Otx1诱导外向钾电流并抑制小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞增殖

目的:探讨Otx1(orthodenticle homeobox 1)蛋白在调节电压门控性钾通道中的作用,并分析其对体DNA,应用全细胞膜片钳记录N2a细胞中K+依赖的外向电流;通过电生理技术,分析Otx1对K+电流激活、失活和失活后恢复时间等参数的影响;通过细胞转染Otx1突变体,研究其对细胞增殖的影响。结果:过表达Otx1可增强电压依赖性外向K+电流,降低半失活电位,并延迟外向电流失活后恢复;星形胶质细胞瘤相关的Otx1突变体K321T和表达Kv4.2α也导致外向K+电流增强,并抑制N2a细胞的增殖。结论:Otx1可在体外培养的小鼠神经细胞中诱导电压依赖性K+电流,而K+电流可能参与细胞的增殖过程。     

H2O2对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞Kv通道的作用

 目的:观察H₂O₂在常氧时对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（PASMCs）的Kv的影响, 探讨H₂O₂对肺动脉平滑肌细胞的Kv通道的作用。 方法:用酶解法急性分离单个PASMCs，以全细胞膜片钳技术记录PASMCs膜上的电压依赖性钾通道 (voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv) 电流。 结果:常氧下 H₂O₂可显著增加Kv电流，电流-电压关系曲线左上移；而且Kv电流呈浓度依赖性增加。 结论:常氧下H₂O₂ 可使Kv通道开放。     

大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞的分离及电压门控性钾电流的记录方法

目的介绍一种大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)的急性分离方法并观察电压门控性钾电流电生理特性。方法应用胶原酶和木瓜蛋白酶联合消化法获得大鼠PASMCs,利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录PASMCs膜上的电压门控性钾通道(Kv)电流。结果在相差显微镜下观察大鼠PASMCs呈舒展梭形,边界清晰,有完整的细胞膜,胞浆均匀,数量多,活性好。结论用酶急性分离的大鼠PASMCs,容易进行全细胞膜片钳记录,方法简单、稳定、可靠。     

Kv 4钾通道功能活动的调节机制

1Kv4钾通道简介上世纪90年代,以果蝇钾通道RNA为探针扫描哺乳动物cDNA文库,相继发现了4组重要的电压依赖钾通道,它们分别是由KCNA编码的Kv1(shaker),KCNB编码的Kv2(shab),KCNC编码的Kv3(shaw),和KCND编码的Kv4(shal)钾通道。Kv4家族有三个成员,Kv4.1,Kv4.2和Kv4.3。它们在神经细胞、心肌细胞和平滑肌细胞上均高水平表达,具有快速激活、快速失活以及失活后快速再激活等特征。所以,Kv4钾通道又被命名为瞬时外向钾电流,它是动作电位复极化早期外向电流的主要成分,在调节神经元放电频率和心肌兴奋-收缩耦联等方面起重要作用。通过…     

大鼠肺内动脉平滑肌细胞分离及穿孔膜片钳记录

目的 :肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾离子通道活性与缺氧性肺动脉高压关系是近年研究热点 ,改变这些钾离子通道活性能直接影响血管张力。缺氧可阻断延迟整流性钾通道或 /和钙离子激活性钾通道 ,引起肺动脉平滑肌细胞收缩 ,使肺动脉压升高。目前 ,国内有关肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾离子通道活性与缺氧性肺动脉高压关系的研究还很初浅 ,主要与肺动脉平滑肌细胞的急性分离以及膜片钳实验时细胞封接、破膜十分困难有关。大鼠肺内动脉平滑肌细胞电生理研究尚无报道 ,原因与其细胞分离困难更大有关。方法和结果 :利用胶原酶、木瓜蛋白酶酶解消化的方法 ,成功地急性…     

血栓烷A_2类似物对大鼠肺动脉血管平滑肌细胞钾离子通道表达的影响

目的:观察血栓烷A2(TXA2)类似物U46619对实验大鼠肺动脉血管平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)K+通道Kv1.2、Kv1.5、Kv2.1蛋白质和mRNA表达的影响。方法:采用酶法分离、培养Wistar大鼠PASMCs,通过Western-blot和RT-PCR方法分别从蛋白质水平和mRNA水平分析U46619对Kv1.2、Kv1.5、Kv2.1表达的抑制作用。结果:100nmol/LU46619对Kv1.2表达有明显抑制作用。结论:TXA2类似物U46619可能通过抑制Kv1.2表达而参与大鼠肺动脉血管的收缩。     

BQ123对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞电压门控钾通道表达的影响

目的：探讨内皮素-1受体拮抗剂BQ123 对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞电压门控钾通道亚型基因表达的影响。 方法： 根据常氧 (PO2 152 mmHg ) 及慢性低氧（PO2 40±5 mmHg）的不同培养条件，将肺动脉平滑肌细胞分为常氧组和慢性低氧组，并用BQ123分别处理上述两组细胞，采用半定量RT-PCR技术检测大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞Kv2.1、Kv9.3基因表达的变化。 结果： 经过慢性低氧，大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞Kv2.1、Kv9.3的mRNA表达水平明显低于常氧组（P<0.01，n=5），BQ123对常氧组Kv2.1的mRNA表达无影响（P>0.05，n=5），但可明显增加慢性低氧组Kv2.1的表达（P<0.01，n=5）。无论在常氧还是慢性低氧时，BQ123对Kv9.3的mRNA表达均无影响（P>0.05，n=5）。 结论： 慢性低氧可降低大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞电压门控钾通道的表达，内皮素-1受体拮抗剂BQ123可能通过抑制PASMCs的增殖，改变了细胞内信号转导通路中某些因子的表达，从而间接促进Kv的表达。     

肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾通道的研究

目的：观察肺动脉高压大鼠（PHR）肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜电容(Cm)、膜电流(I)、电流密度(pA/pF)及I-V曲线，并与正常SD大鼠进行比较。观察盐酸埃他卡林对正常血压及肺动脉高压大鼠动脉平滑肌钾通道的影响。方法：SD大鼠,置于常压缺氧（10%O2）舱内，每天6 h，每周6 d，持续4周,使之平均肺动脉压升高,建立肺动脉高压大鼠模型。急性分离大鼠肺内动脉平滑肌细胞，用全细胞记录（whole cell recording）技术记录细胞钾电流、膜电容并计算电流密度。结果：PHR肺动脉平滑肌细胞Cm值、细胞膜钾电流值均显著高于正常血压SD大鼠（P<0.05）；PHR肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾电流密度值显著低于正常血压大鼠(P<0.05)。与正常SD大鼠比较，PHR钾电流I-V曲线下移。盐酸埃他卡林在10 μmol·L-1浓度下，可显著增强正常血压SD大鼠及PHR动脉平滑肌钾电流(P<0.05)。结论：PHR肺动脉平滑肌细胞的膜电容、膜钾电流比正常血压SD大鼠高；钾电流密度比正常血压SD大鼠低，I-V曲线下移。盐酸埃他卡林对正常血压大鼠及肺动脉高压大鼠动脉平滑肌钾电流都有增强作用。     

cGMP对慢性低氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜电压门控钾通道的作用

目的:探讨cGMP对慢性低氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)膜电压门控钾通道(Kv通道)的作用, 为进一步阐明慢性低氧性肺动脉高压的发病机理提供理论依据。方法: Wistar大鼠, 随机分为对照组和慢性低氧组, 低氧组大鼠每天低氧(氧浓度10%±1%)8 h, 连续4周。单个大鼠PASMC的获得采用急性酶分离法(胶原酶Ⅰ型和木瓜蛋白酶)。采用全细胞膜片钳技术测定两组PASMC的静息膜电位(Em)和电压门控钾通道的钾离子电流(I_KV), 观察并比较cGMP (1 mmol/L) 以及cGMP和蛋白激酶G(PKG)抑制剂H-8 (1 mmol/L) 应用后两组PASMC I_KV的不同变化。结果:慢性低氧大鼠PASMC的静息膜电位和电压门控钾通道电流明显低于正常对照组。cGMP可抑制正常和慢性低氧大鼠PASMC +50 mV刺激时的峰值I_KV[正常组从(118.0±5.0)pA/pF下降到(89.9±16.5) pA/pF, n=6, P<0.05;慢性低氧组则从(81.0±5.0) pA/pF 下降到(56.8±9.1) pA/pF, n=6, P<0.05], 该抑制作用可被PKG的抑制剂H-8阻断[正常组(119.2±10.3) pA/pF vs (117.8±9.1)　pA/pF, n=6, P>0.05;慢性低氧组(96.8±6.2) pA/pF vs (98.0±2.2)　pA/pF, n=6, P>0.05]。结论:慢性低氧抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞的电压门控钾通道。cGMP可能通过磷酸化作用而抑制正常和慢性低氧肺动脉平滑肌细胞的电压门控钾通道电流。     

慢性吸烟大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾通道Kv1.5、BKCa表达的变化

目的：观察吸烟对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌大电导的钙激活的钾通道（BK_Ca）和电压依赖性延迟整流钾通道Kv1.5蛋白和mRNA表达的影响，以阐明吸烟引起的肺血管反应性改变中钾通道表达的变化。方法：复制大鼠的慢性吸烟模型，采用HE染色、免疫组织化学染色、原位杂交等方法。结果：（1）慢性吸烟可降低大鼠肺动脉平滑肌 BK_Ca 蛋白和mRNA表达；（2）慢性吸烟可降低大鼠肺动脉平滑肌Kv1.5蛋白和mRNA表达；（3）大动脉 BK_Ca的降低程度大于Kv1.5，小动脉 BK_Ca和Kv1.5的降低程度无明显差异。结论：慢性吸烟可下调大鼠肺动脉平滑肌钾通道 BK_Ca和Kv1.5的表达水平，是导致肺血管反应性增高的机制之一。     

Characterization of voltage-gated calcium currents in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from rat tail main artery.

The aim of the present study was to characterize voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from rat tail main artery in the presence of 5 mmol L(-1) external Ca2+. Calcium currents were identified on the basis of their voltage dependencies and sensitivity to nifedipine, Ni2+ and cinnarizine. In the majority of the cells studied, T- and L-type currents were observed, while the remaining cells showed predominantly L-type currents. In the latter group of cells, holding potential change from -50 to either -70 or -90 mV increased the corresponding inward current amplitude while its voltage activation threshold remained unchanged. The steady state inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels showed half-maximal inactivation at -38 mV. A Ca2+-dependent inactivation was also evident. Nifedipine (3 micromol L(-1)) blocked L-type but not T-type Ca2+ currents. Ni2+ (50 micromol L(-1)) as well as cinnarizine (1 micromol L(-1)) suppressed the nifedipine-resistant, T-type component of the currents. At higher concentrations, both Ni2+ (0.3-1 mmol L(-1)) and cinnarizine (10 micromol L(-1)) blocked the net inward current. Replacement of Ca2+ with 10 mmol L(-)1 Ba2+ significantly increased the amplitude of L-type Ca2+ currents. These results demonstrate that smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from rat tail main artery may be divided into two populations, one expressing both L- and T-type and the other only L-type Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, this report shows that in arterial smooth muscle cells cinnarizine potently inhibited T-type currents at low concentrations (1 micromol L(-1)) but also blocked L-type Ca2+ currents at higher concentrations (10 micromol L(-1)).     

Altered expression of potassium channel subunit mRNA and alpha-dendrotoxin sensitivity of potassium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons after axotomy

Previous studies have raised the possibility that a decrease in voltage-gated K+ currents may contribute to hyperexcitability of injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the emergence of neuropathic pain. We examined the effects of axotomy on mRNA levels for various Kv1 family subunits and voltage-gated K+ currents in L4-L5 DRG neurons from sham-operated and sciatic nerve-transected rats. RNase protection assay revealed that Kv1.1 and Kv 1.2 mRNAs are highly abundant while Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5 and Kv1.6 mRNAs were detected at lower levels in L4-L5 DRGs from sham and intact rats. Axotomy significantly decreased Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3 and Kv1.4 mRNA levels by approximately 35%, approximately 60%, approximately 40% and approximately 80%, respectively, but did not significantly change Kv1.5 or Kv1.6 mRNA levels. Patch clamp recordings revealed two types of K+ currents in small-sized L4-L5 DRG neurons: sustained delayed rectifier currents elicited from a -40 mV holding potential and slowly inactivating A-type currents that was additionally activated from a -120 mV holding potential. Axotomy decreased both types of K+ currents by 50-60% in injured DRG neurons. In addition, axotomy increased the alpha-dendrotoxin sensitivity of the delayed rectifier, but not slow A-type K+ currents in injured DRG neurons. These results suggest that Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 subunits are major components of voltage-gated K+ channels in L4-L5 DRG neurons and that the decreased expression of Kv1-family subunits significantly contributes to the reduction and altered kinetics of Kv current in axotomized neurons.     

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits high-voltage-gated calcium channel currents of chicken nucleus magnocellularis neurons

Using whole cell patch-clamp recordings, we pharmacologically characterized the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) currents of chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM) neurons using barium as the charge carrier. NM neurons possessed both low- and high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents (HVA I(Ba2+)). The N-type channel blocker (omega-conotoxin-GVIA) inhibited more than half of the total HVA I(Ba2+), whereas blockers of L- and P/Q-type channels each inhibited a small fraction of the current. Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated modulation of the HVA I(Ba2+) was examined by bath application of glutamate (100 microM), which inhibited the HVA I(Ba2+) by an average of 16%. The inhibitory effect was dose dependent and was partially blocked by omega-conotoxin-GVIA, indicating that mGluRs modulate N and other type HVA I(Ba2+). The nonspecific mGluR agonist, (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarbosylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD), mimicked the inhibitory effect of glutamate on HVA I(Ba2+). Group I-III mGluR agonists showed inhibition of the HVA current with the most potent being the group III agonist L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid. 1S,3R-ACPD (200 microM) had no effect on K+ or Na+ currents. The firing properties of NM neurons were also not altered by 1S,3R-ACPD. We propose that the inhibition of VGCC currents by mGluRs limits depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry into these highly active NM neurons and regulates their Ca2+ homeostasis.     

Loose-patch clamp currents from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat

The loose-patch clamp technique was used to study voltage-activated currents from the surface of rat neurohypophysial and hypothalamic regions in situ. In the neurohypophysis, depolarizing pulses of 4–8 ms duration yielded tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium currents, a 4-AP-sensitive "A"-type potassium current, and a long-lasting outward TEA- and tetrandrine-sensitive Ca²⁺-activated potassium current. All of these currents were elicited during the application of the pulse. With high external calcium there were long-lasting inward currents blocked by Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺, identifying them as voltage-gated calcium currents. Depolarizing pulses of 0.3–0.7 ms duration yielded fast biphasic responses, of 1–3 ms duration, composed of mostly sodium and "A"-type potassium currents. With high external calcium there were fast inward currents blocked by Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺, indicating that these were voltage-gated calcium currents. These responses have the characteristics of action potential currents: they were elicited after the cessation of the applied pulse and the "A" component is eliminated together with the sodium component upon application of TTX. Similar responses to long and short pulses were obtained from the surface of the associated magnocellular somata in the supraoptic nucleus, and their projections. The explant currents are similar to those previously characterized using conventional methods from somata and terminals.     

Ionic mechanisms mediating oscillatory membrane potentials in wide-field retinal amacrine cells

Particular types of amacrine cells of the vertebrate retina show oscillatory membrane potentials (OMPs) in response to light stimulation. Historically it has been thought the oscillations arose as a result of circuit properties. In a previous study we found that in some amacrine cells, the ability to oscillate was an intrinsic property of the cell. Here we characterized the ionic mechanisms responsible for the oscillations in wide-field amacrine cells (WFACs) in an effort to better understand the functional properties of the cell. The OMPs were found to be calcium (Ca2+) dependent; blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels eliminated the oscillations, whereas elevating extracellular Ca2+ enhanced them. Strong intracellular Ca2+ buffering (10 mM EGTA or bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) eliminated any attenuation in the OMPs as well as a Ca2+-dependent inactivation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization revealed that WFACs express L- and N-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Block of the L-type channels eliminated the OMPs, but omega-conotoxin GVIA did not, suggesting a different function for the N-type channels. The L-type channels in WFACs are functionally coupled to a set of calcium-dependent potassium (K(Ca)) channels to mediate OMPs. The initiation of OMPs depended on penitrem-A-sensitive (BK) K(Ca) channels, whereas their duration is under apamin-sensitive (SK) K(Ca) channel control. The Ca2+ current is essential to evoke the OMPs and triggering the K(Ca) currents, which here act as resonant currents, enhances the resonance as an amplifying current, influences the filtering characteristics of the cell membrane, and attenuates the OMPs via CDI of the L-type Ca2+ channel.     

On the fate of skeletal myoblasts in a cardiac environment: down-regulation of voltage-gated ion channels

We have analysed the voltage-gated ion channels and fusion competence of skeletal muscle myoblasts labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the membrane dye PKH transplanted into the infarcted myocardium of syngenic rats. After cell transplantation the animals were killed and GFP⁺–PKH⁺ myoblasts enzymatically isolated for subsequent studies of ionic currents through voltage-gated sodium, calcium and potassium channels. A down-regulation of all three types of ion channels after engraftment was observed. The fraction of cells with calcium (68%) and sodium channels (65%) declined to zero within 24 h and 1 week, respectively. Down-regulation of potassium currents (90% in control) occurred within 2 weeks to about 30%. Before injection myoblasts expressed predominantly transient outward potassium channels whereas after isolation from the myocardium exclusively rapid delayed rectifier channels. The currents recovered completely between 1 and 6 weeks under cell culture conditions. The down-regulation of ion channels and changes in potassium current kinetics suggest that the environment provided by infarcted myocardium affects  expression of voltage-gated ion channels of skeletal myoblasts.     

Discovery of talatisamine as a novel specific blocker for the delayed rectifier K+ channels in rat hippocampal neurons

Blocking specific K+ channels has been proposed as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Using a computational virtual screening approach and electrophysiological testing, we found four Aconitum alkaloids are potent blockers of the delayed rectifier K+ channel in rat hippocampal neurons. In the present study, we first tested the action of the four alkaloids on the voltage-gated K+, Na+ and Ca2+ currents in rat hippocampal neurons, and then identified that talatisamine is a specific blocker for the delayed rectifier K+ channel. External application of talatisamine reversibly inhibited the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) with an IC50 value of 146.0+/-5.8 microM in a voltage-dependent manner, but exhibited very slight blocking effect on the voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ currents even at the high concentration of 1-3 mM. Moreover, talatisamine exerted a significant hyperpolarizing shift of the steady-state activation, but did not influence the steady state inactivation of IK and its recovery from inactivation, suggesting that talatisamine had no allosteric action on IK channel and was a pure blocker binding to the external pore entry of the channel. Our present study made the first discovery of potent and specific IK channel blocker from Aconitum alkaloids. It has been argued that suppressing K+ efflux by blocking IK channel may be favorable for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Talatisamine can therefore be considered as a leading compound worthy of further investigations.     

Modulation of K+ currents in Xenopus spinal neurons by p2y receptors: a role for ATP and ADP in motor pattern generation

We have investigated the pharmacological properties and targets of p2y purinoceptors in Xenopus embryo spinal neurons. ATP reversibly inhibited the voltage-gated K⁺ currents by 10 ± 3 %. UTP and the analogues α,β-methylene-ATP and 2-methylthio-ATP also inhibited K⁺ currents. This agonist profile is similar to that reported for a p2y receptor cloned from Xenopus embryos. Voltage-gated K⁺ currents could be inhibited by ADP (9 ± 0.8 %) suggesting that a further p2y1-like receptor is also present in the embryo spinal cord. Unexpectedly we found that α,β-methylene-ADP, often used to block the ecto-5'-nucleotidase, also inhibited voltage-gated K⁺ currents (7 ± 2.3 %). This inhibition was occluded by ADP, suggesting that α,β-methylene-ADP is an agonist at p2y1 receptors. We have directly studied the properties of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase in Xenopus embryo spinal cord. Although ADP inhibited this enzyme, α,β-methylene-ADP had no action. Caution therefore needs to be used when interpreting the actions of α,β-methylene-ADP as it has previously unreported agonist activity at P2 receptors. Xenopus spinal neurons possess fast and slow voltage-gated K⁺ currents. By using catechol to selectively block the fast current, we completely occluded the actions of ATP and ADP. Furthermore, the purines appeared to block only the fast relaxation component of the tail currents. We therefore conclude that the p2y receptors target only the fast component of the delayed rectifier. As ATP breakdown to ADP is rapid and ADP may accumulate at higher levels than ATP, the contribution of ADP acting through p2y1-like receptors may be an important additional mechanism for the control of spinal motor pattern generation.     

Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the activity of calcium channels in rat dorsal horn neurons

We have previously found that spinal dorsal horn neurons from streptozotocin-diabetic rats, an animal model for diabetes mellitus, show the prominent changes in the mechanisms responsible for [Ca2+]i regulation. The present study aimed to further characterize the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on neuronal calcium homeostasis. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in Fura-2AM-loaded dorsal horn neurons from acutely isolated spinal cord slices using fluorescence technique. We studied Ca2+ entry through plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels during potassium (50 mM KCl)-induced depolarization. The K+-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was inhibited to a different extent by nickel ions, nifedipine and omega-conotoxin suggesting the co-expression of different subtypes of plasmalemmal voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The suppression of [Ca2+]i transients by Ni2+ (50 microM) was the same in control and diabetic neurons. On the other hand, inhibition of [Ca2+]i transients by nifedipine (50 microM) and omega-conotoxin (1 microM) was much greater in diabetic neurons compared with normal animals. These data suggest that under diabetic conditions the activity of N- and L- but not T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels substantially increased in dorsal horn neurons.