疑似HIV感染者样本抗体筛查蛋白印迹试验及核酸检测结果分析

目的分析HIV WB结果不确定或阴性的疑似HIV感染样本中不同检测方法的检出能力。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月期间75例WB结果为不确定或阴性的疑似HIV感染样本,依据核酸检测和抗体随访结果最终判定受检者的HIV感染状态。样本先使用HIV抗体ELISA、HIV抗体快速检测法(RT)、HIV抗体胶体硒法(CS)和HIV抗原/抗体酶联荧光分析法(ELFA)进行筛查和复核试验,再进行WB抗体补充试验和HIV核酸检测。分析不同筛查方法对疑似HIV感染者的检出水平,并分析WB不确定结果中条带分布及p24抗原/抗体与HIV感染状况之间的相关性。结果本研究中纳入的75例疑似HIV感染样本中最终确证38例HIV感染,37例HIV未感染;35例受检者样本筛查试验和复核试验检测结果均呈反应性时,最终确证33例HIV感染者。21例ELFA法HIV抗原有反应样本,HIV核酸检测结果均阳性,而WB检测结果不确定有19例,阴性2例;47例ELFA法仅抗体有反应样本中,HIV核酸阳性15例,阴性32例,而HIV WB不确定38例,阴性9例;对62例WB不确定条带分析显示仅有1个条带的确证HIV感染阳性率占5/26;2个条带中确证HIV感染阳性率占25/30;而出现3个条带的确证HIV感染阳性率为6/6。结论对疑似HIV感染者样本进行检测时WB出现不确定结果时若条带数越多,提示HIV感染的风险越大。对疑似HIV感染者,即使HIV WB结果为抗体阴性,建议结合HIV筛查试验检测结果或进一步做p24抗原检测或HIV核酸检测,以免出现漏检。     

酶联荧光分析法在HIV感染筛查中的应用

目的分析酶联荧光分析法(ELFA)检测艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性反应样本与蛋白印迹试验(WB)确证结果的相关性,探讨ELFA在HIV感染筛查中的应用。方法回顾2014年6月至2016年3月,杭州市各筛查实验室上送样本中,ELFA检测HIV抗体阳性反应样本2 113例,HIVp24抗原阳性反应样本39例,用WB试验进行确证。比较ELFA阳性反应结果和WB确证结果的相关性,分析ELFA检测HIV抗体不同检测值对WB确证结果的预测性。结果 2 113例抗体阳性反应样本与WB试验结果符合率为98.25%(2 076例)。剔除46例无随访结果的样本,进一步讨论2 067例抗体阳性反应样本,ELFA法检测HIV抗体阳性预测值为97.92%(2 024例)。39例HIVp24抗原阳性反应样本首次WB确证36例(92.31%)为结果不确定,已随访的23例均确证为阳性。结论ELFA检测HIV抗体抗原结果直观,抗体阳性反应样本和WB确证试验有很好的相关性和预测性,是HIV抗体检测S/CO比值替代策略中一种较好的检测方法。     

使用四代HIV抗原抗体试剂筛查联合蛋白印迹或核酸补充实验的检测策略临床评价

目的对使用四代艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗原抗体试剂筛查,联合蛋白印迹试验(WB)或核酸补充实验的检测策略进行临床效果评价。方法第四代HIV抗原抗体检测试剂筛查阳性样本282例,采用第三代HIV抗体检测试剂复检,复检阳性样本进行WB确证,复检阴性样本同时进行WB检测及HIV核酸检测。结果 282例样本,经WB检测HIV抗体阳性195例,占69.1%,阴性71例,占25.2%,抗体不确定16例,占5.7%。71例WB阴性样本,HIV核酸检测阳性5例。16例WB不确定样本,经核酸检测阳性11例。四代阳性+三代阳性样本206例中,WB确认为HIV抗体阳性195例,占94.7%;9例不确定样本的WB带型主要为p24gp160。四代阳性+三代阴性样本76例,WB检测HIV抗体阴性69例,其中5例经核酸检测为阳性,核酸值均1×106拷贝/mL。结论四代阳性+三代阳性样本,WB确证阳性符合率高;四代阳性+三代阴性样本,WB检测存在漏检的问题,需要补充核酸试验确证。WB不确定样本,核酸检测可以实现早期诊断的目的。     

一种条带免疫印迹试剂用于HIV抗体确证的效果评价

目的评估一种条带免疫印迹试剂确证艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体的效果。方法用蛋白印迹试验(WB)和条带免疫印迹试剂(LIA)平行检测1 035份标本,按照各自的说明书判断结果,对检测结果进行比较和分析。结果总体上,两种试剂检测的一致率为95.3%,对经过确证的640份HIV抗体阳性标本(含2份HIV-1O组和2份HIV-2标本)的检测的结果完全一致。在339份WB试剂判断为阴性的标本中,LIA试剂有5份(1.5%)为不确定结果,而在362份LIA试剂判断为阴性的标本中,WB试剂有28份(7.7%)为不确定结果(χ~2=15.29,P0.001)。在初次检测的341份标本中,确证了17份为HIV抗体阳性,考核试剂检测5份为不确定,12份为阳性。结论 LIA试剂显示出非特异反应暨不确定结果少的优势,可考虑用于HIV抗体的常规确证,并在实际应用中不断改进完善。     

HIV抗体WB确证实验的替代策略研究

目的利用艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体筛查实验的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和快诊检测结果与蛋白免疫印迹试验（WB）的组合,对HIV感染与否进行确证,避免单一WB确证实验的＂不确定＂结果,区别WB实验中＂已感染-不确定＂和＂未感染-不确定＂结果,及时精确判定阳性与阴性结果。方法以2007-2013年筛查为＂阳性＂结果的1190例需进一步进行确证实验的所有血清样本为研究对象,包括确证结果为＂阳性＂、＂不确定＂及＂阴性＂者。三种确证结果及实验条带结果均与两种ELISA（高敏感性和高特异性）和两种快诊（胶体硒和胶体金）的联合检测进行比对分析。结果 1190例HIV抗体待复查标本中,确证试验为阳性的930例样本,两种ELISA和两种快诊试验均为阳性;144例确证试验为阴性的血清样本,两种ELISA和两种快诊试验至少有一种为阴性,其中快诊无一例为强阳性;116例确证试验为＂不确定＂者,其中＂不确定-阳性＂样本两种ELISA和两种快诊试验均为阳性（包括强阳性、阳性与弱阳性）,＂不确定-阴性＂样本两种ELISA和两种快诊试验至少有一种为阴性,其中快诊无一例为强阳性。结论两种ELISA与两种快诊的联合运用敏感性、特异性均达到100%（除窗口期）,可以有效区分WB结果的＂感染-不确定＂与＂未感染-不确定＂,建议国家调整艾滋病确证策略,利用HIV抗体筛查试验的联合运用来替代WB的确证试验,既排除了＂不确定＂结果,又节约了大量资源及减少不必要的伤害还可以满足及时精确判定结果。     

安阳市HIV抗体筛查阳性样本确认结果及条带分析

目的了解安阳市艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测中,筛查试验阳性结果的准确性,以便更加合理地开展HIV抗体日常检测。方法按《全国艾滋病检测技术规范》要求进行操作,然后对比分析酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)筛查HIV抗体阳性者与蛋白免疫印迹试验(WB)结果的一致性。结果经两种ELISA试剂筛查HIV抗体呈阳性或一阴一阳的352份血清标本,经WB确认阳性331例,阳性率为94.03%;21例为不确定,占5.97%。WB带型≥7条带的共计328例,占99.09%;6条带的3例,占0.91%。结论艾滋病筛查实验和确认实验结果一致性高。筛查实验存在一定的假阳性,阳性样本必须进行确证实验,对确证实验不确定的样本需进行随访。     

浙江省55例HIV抗体检测不确定结果的随访复检与处理对策

目的分析艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测产生不确定结果的特点,探索HIV抗体不确定的处理对策。方法经HIV抗体蛋白免疫印迹试验(WB)检测结果不确定者作为研究对象,进行随访检测并对结果和相关信息进行分析。结果 2009-2013年,浙江省经WB检测HIV抗体不确定者共计55例,经随访复查,34例确证阳性(61.8%),18例确证阴性(32.7%),3例不确定/失访(5.5%),共有13种带型组合模式。52.9%的研究对象2周随访发生阳转。酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)S/CO值6.0组阳转率高于S/CO值0~6.0组(χ2=11.898,P0.01)。所有核酸检测阳性样品(34例)最后均发生阳转,所有核酸检测阴性样品(16例)最后均未发生阳转(其中1例失访)。结论 WB不确定结果与检测对象的临床状态有关,根据各检测结果的特点,提前或延长随访复检时间、核酸检测和综合流行病学资料分析,有助于不确定结果的解释和对艾滋病的正确诊断。     

病毒载量检测在HIV抗体不确定标本诊断中的应用

目的探讨艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体蛋白印迹试验(WB)结果为不确定的标本,其HIV-1病毒载量检测的情况,为WB结果不确定标本的诊断提供参考依据。方法选取WB结果为不确定的血浆标本,且4周后随访到受检者,采集第二份血浆标本进行WB检测。对首份标本进行HIV-1病毒载量检测。综合对比分析两种方法的检测结果。结果共59例WB结果为不确定的标本。21例后期随访WB结果为阳性的标本中,病毒载量检测结果大于检测限的标本19例,低于检测限(TND)的标本2例。4例随访WB难以确证的标本,通过病毒载量检测做出诊断。34例后期随访WB结果为阴性的标本,其病毒载量结果全部为TND。病毒载量检测对此类标本的敏感性为96.61%(57/59),特异性为100%。结论病毒载量检测对HIV早期感染的诊断具有重要意义,尤其是对孕产妇和WB随访难以判断的标本。对于WB结果出现两条或两条以上核心条带的标本,随访WB阳转和病毒载量浓度较高。但病毒载量TND并不能完全排除艾滋病感染的可能。     

HIV抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ在云南省应用的可行性探讨

目的 评价用艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ检测HIV抗体的可靠性,探讨HIV抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ在云南省应用的可行性.方法 对所有筛查阳性标本同时用替代策略Ⅱ及免疫印迹法(WB)检测,并对检测.结果 进行比较.结果 915份初筛阳性的标本中,两种酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测.结果 阳性且S/CO≥6的有854份,明胶颗粒凝集试验(PA)检测.结果 均为阳性,WB确认为阳性,符合率为100%;两种ELISA法检测.结果 均阳性,但其中1种或2种S/CO在1.0～5.9之间的共有61份,经WB确认检测,其中32份为阳性,28份为不确定,1份为阴性.结论 两种ELISA试剂和第三种高特异性筛查试剂联合检测HIV抗体,可以替代90%以上的WB确认检测.当两种ELISA法检测.结果 S/CO＞6,且第三种高特异性筛查试剂检测.结果 为阳性时,与WB确认检测.结果 符合率是100%;当1种或2种ELISA法检测.结果 1＜S/CO＜6时,三种方法与WB确认检测.结果 符合率仅为52.5%.因此,在使用HIV抗体替代策略Ⅱ时,应同时考虑ELISA法的反应强度(S/CO值)和其他筛查方法的.结果 .在综合考虑了以上因素后,HIV抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ在云南省应用是可行的.     

HIV抗体筛查实验的检测策略评价

目的以蛋白印迹试验（WB）结果为金标准,对实验室的HIV抗体筛查,包括酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和免疫层析快诊实验的检测策略进行回顾性分析与评价。方法参照2004年《全国艾滋病检测技术规范》的要求,对2007-2011年之间HIV抗体初筛呈阳性反应的标本,采用WB进行确证。结果727例HIV抗体复查标本中,确证试验阳性为540例,占筛查阳性总数的74.28％;其中两种ELISA及免疫层析快诊都呈阳性反应的为558例,确诊540例,不确定’18例,与确证试验的阳性符合率为96.77％;其余的ELISA呈阳性反应结果加上快诊结果与WB的阳性符合率为0,其中不确定72例,阴性97例。ELISA结果的1≤S／Co〈3,与确证试验阳性符合率为0.85％;S／Co值在3～6之间,与确证试验阳性符合率为11.11％;S／Co〉6,与确证试验阳性符合率为94.51％。阳性与不确定’、阳性与阴性的S／Co、不确定。的各组之间差异均有统计学意义（P均=0.00）,不确定’与阴性之间差异有统计学意义（P=0.032）;而不确定。组之间差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。结论ELlSA检测试剂存在一定的假阳性,随着S／Co值的增高,与确证试验的阳性符合率也将升高,但是高S／Co值的样本并不代表感染HIV,HIV抗体阳性报告建议以确证试验结果为准;WB确证方法在不确定标本中存在一定的缺陷,快诊与ELISA的联合运用可以有效区分WB结果的感染一不确定与未感染一不确定,建议根据初筛结果,分类做好不确定人群的管理,尤其对两种ELISA及快诊均呈阳性反应的人群,应加大力度做好随访工作,确保无一例漏访。     

一种人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(HIV 1/2)口腔黏膜渗出液检测试剂盒(免疫层析法)的质量评价

目的对广州万孚公司生产的人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(HIV1/2)口腔黏膜渗出液检测试剂盒(免疫层析法),检测不同来源样本的能力进行质量评价。方法分别采集1 183名受检者[包括514名HIV-1感染者、86名乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者、33名丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者、20名梅毒感染者,10名类风湿病人、520名正常人]的血浆样品和口腔黏膜渗出液样品,以广州万孚公司生产的人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(HIV1/2)口腔黏膜渗出液检测试剂盒(免疫层析法)作为考核试剂,以北京玛诺生物制药有限公司的人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体口腔黏膜渗出液诊断试剂盒(胶体金法)和上海科华生物工程股份有限公司的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV1+2)抗体诊断试剂盒(胶体金法)分别作为参比试剂1和参比试剂2。用考核试剂和参比试剂1平行检测口腔黏膜渗出液样品,对来自同一受试者的血浆样本使用参比试剂2进行检测,采用新加坡MP生物医学亚太私人有限公司(MP Biomedicals Asia Pa-cific Pte.Ltd)的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV1+2)抗体免疫印迹试剂盒作为第三方试剂进行复核。评价考核试剂的阳性符合率、阴性符合率、总符合率。结果考核试剂和参比试剂1的阳性符合率为99.61%,阴性符合率为100.00%,总符合率为99.83%;与参比试剂2的阳性符合率为98.06%,阴性符合率为100.00%,总符合率均为99.15%。广州万孚公司人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(HIV1/2)口腔黏膜渗出液检测试剂盒(免疫层析法)对口腔黏膜渗出液样本的敏感性为98.25%(95%CI:97.12%～99.38%),特异性为100%(95%CI:99.91%～100%)。结论考核试剂在口腔黏膜渗出液样本检测HIV抗体的敏感性和特异性较好。     

Diagnosis and Prevalence of HIV-2 Antibodies in Different Population Subsets in The Netherlands

A serum panel obtained from male homosexuals (n = 278); i.v. drug abusers (n = 99), patients attending a VD clinic (n = 390), blood donors who visited Central or West Africa (n = 573), blood donors who had sexual contact with natives from Central or West Africa (n = 38), blood donors from Surinam, South America (n = 481), individuals positive for anti-HIV-1 (n = 94), individuals with indeterminate HIV-1 western blot (WB) reactions (n = 73), African patients with AIDS or AIDS-related symptoms (n = 30), and random Dutch blood donors (n = 555), was tested with HIV-2 ELISA (ELAVIA-2). Of these 2,611 samples, 32 (1.2%) were repeatedly reactive. Antibodies to gp140/105env were found in 4/32 by HIV-2 WB, and in 1/4 by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA). These 4 HIV-2 WB-positive samples were also reactive with gp160/120env in HIV-1 WB, suggesting cross-reactivity. In a spot test with synthetic peptides of the transmembrane glycoprotein of both HIV types, 3/4 were only HIV-1 positive and 1/4 was strongly HIV-2 positive and weakly HIV-1 positive. In inhibition assays with soluble HIV-1 or HIV-2 synthetic peptides in HIV-1 and HIV-2 peptide ELISA, cross-reactivity was excluded, which indicates an HIV variant or HIV-1/HIV-2 double infection. It is concluded that for the moment HIV-2 infection is at low prevalence in risk groups in The Netherlands, and that in addition to WB and RIPA, synthetic peptide assays are useful for differentiation between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies.     

一种唾液快速检测HIV-1/2型抗体试剂的现场评价

目的对一种唾液快速检测艾滋病病毒Ⅰ/Ⅱ型(HIV-1/2)抗体试剂进行现场评价,考核其现场使用的敏感性和特异性,以及与血液HIV-1/2抗体检测试剂的一致性。方法采集247例已知HIV感染者、1 090例正常献血人员、60例患有其它疾病的患者(包括孕妇、肿瘤患者、一般疾病患者),以及109例HCV感染者和119例未知HIV感染状况的吸毒人员的唾液标本,现场使用Vanguard OMTTM唾液HIV-1/2抗体快速检测试剂盒(CalypteBiomedical生产)进行检测,同时平行采集上述人群的血液标本,使用Vironostika HIV Uni-FormⅡplus O(BioMerieux生产)进行对比测试。结果247例已知HIV感染者中,247例唾液标本HIV-1/2型抗体检测均为阳性。1 259例血液酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HIV抗体阴性人群中,1 257例唾液检测为阴性,2例为阳性。119例吸毒人员中,28例血液标本HIV阳性中,唾液标本检出27例。91例HIV阴性中检出阴性90例。该唾液HIV抗体快速检测试剂,敏感性为99.64%,特异性为99.78%。与ELISA检测的一致性为99.75%。结论唾液HIV-1/2型抗体检测试剂与现行的血液ELISA检测结果相近。唾液标本的采集方便而且危险性小,推荐在采血较困难的人群、基层医疗机构、VCT门诊等,可考虑使用唾液HIV-1/2型抗体快速检测试剂进行HIV抗体初筛检测。     

The Karpas AIDS Cell Test compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibody to the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2)

We have compared the Karpas AIDS Cell Test for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Organon Teknika) by testing serum samples from 324 intravenous drug abusers in Turin. The cell test was found to be more sensitive and as specific as the ELISA with the serum samples from the drug abusers. In Lisbon, 30 samples were tested on slides containing cells infected with HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. All 15 samples, which were positive for HIV-2 alone (in the HIV-2 Elavia test and by the Western blotting technique), were also positive in the Karpas AIDS test. In contrast, only one of the 15 samples (7%) gave a positive reading in the ELISA for HIV-1. Results of 30 samples tested in Turin and Lisbon by the Western blotting technique agreed closely with those obtained with the Karpas AIDS Cell Test. We were also able to show that the entire test can be performed at room temperature and completed within 1 hour. Moreover, the cell test requires minimal skill and simple equipment and is inexpensive. It also includes non-infected cells as a control and the specificity of positive samples may be verified with a bench microscope. Furthermore, this test which detects antibodies to both HIV-1 and HIV-2 allows rapid typing of the infecting strain.     

Evaluation of an anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies detection kit based on counting immunoassay

A novel anti-HIV antibody detection kit, by which anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies were detected based on the counting immunoassay using an auto analyser (PAMIA-50), was evaluated. In an examination using 100 samples each of HIV-1 antibody positive and negative sera, either sensitivity and specificity was 100%. This kit was able to detect all antibodies tested including against HIV-1 subtype A to F, E/F, C/E, B/O, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2. However, by one of the commercially available kits, one serum containing anti-subtype A antibody was missed. In other comparative studies with the conventional kits using various commercial available panel sera, the same results were obtained. This method was completed within 15 min and was able to examine many samples at one assay. Therefore, this kit is a useful and reliable one if hospitals or institutions had PAMIA-50 in their clinical laboratory.     

Low prevalence of HIV in high-risk seronegative homosexual men evidenced by virus culture and polymerase chain reaction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of covert HIV-1 infection. SETTING: High-risk seronegative homosexual men from the Pittsburgh portion of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were examined for the presence of HIV-1 infection. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Ten men (group 1) were examined prospectively for the presence of HIV-1 in their freshly-obtained peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Furthermore, cryopreserved PBMC from 26 men (group 2) at their first visit (1984-1985) were examined retrospectively for the presence of HIV-1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PBMC samples from groups 1 and 2 were examined for HIV-1 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gag, env and strong-stop (long terminal repeat) specific primers. In addition, fresh PBMC samples from group 1 were examined for HIV-1 by virus culture. RESULTS: None of the 10 PBMC samples from group 1 were positive for virus culture and PCR. Only one of the 26 men from group 2 was positive for gag and strong-stop DNA sequences. This PCR-positive, seronegative subject was found to be negative for HIV-1 by PCR at follow-up visits up to 48 months later. None of 15 seronegative, low-risk homosexual men and 12 seronegative heterosexual men were found to be PCR-positive for HIV-1. However, six HIV-1-seropositive men were positive by PCR for gag, env, and strong-stop HIV-1 DNA sequences. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a low prevalence of covert HIV-1 infection in high-risk seronegative homosexual men in our geographic area.     

Synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses.

We developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (PIV-ELISA). It is based on the use of two indirect ELISA methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the V3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely SIVcpz/HIV-1 (groups M, O, N, and SIVcpz-gab), SIVmnd, SIVagm, and SIVsm/SIVmac/HIV-2. This strategy was evaluated with panels of sera originating from both humans and nonhuman primates. The human reference panel consisted of 144 HIV Western blot (WB)-positive sera in which the corresponding virus had been genotyped (HIV-1: 72 group M, 28 group O, and 6 group N; HIV-2: 21 subtype A and 10 subtype B; and 7 HIV-1+2) and 105 HIV WB-negative samples. The nonhuman primate reference panel consisted of 24 sera from monkeys infected by viruses belonging to the four lineages included in the PIV-ELISA strategy (5 chimpanzees, 5 macaques, 8 mandrills, and 6 vervets) and 42 samples from seronegative animals. Additional field evaluation panels consisted of 815 human sera from Gabon, Cameroon, and France and 537 samples from 25 nonhuman primate species. All the samples from the two reference panels were correctly detected and discriminated by PIV-ELISA. In the human field evaluation panel, the gp41/36 component correctly identified all the test samples, with 98% specificity. The V3 component discriminated 206 HIV-1 group M, 98 group O, 12 group M+O, and 128 HIV-2 sera. In the primate field evaluation panel, both gp41/36 and V3 detected and discriminated all the WB-positive samples originating from monkeys infected with SIVcpz, SIVagm-ver, SIVmnd-1, SIVmnd-2, SIVdrl, or SIVsun. These results were confirmed by genotyping in every case. Four SIV-infected red-capped mangabeys (confirmed by PCR) were correctly identified by gp41/36, but only two reacted with the V3 peptides in the absence of a specific SIVrcm V3 peptide. Addition of a V3 SIVrcm peptide discriminated all the SIVrcm-positive samples. Fourteen Papio papio samples were positive for SIVsm gp 36 and by WB, but negative by PCR, whereas three Papio cynocephalus samples were positive by gp41/36 but indeterminate by WB and negative by PCR. This combined ELISA system is thus highly sensitive and specific for antibodies directed against HIV and SIV. In addition, the V3-based serotyping results always agreed with genotyping results. This method should prove useful for studies of lentivirus prevalence and diversity in human and nonhuman primates, and may also have the potential to detect previously undescribed SIVs.     

北京市部分男男性接触者STD/AIDS知识、态度、信念、行为调查

目的 了解北京市男男性接触者（MSM）关于性传播疾病／艾滋病（STD／AIDS）的知识、态度、信念、行为情况，为在该人群中开展有针对性的干预工作提供依据。方法 经过培训的访谈员对符合条件的MSM进行一对一的访谈，并留取唾液样本进行艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型抗体（抗-HIV-1）检测。结果 共有481名MSM接受了调查。北京市MSM具有一定的STD／AIDS知识，64．1％的被调查者同时与女性有性接触。近6个月与女性发生阴道交和肛交时每次使用安全套率为27．6％和36．4％，与男性进行肛交或接受肛交时每次使用安全套率为40．1％和38．4％。21％的被调查者自诉患过STD，唾液检测抗-HIV-1阳性率为3．1％。结论 北京市MSM人群中存在着STD／AIDS流行，并有向普通人群扩散的潜在危险。     

HIV—1感染者确认实验带型分析

对169份初筛为HIV阳性的血清进行确认实验,发现166份为HIV—1阳性,2份可疑,1份阴性.阳性反应中,外膜蛋白抗原gp160出现频率最高,为100%;多聚酶抗原p66为97%,核心抗原p24为95.2%,提示这三种抗原为HIV-1感染的重要的标志性抗原.其中有20份样本出现HIV—2型反应条带,感染类型需进一步证实.