called C activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA), we analyzed the relationship among liposome features, C activation in human serum in vitro, and liposome-induced cardiovascular distress in pigs, a model for human CARPA. Among the structural variables (surface charge, presence of saturated, unsaturated, and PEGylated phospholipids, and cisplatin vs. doxorubicin inside liposomes), high negative surface charge and the presence of doxorubicin were significant contributors to reactogenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Morphological analysis suggested that the effect of doxorubicin might be indirect, via distorting the sphericity of liposomes and, if leaked, causing aggregation. The parallelism among C activation, cardiopulmonary reactions in pigs, and high rate of hypersensitivity reactions to Doxil and AmBisome in humans strengthens the utility of the applied tests in predicting the risk of CARPA. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: The authors studied complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) in a porcine model and demonstrate that high negative surface charge and drug effects leading to distortion of liposome sphericity might be the most critical factors leading to CARPA. The applied tests might be used to predict CARPA in humans.     

基于纳米混悬技术盐酸齐拉西酮胶囊的制备及质量评价

目的：制备盐酸齐拉西酮纳米混悬剂,提高其体外溶出度,并对其进行质量评价。方法：采用超声辅助沉淀法制备纳米混悬剂,以粒径、多分散性指数为评价指标。通过单因素考察初步优化纳米混悬剂的处方和制备工艺,采用拟中心复合设计,对处方用量进行优化设计。采用扫描电镜、差式扫描量热法和粉末X射线衍射法对固化后的粉末进行表征,高效液相法测定盐酸齐拉西酮体外溶出度。结果：基于纳米混悬技术制备的盐酸齐拉西酮胶囊的体外溶出度与市售胶囊相比得到显著的提高。结论：以Soluplus和SDS为稳定剂成功制备盐酸齐拉西酮纳米混悬剂,提高其体外溶出度,具有较好的应用前景。     

星点设计响应面法优化滇南美登木总生物碱超声提取工艺

目的:筛选出滇南美登木中总生物碱提取的最优条件。方法:以盐酸小檗碱为对照品,采用酸性染料比色法,以总生物碱含量为指标,分别考察提取功率、提取时间、提取次数、液料比和乙醇的体积分数5个因素对超声提取滇南美登木中总生物碱的影响,在此基础上通过星点设计响应面试验确定最佳提取工艺,并进行验证。结果:滇南美登木中总生物碱的最佳超声提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数74%,提取功率457W,提取时间42min,提取次数为3次,液料比为20∶1(mL·g^-1)。验证试验测得最佳条件时总生物碱含量为(2.77±0.02)mg·g^-1(n=3,RSD=0.72%),与模型预测值结果接近。结论:本研究提取工艺简单,工艺参数可靠,提取效果良好,为滇南美登木中总生物碱的研究提供了科学的研究思路和试验依据。     

难溶性多西紫杉醇的溶解微针制备及体外评价

目的:制备一种用于透皮给药的负载多西紫杉醇(DTX)的溶解微针,并进行体外评价。方法:考察不同材料及配方制备DTX溶解微针(DTX-MN),通过外观和力学性能指标对微针进行表征,测定微针针头载药量。使用猪皮肤考察微针溶解性能。剥离小鼠腹部皮肤,进行体外透皮吸收研究,初步考察DTX-MN给药后的皮肤药代动力学。结果:成功制备了针头完整、力学性能良好的DTX-MN,最佳工艺得到的微针针头载药量为(14.81±4.20)μg (n=5),微针能完整插入皮肤穿透角质层屏障,且在10 min内完全溶解。体外透皮实验显示,DTX-MN的初始透皮速率和累积透皮通量都高于药物溶液组,相比溶液组,DTX-MN在24 h后累积渗透量提高了3.27倍,其释放机制符合Fickian扩散。结论:制备的DTX-MN有良好的穿刺皮肤的性能,能够显著促进DTX的透皮递送,该类微针有望促进DTX的浅表皮肤递送,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

Accelerated blood clearance of PEGylated liposomes containing doxorubicin upon repeated administration to dogs

The accelerated blood clearance phenomenon involving anti-PEG IgM production has been recognized as an important issue for the design and development of PEGylated liposomes. Here, we show that empty PEGylated liposomes and Doxil, PEGylated liposomes containing doxorubicin, both caused anti-PEG IgM production and thereby a rapid clearance of the second and/or third dose of Doxil in Beagle dogs in a lipid-dose, inverse-dependent manner. It appears that the pharmacokinetic profile of the second and third administration of Doxil reflected the presence of anti-PEG IgM circulating in the blood. Doxil plus an excess amount of empty PEGylated liposomes rather enhanced the production of anti-PEG IgM compared to Doxil of the same doxorubicin dose. During sequential administration, increasing the lipid dose of Doxil in each dose by the addition of empty PEGylated liposomes strongly attenuated the magnitude of the ABC phenomenon during the effectuation phase of a second and third dose of Doxil. Our results suggest that the pre-clinical study of anti-cancer drug-containing PEGylated liposomes with dogs must be carefully designed and performed with monitoring of the anti-PEG IgM and liposomal drugs circulating in the blood.