乙酰肝素酶与头颈部肿瘤的侵袭和转移

乙酰肝素酶是迄今发现惟一能裂解细胞外基质内蛋白多糖主要成分-硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖（HSPG）的内源性糖苷内切酶，通过调节细胞和基质中的硫酸乙酰肝素来改变与硫酸乙酰肝素结合的各种生物活性因子的活性，促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移，是目前抗肿瘤治疗研究的焦点。而乙酰肝素酶促进头颈部肿瘤的侵袭和转移也正逐渐被人们认识。     

以乙酰肝素酶为靶点治疗肿瘤的研究进展

乙酰肝素酶是目前发现的哺乳动物细胞中唯一能切割细胞外基质中硫酸肝素蛋白多糖侧链的导致患者肿瘤死亡的主要原因是通过肿瘤侵袭与转移引起的,不断完善肿瘤细胞侵袭转移的因素,和对其有效阻断是治内源性糖苷酶,参与许多病理及生理的过程。本文对乙酰肝素酶与肿瘤侵袭、转移的关系及其靶点的肿瘤治疗等方面进行综述,旨在为乙酰肝素酶为靶点治疗肿瘤提供一些线索。     

以乙酰肝素酶为靶点治疗肿瘤的研究进展

乙酰肝素酶是目前发现的哺乳动物细胞中唯一能切割细胞外基质中硫酸肝素蛋白多糖侧链的导致患者肿瘤死亡的主要原因是通过肿瘤侵袭与转移引起的,不断完善肿瘤细胞侵袭转移的因素,和对其有效阻断是治内源性糖苷酶,参与许多病理及生理的过程.本文对乙酰肝素酶与肿瘤侵袭、转移的关系及其靶点的肿瘤治疗等方面进行综述,旨在为乙酰肝素酶为靶点治疗肿瘤提供一些线索.     

肝素酶在肿瘤转移中的作用

肝素酶（heparanase）是一种能降低细胞表面硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（heparan sulfate proteoglycans,HSPG）的内切糖苷酶。它参与细胞表面细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）的降解和重塑,促进多配体蛋白聚糖1（syndecan1）的合成和释放;它在内涵体和溶酶体等细胞器中具有管家基因的功能,广泛表达于人类的肿瘤细胞中,在侵袭型的动物肿瘤细胞中也过度表达,因此它的过度表达被认为能促进肿瘤的浸润与转移。最近的研究显示,肝素酶能释放硫酸乙酰肝素依赖的生长因子并能产生大量有活性的硫酸乙酰肝素片段,破坏、降解细胞外基底膜屏障,促进肿瘤细胞扩散和转移,并加快血管生成,对肿瘤患者的预后造成了不利的影响。现在,越来越多的肝素酶抑制剂（PI88、肝素、肽类、硫酸昆布多糖、RNA干扰和苏拉明等）正在被开发出来,并显示出良好的前景。深入研究肝素酶在肿瘤转移和调节中的作用可能会带来肿瘤治疗的新手段。     

胃癌组织中乙酰肝素酶表达的研究进展

乙酰肝素酶是目前发现的哺乳动物细胞中唯一能切割细胞外基质中硫酸肝素蛋白多糖侧链的内源性糖苷酶,越来越多的实验表明乙酰肝素酶在胃癌组织中高表达,能够促进胃癌的转移,检测胃癌组织中的乙酰肝素酶对患者预测预后有一定的临床意义。     

乙酰肝素酶--癌细胞浸润、转移的一个关键酶

癌症成为人类致命的疾病,不仅在于癌细胞的生长失去控制,更在于其具有转移能力,而转移癌细胞通常是真正的杀伤细胞.癌细胞的转移,即其进入血管以及再穿出血管进入其它组织,必须穿过细胞层以及环绕在细胞层外的稠密基质.细胞外基质和血管基底膜中含有大量硫酸类肝素,可以封阻癌细胞移动.乙酰肝素酶(heparanase, hpa)是一个关键胞外基质降解酶,它降解硫酸乙酰肝素和乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖上的聚糖侧链,在肿瘤浸润和转移中起重要作用.     

乙酰肝素酶对乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤的影响

乙酰肝素酶是一种哺乳动物的13-D-葡萄糖醛酸内切酶,是一种细胞外基质降解酶。细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）和基底膜（basement membrane,BM）的构成主要为结构蛋白和糖胺聚糖,乙酰肝素酶主要通过降解糖胺聚糖主要成分乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（heparan sulfate proteoglycan,HSPG）上的聚糖侧链硫酸乙酰肝素（heparan sulfate,HS）进而降解细胞外基质和基底膜,在乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤的浸润和转移中起重要作用。     

乙酰肝素酶在肿瘤侵袭、转移及治疗作用中的研究进展

细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）和基膜（basement membrane,BM）是肿瘤细胞侵袭及转移的屏障。糖氨聚糖是此屏障的主要成分之一,它的主要成分为硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（heparan sulfat eprotoglycans,HSPGs）。乙酰肝素酶（heparanase,Hpa）是1种内源性糖苷内切酶,     

乙酰肝素酶抑制剂的研究进展

肿瘤细胞的扩散和转移有两个必不可少的过程,包括新血管的生成和肿瘤细胞穿越由细胞外基质和血管基底膜组成的屏障.乙酰肝素酶在这两个过程中发挥着重要的作用,在肿瘤的转移和增殖中扮演着不可或缺的角色,目前以乙酰肝素酶为靶点的肿瘤治疗受到越来越多的关注,有关乙酰肝素酶的抑制剂的研究已为寻找有效的抗癌药物提供了一个新的方向.本文就目前已有的乙酰肝素酶抑制剂,包括肝素及其类似物、硫酸寡聚糖及寡聚糖类似物、抗乙酰肝素酶中和抗体、靶向乙酰肝素酶基因RNA干扰以及一些相关的天然药物进行综述.     

乙酰肝素酶用于肺癌治疗的研究进展

在我国,肺癌的发病率很高,其中75％ ～ 80％的肺癌为非小细胞肺癌,且确诊时多已为进展期或者发生远处转移.手术治疗、放疗和化疗是肺癌最常见的治疗方法,但是疗效欠佳.目前研究发现乙酰肝素酶在肿瘤的侵袭、转移中起重要作用,针对乙酰肝素酶的靶向治疗为非小细胞肺癌的治疗提供了新的方向.本文综述了乙酰肝素酶的表达调控机制、分子生物学活性及靶向治疗研究进展.     

Cytologic classification of precancer and cancer of the endometrium and esophagus and of malignant lymphomas

The paper discusses cytological classifications of precancer and cancer of the endometrium, esophagus and malignant lymphomas presented by cytologists from five Soviet research institutes of oncology. The classifications were based on the data of 4400 cases in conformity with WHO histologic classifications.     

E-钙粘蛋白及PTEN基因编码蛋白与胃癌浸润转移

目的:观察抑癌基因PTEN蛋白和ECD在胃癌组织中的表达,探讨其与胃癌生物学行为及预后的关系。方法:以兔抗人PTEN多克隆抗体、鼠抗人ECD单克隆抗体,采用SABC免疫组化法,检测100例胃癌手术切除标本中拟测指标的表达。以χ2和Logrank检验对结果做统计学分析。结果:ECD、PTEN蛋白在非癌胃粘膜中均见表达;在胃癌组织中表达下调或缺失。ECD异常表达率为42.0%;弥漫型胃癌异常表达率(48.57%),明显高于肠型胃癌(26.67%),(P<0.05);ECD异常表达与浸润深度有关(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中PTEN蛋白缺失率为59%;弥漫型胃癌缺失率(65.71%)明显高于肠型胃癌(43.33%),(P<0.05);伴淋巴结转移的胃癌缺失率(64.47%)明显高于无淋巴结转移者(41.67%),(P<0.05);PTEN蛋白缺失的患者比阳性表达者预后差(P=0.0066)。65.85%PTEN阳性表达者同时伴ECD正常表达。结论:两种标志物与胃癌浸润转移有关,PTEN表达与胃癌患者预后密切相关。将两种指标联合检测,可作为正确判断胃癌患者预后,指导临床治疗的分子生物学指标。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

世界卫生组织骨质疏松症防治工作报告和防治建议

引 言 作为对第51号综合处理非传染性疾病预防与控制的世界卫生组织决议的反应,1998年7月WHO成立了致力于不断完善对骨质疏松预防和治疗策略的工作小组。小组成员来自世界各国致力于骨质疏松研究的知名专家。Harry K.Genant为本届主席。这一项世界范围内的骨质疏松教育计划旨在通过世界范围的研究,不断改善对骨质疏松的诊断水平和发展并完善对骨质疏松病人的合理治疗。其重点将以发展中国家为主。并为各国政府及其卫生部门和病人群体提供世界性有关骨质疏松症的总体的、完整的指导性资料。该项研究、教育计划的实施将由世界各国的骨质疏松症研究和治疗机构共同完成,并经权威学术机构、政府和非政府组织进行有针对性的回顾研究,最终由WHO审议通过。     

Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers

BACKGROUND: Frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in many observational studies. METHODS: We prospectively investigated the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of colon and rectal cancers in two large cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (88 764 women) and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (47 325 men). Diet was assessed and cumulatively updated in 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1990 among women and in 1986 and 1990 among men. The incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum was ascertained up to June or January of 1996, respectively. Relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated with the use of pooled logistic regression models accounting for various potential confounders. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: With a follow-up including 1 743 645 person-years and 937 cases of colon cancer, we found little association of colon cancer incidence with fruit and vegetable consumption. For women and men combined, a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98-1.05). A difference in vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.03 (95% CI = 0.97-1.09). Similar results were obtained for women and men considered separately. A difference in fruit consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR for colon cancer of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.89-1.03) among women and 1. 08 (95% CI = 1.00-1.16) among men. For rectal cancer (total, 244 cases), a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.02 (95% CI = 0.95-1.09) in men and women combined. None of these associations was modified by vitamin supplement use or smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Although fruits and vegetables may confer protection against some chronic diseases, their frequent consumption does not appear to confer protection from colon or rectal cancer.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

Quality of life and care in leukemia, myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives, and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P less than 0.05). Similarly, relatives of decreased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P less than 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P less than 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P less than 0.001). The opinions of patients were similar to those of their relatives. However, the relatives of leukemia patients were even more satisfied with the contact with the medical staff than the patients themselves (P less than 0.05). As many as 10-30% of the relatives never gave up hope for their relative's survival. Only two out of 27 deaths were considered not dignified. The lung carcinoma patients reported a less good quality of life (P less than 0.001), and less satisfaction with the information given (P less than 0.01), than the hematological patients from the same year. Similarly, their attitude to the medical care improved less (P less than 0.01), and they were less content with the general care than the leukemia group (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)