膀胱癌合并前列腺增生经尿道同期电切术30例分析

目的　探讨同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术治疗膀胱癌合并前列腺增生症患者的可行性及疗效。方法　回顾分析30例膀胱癌并前列腺增生患者的手术方法。 18例同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术 (A组 ) ;12例单纯行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术 (B组 )。结果　随访 4～ 6 0个月 ,A组有 10例术后复发 ,异位复发 6例 (占 6 0 % ) ,无尿道、前列腺窝及膀胱造瘘口的转移或种植。B组 7例复发 ,异位复发 5例 (70 .1% ) ,3例随访期内因前列腺增生症再行经尿道前列腺电切术。结论　膀胱肿瘤合并前列腺增生患者同期行经尿道电切术 ,在切除肿瘤后应用Ellick吸除器吸尽切下膀胱内组织后再切除增生的前列腺组织 ,可以减少膀胱内肿瘤细胞种植机会 ,缩短住院时间 ,提高疗效     

膀胱癌合并良性前列腺增生的同期微创治疗

目的探讨膀胱癌合并良性前列腺增生的同期经尿道微创治疗。方法合并良性前列腺增生可经尿道电切治疗的膀胱癌患者56例同期行经尿道前列腺切除、部分切除或切开。结果随访6～84个月,5例复发,无尿道及前列腺窝转移。结论合并良性前列腺增生可予经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)的非浸润性膀胱肿瘤或膀胱尿路上皮癌患者适应行同期微创治疗。     

The significance of random bladder biopsies in superficial bladder cancer

Introduction: Today, there is no consensus about taking random bladder biopsies during transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumors for staging and to determine the urothelial abnormalities like dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The aim of our study was to evaluate the results and indications of random bladder biopsies for primary superficial bladder cancer.Patients and methods: Random bladder biopsies were taken from 84 patients with primary superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection. 40 patients had Ta and 44 had T1 tumor. The random biopsies were taken from right and left bladder walls, anterior and posterior walls, dome, trigone and prostatic urethra. The incidence of urothelial abnormalities were evaluated according to the stage and grade of the tumor.Results: None of the patients had carcinoma in situ or dysplasia with Ta tumor. In T1 group, 4 patients (9.1%) had carcinoma in situ and 3 patients (6.8%) had dysplasia. There was a statistically significant difference with regard to urothelial abnormalities between groups Ta and T1. The same difference was also seen between low and high grade tumors.Conclusion: In our study, only 7/84 (8.3%) of patients with primary superficial bladder cancer had urothelial abnormalities like carcinoma in situ or dysplasia. All of these pathologies were seen in T1 tumors. According to our results, we believe that random biopsies are not useful in superficial bladder cancers to detect urothelial abnormalities and also do not help for the planning of further treatment.     

经尿道同期电切膀胱移行细胞癌合并前列腺增生的回顾性分析

目的评价膀胱移行细胞癌（transitional cell carcinoma,TCC）合并前列腺增生采取同期经尿道电切治疗的疗效。方法将患者分为A、B两组,A组25例实施单纯经尿道电切膀胱移行细胞癌,B组20例实施经尿道同期电切膀胱移行细胞癌及增生的前列腺,比较术后A、B两组间复发率、进展率、复发时间、膀胱颈部及前列腺窝复发率的差异。结论所有患者随访12～48个月,平均随访25.4个月。A、B两组术后肿瘤复发率、复发时间、进展率、膀胱颈部及前列腺窝复发率的比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论膀胱移行细胞癌合并前列腺增生实施同期经尿道电切术是可行的,与单纯电切膀胱移行细胞癌相比并不增加肿瘤的复发。     

Simultaneous transurethral resection of a bladder tumor and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Four case reports and literature review

To evaluate the recurrence of a bladder tumor on the prostate fossa and bladder neck in patients undergoing simultaneous transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TUR-BT) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in our hospital, we retrospectively studied four patients who underwent simultaneous TUR-BT and transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) in 2001 to 2004. The pathology was confirmed histologically to be transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder tissue or atypia cells and BPH. Two patients had bladder tumor recurrence at 18 and 33 months during the postoperative follow-up period (10–36 months, with a mean of 18.5 months). One at the bladder neck recurred 33 months postoperatively, and the other in the trigone area, near the bladder neck, recurred after 18 months. After another TUR-BT, there were no more recurrences in these two patients. No tumor progressed to the invasive stage. Tumor recurrence on simultaneous TUR-BT and TUR-P patients is a key issue of concern. We present a brief history of the four patients and a literature review. We concluded that conducting the two procedures simultaneously is clinically feasible for selected patients.     

Indications for urethrectomy in an era of continent urinary diversion

Interest in performing a continent urinary diversion and in preserving sexual potency after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has emphasized the need to identify accurately those men who are at high risk for urethral recurrences. We reviewed the records of 200 men who underwent radical cystectomy between 1969 and 1976. In 76 men urethrectomy and cystectomy were combined. Of these patients 6 had known urethral tumors and the incidence of unsuspected urethral malignancy was 2.9%. A total of 124 men had initial cystectomy only and were monitored up to 16 years (mean 67 months). Of these patients 6 (4.8%) underwent subsequent urethrectomy for malignant disease 6 to 40 months (median 23.5 months) after cystoprostatectomy. This group included 1 of 69 patients (1.5%) who presented with a solitary tumor not encroaching on the bladder neck, 1 of 22 (4.5%) with either carcinoma in situ or multifocal tumors not involving the prostate and none of the 9 with tumor at the bladder neck alone, which suggests that these patients may be satisfactory candidates for continent urinary diversion and may avoid the added risk to potency associated with urethrectomy. However, urethral recurrences were found in 4 of 24 patients (17%) who presented with disease extending into the prostate, including 3 of 10 (30%) with stromal invasion. These results emphasize the importance of assessing the prostatic urethra and ducts carefully before deciding to eliminate urethrectomy.     

Simultaneous Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Hazardous or A Safe Timesaver?

PurposeWe evaluated the effect of simultaneous transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (TURP) on recurrences at the bladder neck and prostatic urethra.Material and MethodsDuring the 10-year study period 51 patients fulfilled the entry criteria of past simultaneous TURBT and TURP, histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and benign prostatic hyperplasia, a preserved bladder and a minimal followup of 12 months. Their records were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into 28 with single (group 1) and 23 with multiple (group 2) bladder tumors.ResultsDuring the 12 to 120 months of followup (mean 37.3) the average tumor recurrence rate was 68.6%, that is 53.6% in group 1 and 86.9% in group 2. Recurrences appeared within an average of 14.9 months, that is within 18 (range 4 to 36) in group 1 and 13.5 (range 3 to 36) in group 2. Tumor recurrence was at the bladder neck and/or prostatic urethra in 11 of the 51 cases (21.5%). Average time to recurrence at the prostatic fossa was 23.8 months, that is 27 (range 13 to 46) in group 1 and 21.6 (range 4 to 60) in group 2. Only 1 patient had a single recurrence in the prostatic fossa, while the others also had synchronous and metachronous recurrences at other bladder sites. Tumor progression to invasiveness was diagnosed in 3 of the 51 patients (5.9%).ConclusionsOur data indicate that simultaneous TURBT and TURP do not negatively affect tumor recurrence at the bladder neck and prostatic urethra.     

Experience with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guèrin therapy of superficial bladder tumors

Between March, 1978, and July, 1981, 86 patients with polychronotopic superficial papillary bladder tumors and concurrent carcinoma in situ were randomized to receive either transurethral resection alone (43) or TUR plus BCG (43). The results indicate that BCG is not only active in preventing recurrences of new tumors but also effective for the diffuse, flat carcinoma in situ.     

临床评估同时切除前列腺和膀胱肿瘤对膀胱肿瘤复发的影响(附47例报告)

目的：评估同时切除前列腺和膀胱肿瘤对膀胱肿瘤在膀胱颈部和（或）前列腺窝处复发的影响。方法：回顾性研究47例同时行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和经尿道前列腺切除术的患者，分为膀胱肿瘤单发组26例和多发组21例，记录随访时间、肿瘤的复发时间、复发位置、复发数量以及肿瘤的进展，综合评价同时切除前列腺搜膀胱肿瘤和膀胱肿瘤复发的关系。结果：所有患者随访1～4年，平均随访2、9年；膀胱肿瘤的平均复发率为68.1%，单发组复发率为53.8％，多发组复发率为85.7％，两组复发率差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）；肿瘤平均复发时间15.1个月，单发组复发时间17.5个月，多发组复发时间12.4个月；在膀胱颈和（或）前列腺窝肿瘤复发10例（21.3%）：在前列腺窝膀胱肿瘤平均复发时间为21.3个月，在单发组为26.O个月，而在多发组为20.6个月。3例患者（6.3％）最后发展为浸润性膀胱癌而行膀胱全切术。结论：同时切除前列腺和膀胱肿瘤是一种比较安全的手术策略，对膀胱肿瘤在膀胱颈和前列腺窝处的复发没有影响。     

A longitudinal study of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma successfully treated with weekly intravesical thio-tepa.

Herein is reported further results of a prospective clinical investigation to determine the effect of weekly intravesical bladder instillation of thio-tepa in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Patients with superficial bladder carcinoma were treated according to 2 protocols. The first protocol consisted of patients with persistent tumor who were treated with weekly thio-tepa for 8 weeks. Of the 33 patients 18 responded to this therapy, and they and 24 other patients who had been rendered free of tumor by transurethral resection alone were assigned to the second protocol in which patients either were treated with monthly instillations of thio-tepa or they were observed every 3 months in a prescribed fashion. Monthly thio-tepa instillations had no significant effect in lowering the recurrence rate in either group. However, in the patients who had responded to weekly thio-tepa benefit was noted in terms of 1) fewer recurrences, with 8 of 18 (44 per cent) previously pre-treated patients having a recurrence versus 19 of 24 patients (79 per cent) previously untreated, 2) delay in tumor recurrence with an interval free of tumor of 15.1 months in pre-treated patients versus 4.3 months in the untreated group and 3) diminished frequency of new tumors (0.33 recurrences yearly) in comparison to the untreated group (1.78 recurrences yearly). The remaining patients are free of tumors at 15.7 months average followup.     

Management and prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma superficial recurrence in muscle-invasive bladder cancer after bladder preservation

PURPOSE: To assess the bladder preservation rate and cancer-specific survival after conservative treatment of superficial relapses in invasive tumors after bladder preservation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients with invasive bladder tumor (T2) were treated using transurethral resection (TUR) followed by three cycles of systemic chemotherapy (carboplatin-vinblastine). After three weeks, an endoscopic reappraisal was made including deep TUR of the site of the original tumor and multiple cold cup biopsies. Forty-two patients retained their bladder (33 complete responses and 9 partial responses). RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 63 months, 18 patients recurred as superficial TCC tumor (43%). Fourteen patients with high grade superficial recurrence were treated with TUR and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillations; two patients (G2-3 T1) with TUR as well as endovesical mytomicine, and two patients with low grade recurrence with only TUR. With a median follow-up of 44 months after TUR of first superficial relapse, there was only one case with progression of the disease without any evidence of bladder tumor. Two cystectomies were made due to carcinoma in situ (Cis) persistence and high grade superficial recurrence. Eighty-three percent of the patients who had superficial recurrence retained their bladders, with 94% cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: A very strict follow-up is mandatory due to the high rate of superficial relapses (43%). Cis is the most frequent type of superficial recurrence. Superficial recurrences in bladder preservation may be treated with TUR and BCG instillations when they are high grade and and/or associated with Cis. Superficial recurrences do not imply a worse prognosis for bladder preservation or cancer-specific survival.     

Results of adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for grade 3 superficial bladder cancer

To examine the incidence of recurrence, progression and survival in patients with grade 3 superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection (TUR) and adjuvant intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), we retrospectively studied 39 patients with grade 3 superficial bladder cancer. Nineteen patients with high-grade superficial bladder cancer (pTa, pT1) and 5 patients with grade 3 carcinoma in situ (CIS) received intravesical instillation of BCG after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (BCG group and CIS-BCG group). The Tokyo 172 strain BCG was given for 8 weeks, as a rule, in a dose of 80 mg in 40 ml of saline instilled into the bladder. As a control, 15 patients with grade 3 superficial bladder cancer who did not receive BCG therapy after TUR were compared (non-BCG group). Of the BCG group (n=19), 4 patients (21.1%) had recurrent tumor and 3 had invasive progression after BCG therapy and died as a result of tumor progression, while in the non-BCG group (n=15), 8 cases (53.3%) developed recurrence, only one case had progression and died of cancer. In the CIS-BCG group (n=5), 3 patients (60.0%) had recurrent tumor and 2 had invasive progression. Univariate analysis (Logrank test) demonstrated that tumor size and adjuvant instillation of BCG were associated with tumor recurrence except for carcinoma in situ, but tumor progression and survival did not differ significantly. Our results suggest that BCG therapy prevents grade 3 superficial bladder cancer (pT1, pTa) recurrence.     

Urethrectomy in men with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

Data on a selected group of 90 male patients who had total cystectomy for diffuse transitional cell carcinoma in situ, multiple bladder neoplasms involving the trigone, or transitional cell carcinoma encroaching on the bladder neck and/or involving the prostatic urethra were studied in relation to the incidence of urethral involvement. Of the 59 patients who had only total cystectomy, 8 (13.5 per cent) required a subsequent therapeutic urethrectomy for clinical anterior urethral carcinoma. Of the remaining 31 patients who underwent simultaneous prophylactic urethrectomy at the time of cystectomy, 2 (6.4 per cent) had transitional cell carcinoma and 1 had moderate mucosal atypia of the anterior urethra. Although the remaining urethra constitutes a potential hazard for further tumor formation, only l of 10 patients with urethral carcinoma possibly died of urethral tumor recurrence. Therefore, the urologist has a choice either to follow the patient closely with cytologic urethral wash or to do a prophylactic urethrectomy, especially in patients who are difficult to follow-up closely.     

经尿道钬激光切除与经尿道电切治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的疗效比较

目的　比较经尿道钬激光切除与经尿道电切治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法　随机选取 32例膀胱肿瘤患者行经尿道钬激光切除 ,另 2 7例行经尿道电切 ,总结两组患者临床资料 ,并对手术时间、导尿管留置时间、术后膀胱冲洗例数、肿瘤复发情况、肿瘤分期、膀胱穿孔例数、尿道外口狭窄发生率等指标进行比较。　结果　钬激光组手术时间 15～ 5 0min ,平均 2 5min ,膀胱穿孔 1例 ;术后无需膀胱冲洗 ;导尿管留置时间 1～ 4d ,所有患者均获得肿瘤分期 ;随访 1年 ,无尿道狭窄 ,复发 7例。电切组手术时间 10～ 5 5min ,平均 2 8min ,膀胱穿孔 6例 ,术后 5例需膀胱冲洗 ,导尿管留置时间 1～ 6d ,7例获得肿瘤分期 ;随访 1年 ,尿道狭窄 3例 ,复发 8例。两组平均手术时间、导尿管留置时间、术后肿瘤复发、尿道狭窄发生率均无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,钬激光组获得准确肿瘤分期例数明显多于电切组 ,而膀胱穿孔及术后膀胱冲洗例数明显少于电切组 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　钬激光是一种治疗膀胱肿瘤高效、安全的方法 ,在准确判断肿瘤分期、减少膀胱穿孔及减少出血方面比电切更优越。     

Restaging transurethral resection of high risk superficial bladder cancer improves the initial response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy

PURPOSE: This study was an evaluation of whether restaging transurethral resection (TUR) of superficial bladder cancer improves the early response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 347 patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer (high grade Ta and T1 tumors associated with carcinoma in situ) underwent a single transurethral resection (TUR, 132 patients) or restaging TUR (215 patients) before receiving 6 weekly intravesical BCG treatments. The patients were evaluated for response (presence or absence of tumor) at first followup cystoscopy, at 6 and 12 months after treatment, and evaluated for disease stage progression within 3 years of followup. RESULTS: Of the 132 patients who underwent a single TUR before BCG therapy, 75 (57%) had residual or recurrent tumor at the first cystoscopy and 45 (34%) later had progression, compared with 62 of 215 patients (29%) who had residual or recurrent tumors and 16 (7%) who had progression after undergoing restaging TUR (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Restaging TUR of high risk superficial bladder cancer improves the initial response rate to BCG therapy, reduces the frequency of subsequent tumor recurrence and appears to delay early tumor progression.     

The mechanism of human bladder tumor implantation in an in vitro model

Implantation of tumor cells in the bladder following transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumors is believed to be one factor in the etiology of bladder tumor recurrences. Using an in vitro model system we have studied the initial interaction between bladder carcinoma cells and a naturally produced basement membrane-like substrate. Minced explants of superficial low grade human bladder tumors from 10 patients were plated into culture dishes coated with a naturally produced extracellular matrix (ECM). This ECM has been shown to resemble the human urothelial basement membrane and submucosa in its macromolecular composition and ultrastructural appearance. It was found that a firm attachment of the human bladder tumor cells occurred within one hour, reached a maximal value within 24 hours and was followed by flattening and proliferation of the plated cells. These results indicate that prevention of tumor implantation should be initiated in the first hour after transurethral resection of the bladder tumors. This assay can be used for the investigation of various treatments to prevent tumor implantation.     

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for in situ transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostatic urethra

A total of 23 patients presenting with multifocal superficial bladder cancer and concomitant in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra (mucosal in 19 and ductal in 4) underwent transurethral resection and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. Median followup was 51.6 months (range 6 to 105 months). Of the 23 patients 13 (48 per cent) had a complete response with a median followup of 43.7 months without recurrence. Progression of some type (local, muscle invasion or metastasis) occurred in 10 patients (44 per cent); none occurred in the prostatic urethra. Median interval free of progression was 55.7 months; 7 of 10 patients required cystectomy for progression or refractory disease in the bladder (prostate negative for transitional cell carcinoma). A trial of complete transurethral resection plus intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is a viable alternative to immediate radical cystectomy for patients with mucosal and/or ductal involvement of the prostatic urethra with in situ transitional cell carcinoma.     

Risk factors for upper tract recurrence in patients undergoing long-term surveillance for stage ta bladder cancer

PURPOSE: While the evidence is clear that patients with carcinoma in situ or high grade T1 TCC of the bladder are at higher risk for developing UUT tumors, the role of imaging the UUT in patients with Ta tumors remains controversial. We hypothesized that the number and frequency of recurrences in patients with Ta disease would allow us to identify a population who should undergo routine UUT surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed our database of 375 patients who underwent resection of a stage Ta TCC between 1975 and 1995. Median followup was 6 years. Patients were stratified according to the presence of an UUT occurrence, rate and timing of superficial recurrences, and grade of the initial bladder tumor. RESULTS: Among the 375 patients 50% had no bladder recurrence, 25% had 1 tumor, 15% had 2 tumors, and 10% had 3 or more tumors. Average time between tumors was 17 months. UUT tumor developed in 13 patients (3.4%) at an average of 22 months after their initial bladder tumor. A high risk group consisting of patients who had 2 or more bladder recurrences recurring within 12 months of each other were at 4.5-fold the risk of UUT tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Stage Ta bladder cancer patients with 2 or more recurrences of bladder tumors with a median of less than 12 months between recurrences are at higher risk for developing an UUT tumor and should be considered for more frequent UUT surveillance.     

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials

PURPOSE: We determine if intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) reduces the risk of progression after transurethral resection to stage T2 disease or higher in patients with superficial (stage Ta, T1 or carcinoma in situ) bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of the published results of randomized clinical trials comparing transurethral resection plus intravesical BCG to either resection alone or resection plus another treatment other than BCG. RESULTS: We identified 24 trials with progression information on 4,863 patients. Based on a median followup of 2.5 years and a maximum of 15 years, 260 of 2,658 patients on BCG (9.8%) had progression compared to 304 of 2,205 patients in the control groups (13.8%), a reduction of 27% in the odds of progression on BCG (OR 0.73, p = 0.001). The percent of patients with progression was low (6.4% of 2,880 patients with papillary tumors and 13.9% of 403 patients with carcinoma in situ, reflecting the short followup and relatively low risk patients entered in many of the trials. The size of the treatment effect was similar in patients with papillary tumors and in those with carcinoma in situ. However, only patients receiving maintenance BCG benefited. There was no statistically significant difference in treatment effect for either overall survival or death due to bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical BCG significantly reduces the risk of progression after transurethral resection in patients with superficial bladder cancer who receive maintenance treatment. Thus, it is the agent of choice for patients with intermediate and high risk papillary tumors and those with carcinoma in situ.     

Short-term versus long-term chemoprevention of recurrence with Epodyl following transurethral resection of superficial urinary bladder cancer

This investigation compares the short and long-term administration of intravesical Epodyl (etoglucid), following transurethral bladder tumor resection. This chemoprophylactic agent was used specifically in the treatment of bladder tumors that displayed different associated tumor risk factors: solitary versus multiple tumors, grade(s) I-III, primary versus recurrent tumors, and the presence of associated dysplasia. Within this study, 114 patients with carcinoma of the bladder underwent primary transurethral resection (TUR), followed in 10 days by short-term intravesical therapy (STIT) or long-term intravesical therapy (LTIT). Short-term intravesical therapy was administered to 56 patients. The therapy consisted of a 1% solution of Epodyl, which was given once per week for 6 weeks. Long-term intravesical therapy was given to 58 patients. This consisted of the short-term intravesical therapy protocol, followed by an additional dose once a month during an observation period of 2 years. The follow-up in both groups was for a minimum of 2 years. When the total number of recurrences in patients receiving (STIT) or (LTIT) was compared, no marked differences were noted (39% vs 38%). However, there was a difference when the individual tumor risk features were compared, e.g. for solitary tumors, the recurrence rate was 67% within the (STIT) group and 43% within the (LTIT). These results demonstrate that the decision of whether superficial bladder carcinomas are to be treated with short- or long-term Epodyl should be based on tumor-associated risk factors. Furthermore, if multiple tumor risk factors are present, maximal therapy is require; in the absence of risk factors TUR alone may be sufficient.