应用大孔树脂吸附分离技术制备地锦草总黄酮的研究

目的研究大孔树脂D_A201和D₁₀₁富集地锦草总黄酮的工艺条件和参数。方法以总黄酮含量为指标,采用正交试验设计,考察D_A201和D₁₀₁富集地锦草总黄酮的工艺条件。用分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。结果D_A201精制的最佳工艺为:90 mL浓度约0.65 mg·mL^-1的溶液(pH 7)上柱,吸附流速2 BV·h^-1,洗脱剂为40%乙醇(pH 7),洗脱流速2 BV·h^-1。D₁₀₁精制的最佳工艺为:100 mL浓度约0.65 mg·mL^-1溶液(pH 7)上柱,吸附流速4 BV·h^-1,洗脱剂为40%乙醇(pH 9),洗脱流速2 BV·h^-1。通过D_A201和D₁₀₁精制工艺,平均吸附率分别为83.38%和88.57%,平均洗脱率分别为89.28%和87.21%,洗脱液干燥后的总固物中总黄酮平均含量分别为14.48%和20.18%,分别高于原上样液总固物黄酮含量(8.49%和8.71%)。结论D_A201和D₁₀₁对地锦草总黄酮都有良好吸附分离性能,而D₁₀₁综合性能更好。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化鹿药总皂苷和总黄酮的研究

目的优化鹿药总皂苷和总黄酮成分的大孔吸附树脂分离纯化最佳工艺。方法以总皂苷和总黄酮为考察指标,对大孔吸附树脂的类型以及样品溶液的质量浓度、pH值、洗脱剂的体积分数、用量进行了优化,同时对大孔吸附树脂的重复性、使用周期进行考察。结果优选出D101大孔吸附树脂作为富集、纯化总皂苷和总黄酮的上柱树脂;获得D101大孔吸附树脂柱层析各项优化参数,即上样液质量浓度为1.5g生药.mL-1(其中皂苷质量浓度为6.52mg.mL-1,黄酮质量浓度为4.81mg.mL-1),上样液pH为4.0～5.0,依次用8BV水、4BV体积分数30%乙醇和4BV体积分数70%乙醇以2BV.h-1的流速洗脱,收集体积分数70%乙醇洗脱液。结论优选出的工艺稳定可行。     

大孔吸附树脂分离精制莲菊感冒胶囊工艺

目的:探索用大孔吸附树脂分离精制莲菊感冒胶囊制备工艺。方法:以脱水穿心莲内酯、穿心莲内酯、35,-O-二咖啡酰基-奎宁酸为考察指标对6种大孔树脂进行筛选,并采用正交试验对选定的大孔树脂分离精制工艺条件进行优化,最后再对解吸附条件等进行考察。结果:选择D101大孔吸附树脂分离精制效果较好,上样吸附流速2 BV.h-1(2倍柱体积/h),依次用1BV水和3 BV的70%乙醇洗脱,洗脱流速为2 BV.h-1。结论:D101型大孔树脂适用于莲菊感冒胶囊分离精制工艺,脱水穿心莲内酯、穿心莲内酯3、5,-O-二咖啡酰基-奎宁酸的转移率均大于90%,总固体物减少60%以上,达到去除杂质、富集有效成分的目的。     

AB-8大孔吸附树脂纯化葛根总黄酮

目的 研究AB-8大孔吸附树脂分离纯化葛根总黄酮的工艺条件.方法 以葛根素、葛根总黄酮为指标,对上样相对质量浓度、流速、上样量、水洗脱用量、乙醇洗脱浓度、乙醇用量及树脂再生前使用次数进行考察.结果 上样相对质量浓度:0.20 g·mL-1,流速:3 BV.h-1,上样量:2.5 BV,水洗脱用量:2.0 BV,乙醇洗脱浓度:70%,乙醇用量:2.5 BV,树脂再生前可使用3次.总黄酮和葛根素的纯度分别可达65%和27%.结论 AB-8大孔吸附树脂分离纯化葛根总黄酮的工艺条件可用于葛根中总黄酮的精制.     

大孔树脂纯化胡柚皮总黄酮的工艺研究

目的 研究胡柚皮总黄酮的大孔树脂纯化工艺。方法 通过对8种不同型号大孔树脂进行静态吸附与解吸实验,优选合适的大孔树脂,并优化分离纯化条件。结果 HPD-300型大孔树脂对胡柚皮总黄酮有较好的吸附和洗脱效果,其最佳分离纯化条件为：pH 4.00,3.83 mg.mL-1的质量浓度上样,上样量为5 mL.g-1,上样体积流量为2 BV.h-1,依次用2 BV的水洗脱,4 BV 70%乙醇洗脱,洗脱剂的流速为2 BV.h-1。经HPD-300树脂处理后的总黄酮质量分数达76.22%,收率为93.94%。结论 HPD-300型大孔树脂用于富集胡柚皮总黄酮效果最佳,是一种理想的分离纯化介质。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化柴胡总皂苷工艺研究

目的以柴胡皂苷a含量为指标,考察柴胡总皂苷的最佳分离纯化工艺。方法建立柴胡皂苷a的HPLC测定法,色谱柱为ODS-C18柱(150×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇:水(70:30),流速为1mL.min-1,检测波长为210nm。以柴胡皂苷a为指标,比较不同型号大孔树脂对于柴胡总皂苷的分离纯化能力,对吸附流速、洗脱溶剂及用量、洗脱流速进行考察。结果柴胡皂苷a在50～250μg.mL-1的范围内,浓度与其峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9991),平均加样回收率为99.22%,RSD=1.07%(n=6)。确定D101大孔树脂为柴胡总皂苷的纯化材料,其最佳工艺条件是吸附流速为1BV.h-1,洗脱溶剂为70%乙醇,用量为5BV,洗脱流速为2BV.h-1。柴胡总皂苷精制品中柴胡皂苷a含量可达到3%左右。结论该含量测定方法操作简便、重复性好,可用于测定柴胡总皂苷精制品中柴胡皂苷a的含量。D101大孔树脂分离柴胡总皂苷工艺稳定可行,树脂可重复利用,对于柴胡总皂苷的分离精制具有良好的应用前景。     

大孔树脂分离纯化独一味总黄酮的工艺研究

目的 研究大孔树脂分离纯化独一味总黄酮的工艺条件与技术参数.方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定山栀苷甲酯和8-0-乙酰山栀苷甲酯的含量,紫外分光光度法测定独一味中总黄酮的含量.结果 D-101树脂对独一味总黄酮的富集效果最好.吸附条件为药液质量浓度1 g/mL,原液室温上样,吸附流速3 BV/h,洗脱剂为70%乙醇,洗脱流速5 BV/h,洗脱剂用量为10 Bv.结论 试验工艺稳定、可行.     

枇杷叶总黄酮的纯化工艺及抗氧化活性研究

目的 优选枇杷叶总黄酮分离纯化的工艺条件,考察枇杷叶总黄酮抗氧化活性。方法 考察不同型号大孔树脂吸附洗脱能力,及大孔树脂、聚酰胺、硅胶对枇杷叶总黄酮的纯化能力,选择最佳分离纯化工艺,并采用ABTS自由基清除试验对黄酮提取物进行抗氧化活性评价。结果 D101树脂对枇杷叶总黄酮的吸附性能最好,最佳纯化工艺为D101树脂每1g上样相当于1.5g原药材样液,水、10%乙醇、40%乙醇、90%乙醇分别洗脱,洗脱流速为80mL？h-1（12BV？h-1）,收集40%乙醇部分经D101大孔树脂同样条件二次洗脱,收集40%乙醇洗脱液得总黄酮提取物。提取物对ABTS自由基有较好的清除作用。结论 D101大孔树脂重复吸附是分离纯化枇杷叶总黄酮的理想方法。枇杷叶总黄酮具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

利用大孔树脂从葛根中分离纯化总黄酮

目的筛选分离葛根总黄酮的最佳树脂,并对影响分离的各种因素进行系统的研究,使纯化工艺达到最优。方法采用静态与动态的吸附-解吸两种方法,利用紫外可见分光光度计测量葛根总黄酮的含量,研究不同大孔吸附树脂及其不同的工艺条件对总黄酮分离纯化的影响。结果 SP70分离效果最好,其最佳工艺为药液浓度0.5 g·mL-1(相当于原生药)、pH为5 -6、以2 BV·h-1速率进行上样,上样量为60 BV,以5 BV的70%乙醇、2 BV·h-1的流速进行洗脱,效果最佳。经SP70处理后的葛根总黄酮的含量可达80%以上。结论大孔吸附树脂SP70分离纯化总黄酮效果较好,适合工业生产。     

大孔树脂精制杭白菊总黄酮的上样条件研究

目的优选D-101大孔树脂精制杭白菊总黄酮工艺中的最佳上样条件。方法将影响树脂吸附性能的3个因素上样量、流速和pH设计成3因素3水平试验,采用L9(34)表正交试验,以树脂吸附总黄酮含量、乙醇洗脱总黄酮含量和固体总黄酮含量为评价指标,选择最佳条件。结果确定最佳上样条件为上样量20 mL、pH为5、流速2 BV/h。结论该最佳上样条件可应用于大孔树脂精制杭白菊总黄酮的上样条件研究。     

大孔吸附树脂对芎汤乙醇提取液的吸附与解吸附性能考察

目的考察4种不同极性类型的大孔吸附树脂对芎劳汤乙醇提取液的吸附、解吸附性能。方法以阿魏酸为指标，采用高效液相色谱法测定，分析4种不同极性类型大孔吸附树脂对芎劳汤乙醇提取液的静态吸附、静态解吸附、动态解吸附性能。结果D101型、DM301型、DS401型大孔吸附树脂的静态吸附效果较好，DM301型、DA201型树脂的静态解吸附率较高，D101型树脂的动态解吸附效果最好。结论D101型大孔吸附树脂是纯化芎劳汤乙醇提取液的理想树脂。     

莲子心生物碱树脂法分离纯化工艺研究

目的筛选适用于分离纯化莲子心生物碱的大孔吸附树脂。方法考察吸附性能较好的D101、AB-8、DA2013种大孔吸附树脂对莲心碱的吸附能力及洗脱参数,并用HPLC定量分析了莲心碱的量。结果 D101树脂对莲子心中生物碱有较好的吸附分离效果。先用水洗除杂,再用6倍树脂体积、乙醇体积分数为80%、pH3的洗脱剂洗脱,浓缩干燥,产品中莲心碱的质量分数为10.2%、产品收率为24.6%。结论该工艺简单可行,分离效果好,适合莲子心生物碱的分离纯化。     

水蛭活性肽的纯化工艺

目的：对水蛭活性肽进行纯化,并对水蛭活性肽进行树脂纯化条件考察。方法：采用DA201-C大孔吸附树脂进行极性分离,后经D201阴离子交换树脂进行电荷分离,最终得到纯化的水蛭活性肽组分。结果：DA201-C大孔树脂,上样肽浓度20 mg·mL^-1,流速1.0 BV·h^-1,依次用25%乙醇、50%乙醇和75%乙醇溶液洗脱,各洗脱部位得率及活力较高,但总体活性成分被分散,以上各洗脱部位经D201离子交换树脂,pH 4.0,上样肽浓度30 mg·mL^-1,流速3.0 BV·h^-1,分别用2.5%氯化钠的25%乙醇、2.5%氯化钠的50%乙醇、2.5%氯化钠的75%乙醇溶液洗脱,2.5%氯化钠的25%乙醇和2.5%氯化钠的50%乙醇洗脱部位有明显的抗凝活性,经过分析性RP-HPLC验证后,基线平稳,各组分分离度良好。结论：经DA201-C大孔树脂和D201离子交换树脂纯化后的水蛭活性肽,2.5%氯化钠的25%乙醇和2.5%氯化钠的50%乙醇洗脱部位活力较高,分离度好。     

黄芪中黄芪总皂苷的大孔树脂纯化工艺研究

目的优选出分离纯化黄芪中黄芪总皂苷的最佳工艺条件。方法采用动态吸附-解析法,用超高效液相色谱法测定黄芪甲苷的含量,优选出最佳纯化条件。结果 D101树脂对黄芪总皂苷的纯化最优,以2BV/h吸附速率吸附,5BV70%乙醇以3BV/h的流速进行洗脱效果最佳,黄芪甲苷的精制度为446.28%。结论 D101大孔吸附树脂可用于黄芪总皂苷的纯化。     

Antidepressant-type effects of endogenous enkephalins protected by systemic RB 101 are mediated by opioid delta and dopamine D1 receptor stimulation.

The role of endogenous enkephalins in behavioural control in mice was investigated by i.v. injection of RB 101 (N-[(R,S)-2-benzyl-3[(S)(2-amino-4- methylthio)butyl dithio]-1-oxopropyl]-L-phenylalanine benzyl ester). RB 101 is a recently reported systemically active mixed inhibitor prodrug of the two enzymes which metabolize the enkephalins neutral endopeptidase 24.11 and aminopeptidase N. RB 101 (2.5-10 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent long-lasting hyperlocomotion and attenuated the conditioned suppression of motility in mice placed in an environment where they had received footshocks 24 h before. In addition, RB 101 decreased the duration of immobility in the forced swim test. All these actions of RB 101 were antagonized by the selective delta antagonist, naltrindole, supporting the preferential involvement of delta opioid receptors in these enkephalin-controlled behavioural responses. The effects induced by RB 101 were also suppressed by prior administration of the selective dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, but not by the D2 antagonist, sulpiride. Attenuation of the conditioned suppression of motility was associated with increased striatal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)/DA ratios, both effects being antagonized by naltrindole. This latter compound is also efficient to inhibit the effect of imipramine in the mouse forced swim test. Taken together, these results support the occurrence of tonic and phasic controls of mood-related behaviour by endogenous enkephalins through delta and D1 receptor stimulation and suggest a possible future use of these mixed inhibitors as new antidepressants.     

分离纯化野马追总黄酮精制工艺中大孔树脂的筛选方法

目的筛选野马追总黄酮的精制工艺中分离纯化效果最好的大孔吸附树脂。方法以总黄酮含量为评价指标,考察静态吸附、解吸附、动态洗脱性能等参数,对D101型、D201型、D301型、D401型等大孔吸附树脂吸附分离纯化野马追总黄酮进行评价。结果D301型大孔吸附树脂静态饱和吸附量为18.48mg.g-1;在60%、80%乙醇中静态解吸附率为83.66%和85.36%,乙醇洗脱时动态解吸附率为93.70%,综合性能较好。结论D301型大孔吸附树脂综合性能最好,适合野马追总黄酮的精制。     

The effects of dopamine D3 agonists and antagonists in a nonhuman primate model of tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a serious complication of antipsychotic dopamine (DA) antagonist treatment, has been hypothesised to develop due to a dominant DA D1 relative to DA D2 receptor function. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies implicate the DA D3 receptor in TD. The present study examined the role of the DA D3 receptor in relation to the DA D1/D2 imbalance hypothesis of TD in nonhuman primates. Eight Cebus monkeys displaying mild to severe TD due to previous chronic exposure to DA D2 antagonists were acutely injected with SKF 81297 (DA D1 agonist) 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, pramipexole (DA D3>D2 agonist) 0.025-0.1 mg/kg, CIS-8-OH-PBZI (DA D3 agonist) 5-10 mg/kg and SB-27701-A (DA D3 antagonist) 1-5 mg/kg and rated for oral dyskinesia. SKF 81297, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, exacerbated TD. Pramipexole and CIS-8-OH-PBZI reduced SKF 81297-induced TD, while SB-27701-A had no effect. When administered alone, SB-27701-A increased TD relative to placebo, while pramipexole and CIS-8-OH-PBZI had no significant effect. Pramipexole did, however, ameliorate TD in those monkeys with severe TD. These results point towards a role of the DA D3 receptor in TD, but indicate that the DA D2 receptor may also play an essential role.     

大孔树脂提取沙苑子总黄酮工艺研究

目的从AB-8、HPD-100、D101、X-5、NKA-9、LSA-20、LSA-30、D201、SP70、ZTC-1十种大孔树脂中筛选提取中药沙苑子总黄酮的最佳树脂并优化其提取工艺条件。方法利用静态吸附法确定最佳吸附树脂,利用动态吸附法优化其工艺条件。结果 X-5树脂对沙苑子总黄酮有较好的吸附和解吸附性能,其优化工艺条件为:0.2g生药/mL水溶液上20cm×1.6cm层析柱,吸附速率为1.0mL.min-1,用6BV水洗脱杂质,6BV 70%乙醇洗脱得总黄酮。结论本提取工艺所得总黄酮纯度高,可为大规模提取提供重要参考。     

Estimates of the theoretical maximum daily intake of erythorbic acid, gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in Italy: a stepwise approach

The three recent EU directives which fixed maximum permitted levels (MPL) for food additives for all member states also include the general obligation to establish national systems for monitoring the intake of these substances in order to evaluate their use safety. In this work, we considered additives with primary antioxidant technological function for which an acceptable daily intake (ADI) was established by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF): gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and erythorbic acid. The potential intake of these additives in Italy was estimated by means of a hierarchical approach using, step by step, more refined methods. The likelihood of the current ADI to be exceeded was very low for erythorbic acid, BHA and gallates. On the other hand, the theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) of BHT was above the current ADI. The three food categories found to be main potential sources of BHT were “pastry, cake and biscuits”, “chewing gums” and “vegetables oils and margarine”; they overall contributed 74% of the TMDI. Actual use of BHT in these food categories is discussed, together with other aspects such as losses of this substance in the technological process and percentage of ingestion in the case of chewing gums.     

D2 receptor partial agonists: treatment of CNS disorders of dopamine function

A remarkable diversity of psychiatric and neurological disorders have been associated with dysfunction of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and restless legs syndrome (RLS). In such disorders, transmission in discrete DA pathways may range from hypoactivation to hyperactivation of DA receptors, particularly those of the D(2) subtype, providing the rationale for treatment approaches that activate or block D(2) receptors, respectively. However, full agonists or pure D(2) receptor antagonists may not be optimal therapeutic approaches for their respective disorders for a number of reasons, including an inability to restore the aberrant DA pathways to a normal level of basal tone. D(2) receptor partial agonists (D(2)PAs) are proposed to stabilize activity in DA pathways by dampening excessive (and/or by restoring deficient) D(2) receptor stimulation thereby shepherding DA neurons back to a desired level of basal activity. Stabilizing aberrant DA activity without disrupting non-dysfunctional DA neurons may provide a potentially improved approach for treating DA disorders. The status of DA D(2)PAs and their potential application to schizophrenia, BD, PD, and RLS is reviewed. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports the idea that dysfunctions of D(2) receptors contribute to these CNS disorders. Diseases in which both hyper- and hypofunction of DA pathways are present may be particularly promising, and challenging, targets for D(2)PAs. Furthermore, different DA disorders may respond optimally to D(2)PAs with differing levels of intrinsic activity, with "DA deficiency" diseases responding more effectively to higher intrinsic activity D(2)PAs than "DA hyperactivation" diseases. Overall, current evidence supports the conclusion that D(2)PAs have significant potential as improved CNS therapies relative to classic full agonists and antagonists at D(2) receptors.