心理社会因素与中专学生的自杀行为调查

青少年自杀问题已成为我国的公共卫生问题。自杀意念、自杀计划和自杀企图则是自杀的一种表现形式。心理学认为焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪既是生活事件应激的后果，也是自杀行为较强的预测因素。本研究根据心理学应激理论，评价中专学生3种自杀行为的应对方式、情绪症状，分析多种心理社会因素与自杀关系，以期为预防青少年自杀行为，提高心理健康水平提供科学依据。     

医学生自杀态度与社会支持关系

自杀是我国一个重要的公共卫生问题,是15～34岁人群首例死亡原因[1].研究显示,自杀态度是影响自杀行为的重要因素,是青少年自杀行为的预测因素之一[2].对自杀持理解、认同态度的个体往往具有较高的自杀意念风险[3,4].     

世界卫生组织发布《预防自杀：一项全球要务》

社会、心理、文化和其他因素相互作用可能导致一个人出现自杀行为,但对精神障碍以及对自杀的歧视导致许多人不敢为此寻求帮助。尽管有证据表明很多自杀死亡是可以预防的,但是自杀往往不是政府和决策者优先考虑的重点。近日,世界卫生组织发布了关于自杀的首份报告《预防自杀：一项全球要务》,其目标是将自杀预防提升至全球公共卫生和公共政策议题的优先位置,并提升人们的认识,使其认识到自杀是公共卫生问题。     

青少年自杀行为及影响因素研究

自杀已成为许多国家青少年的主要死因之一,青少年自杀不仅是严重的公共卫生问题,也是值得关注的社会问题。根据目前青少年自杀研究的新进展,本文对青少年自杀行为的分类、特征、流行现状及其影响因素进行概述,为预防青少年自杀和指导心理干预工作提供依据。     

青少年自杀行为影响因素及危机干预的现状

自杀是指有自我意识,自行采取的导致自己死亡的行为,是目前全世界普遍关注的公共卫生问题之一。在我国15～34岁死亡人群中,自杀已成为首位死亡原因。该文对青少年自杀的类型、自杀行为的影响因素以及我国青少年自杀相关行为的干预措施进行综述。     

保护性因素在自杀防护中的作用

自杀是“一个人有意识地企图伤害自己的身体、以达到结束自己生命的行为”,对社会、家庭和自身安全产生了极大危害,已成为全球各国普遍关注的社会和公共卫生问题。1999年Mann等提出自杀的应激-易感模型,认为自杀是应激因素、保护性因素（包括家庭、社会、文化等因素）与个体素质（包括易感性、人格、认知等因素）三者之间相互影响的过程。     

自杀及其影响因素

自杀是由心理冲突而产生的一种自我毁灭性的行为，是蓄意终止自己有意识的生命。自杀行为是有目的、有计划的、蓄意的。据ＨＯ（１９８９年）报告欧洲每年平均自杀死亡率为１７．１／１０万，估计１０倍以上的人有自杀未遂或有自我伤害行为。自杀是人类前１０位死因之一。尤其是青年人，１９９０年有超过１４０万的人自杀死亡，已构成严重的公共卫生问题。本对国内外自杀伤亡的概况、流行病学特症、自杀危险因素及自杀行为的预防和     

自杀的生物医学研究

自杀 (ｓｕｉｃｉｄｅ)存在于人类社会的每一个历史阶段 ,对于任何一个国家或地区来说 ,自杀都是一个突出的社会问题和严重的公共卫生问题。自杀行为的发生发展往往是内在因素与外部因素相互作用的结果 ,与社会学、心理学、伦理学、生物学、精神病学等方面的原因密切相关。1　与遗传学相关的自杀研究遗传因素对自杀行为的发生有着重要的作用 ,国外在这方面的研究已开展五十余年 ,多数学者认为自杀具有家族聚集性。1·1　家系调查　 1982年Ｍｕｒｐｈｙ等发现 6%～ 8%的自杀未遂者有自杀家族史[1] 。Ｒａｉｎｅｒ[2 ] 研究显示自杀者一级亲属…     

中国农村居民自杀问题研究进展

自杀（suicide）是因社会心理冲突而产生的一种自我毁灭行为。自杀作为一种特殊的社会现象，已成为一个严重的社会问题和重要的公共卫生问题。据世界卫生组织估计，2000年全球有将近100万人自杀。在任何一个国家，自杀都是十大死因之一。我国自杀死亡的绝对数字居世界第一，     

辽宁省七城市1988-2000年居民自杀死亡分析

自杀是一个严重的公共卫生和精神问题，是潜在寿命损失的主要原因。由于自杀与地理环境、风俗、民族生活以及社会人文、居民信仰有密切的关系，自杀死亡率的地区分布存在差异。随着市场经济的不断深化，我国东北地区的重工业城市经历了很大的兴衰变化。为了解自杀对辽宁省城市居民生命的影响及其特点，我们对1988—2000年辽宁省城市死亡统计年报资料进行分析．     

Suicide prevention: a vital national public health issue

Suicide continues to be a major public health problem in the United States, with 30,000 deaths per year. The suicide rate, which hovers around 10-12/100,000, has remained virtually unchanged over the past three decades. In 1999 the Surgeon General proposed a national plan to serve as a roadmap toward developing a comprehensive national suicide prevention strategy. The key features of this plan were encapsulated in the acronym AIM, Awareness, Intervention and Methodology, to define the relevant components of a national strategy. This refers to increasing public awareness of the problem of mental illness and suicide, providing increased access to treatment and prevention resources and developing improved research methodologies. Despite the overall numbers, suicide is a low base-rate event, which makes studying intervention and prevention strategies very difficult, as very large subject samples are required for meaningful outcome assessments. Suicide prevention and prevention research have received substantially fewer public resources than many other medical conditions, and apparent public health risks such as bioterrorism. It is for this reason that a comprehensive, national public health based suicide prevention program is required.     

The physician's role in suicide prevention: lessons learned from a public awareness campaign

The suicide rate in Minnesota has increased every year since 2000, making suicide a serious public health problem. In the spring and summer of 2009, the nonprofit organization Suicide Awareness Voices of Education (SAVE) launched a public awareness campaign targeting four populations at high risk of suicidal behavior and suicide: adult men, seniors, teens, and American Indians. The goals of the campaign were to increase awareness about suicide in general and to let people know how they could help someone who may be at risk. In their evaluation of the campaign, researchers found a need to provide physicians and other health care professionals with appropriate information about suicide and resources that are available for those who may need help.They also learned the importance of engaging physicians in planning future campaigns.     

1988-2009年哈尔滨市区居民自杀死亡分析

目的探讨哈尔滨市区居民自杀死亡特征、分布规律和对居民健康的影响,为制定自杀防制策略提供依据。方法采用回顾性调查研究的方法对哈尔滨市区1988-2009年居民自杀资料进行统计分析。结果自杀是哈尔滨市区居民意外伤害死亡的第2位死亡原因,标化死亡率为5.12/10万,男女性别比为1.25∶1。结论尽管哈尔滨市区居民自杀死亡率有下降趋势,但自杀死亡仍是哈尔滨市一个严重的公共卫生问题,应予以重视和控制。     

The effect of national suicide prevention programs on suicide rates in 21 OECD nations

Suicide has become a serious and growing public health problem in many countries. To address the problem of suicide, some countries have developed comprehensive suicide prevention programs as a collective political effort. However, no prior research has offered a systematic test of their effectiveness using cross-national data. This paper evaluates whether the national suicide prevention programs in twenty-one OECD nations had the anticipated effect of reducing suicide rates. By analyzing data between 1980 and 2004 with a fixed-effect estimator, we test whether there is a statistically meaningful difference in the suicide rates before and after the implementation of national suicide prevention programs. Our panel data analysis shows that the overall suicide rates decreased after nationwide suicide prevention programs were introduced. These government-led suicide prevention programs are most effective in preventing suicides among the elderly and young populations. By contrast, the suicide rates of working-age groups, regardless of gender, do not seem to respond to the introduction of national prevention programs. Our findings suggest that the presence of a national strategy can be effective in reducing suicide rates.     

The cultural context of suicide stigma in Taiwan

In the ethnographic study on which this article is based, the authors investigate experiences after a suicide attempt from the perspective of patients and their family members in Taiwan. Thirty-four patients and 49 family members or colleagues participated in interviews from the point of patients' hospitalization to their return to the community. The postsuicide stigma suffered by patients and their families was based on such cultural themes as Suicide is bu-hsiao (non-filial piety), Suicide results in an inability to transmigrate the soul, and Suicide is inherited. Patients, family members, and colleagues cope with the stigma through explaining suicide as due to "bad luck" or "a kan-huo (hot energy) problem," or by insisting that it was "not a true suicide." These findings suggest that health professionals can move closer to patients and their families and suggest appropriate health care policy through understanding the patient's and the family's explanation of suicide experiences.     

Suicidal Behaviour on Subway Systems: A Review of the Epidemiology

Suicide on subway systems is a public health challenge that has been reported in urban centers worldwide. Our objective was to analyze studies of suicide on subway systems, develop a profile of characteristics that are suggestive of association with suicides or attempts, and show how this profile can inform prevention. A literature review involving epidemiology studies and studies relating to subway suicide was conducted. Twenty-eight studies were included in this review. Across studies, characteristics were not often assessed for risk factor status, although several characteristics were remarkably similar. Those attempting suicide on the subway appear to be affected by serious mental illness and have contact with mental health services before the suicidal behavior. Several characteristics may be shared among this population, emphasizing the potential for prevention in clinical and public health domains. Well-designed studies that utilize robust data collection and statistical methods are needed to establish the risk status associated with these characteristics.     

Practice of trauma and emergency units in delivering care to youth who attempt suicide--experiences from Provence

Suicide attempts (SA) represent a significant public health problem and raise questions wih respect to the best, most appropriate methods for triage and the delivery of care. A prospective investigation to evaluate the quality of SA health care was carried out over a three month period within 18 hospitals having an emergency care unit. A total of 393 youth having attempted suicide were triaged and treated by these establishments during the period of the survey, with a large majority of them being girls (77%). Medicinal intoxication was the most often used method (85.1%). The criteria and regulations relating to the initial health care provided upon the patient's arrival were most followed, contrary to those concerning hospitalisation modalities and preparation for release following treatment. Factors explaining the implementation of these criteria were related to the type of emergency unit, the presence of a mental disorder and the duration of the patient's hospitalisation. These results show that several aspects of health care provided to young suicide attempters should be improved in Provence.     

The interrelation between organophosphate toxicity and the epidemiology of depression and suicide

The literature on an association between organophosphate (OP) toxicity and depression or suicide is scarce. An interrelation exists among populations exposed to OPs, acute OP toxicity, neurobehavioral effects, depression, suicide, and fatality. Acute OP toxicity is characterized by the cholinergic syndrome with systemic and central nervous system effects. Organophosphate-induced neurobehavioral effects result in depression. A potential risk of depression and suicide exists in farm workers exposed to OPs. The sociodemographics of depression include age, gender, race, geographic region, social factors, economics, psychiatric disorders, medical conditions, and hereditary factors. Suicide is a major consequence of depression, with multiple sociodemographic risk factors. Developing countries have a higher incidence of OP toxicity, with limited information on the prevalence of depression. In these countries, the incidence of suicide is high, affecting more females. Suicide is more prevalent in rural areas, and in farming communities, commonly with ingestion of OPs. In industrialized countries, the incidence of OP toxicity is lower, but the prevalence of depression is higher. Suicide rates are lower in industrialized countries, affecting more males, the urban population, and farming communities. Other lethal methods of suicide, such as hanging, firearms, electrocution, and drug overdose are more common in industrialized countries. A potential risk of depression or suicide certainly exists from OP toxicity, largely depending on the epidemiology or sociodemographics of these disorders. Scientific evidence shows that the association between environmental toxicology and psychiatry has important public health implications.     

The Challenge of Suicide Prevention

Suicide is a global phenomenon. It is estimated that 0.5–1.2 million people worldwide die by suicide each year. Taking into account the global epidemiologic data concerning suicide and the economic impact of this phenomenon on diverse societies, this review aims to examine national suicide prevention strategies. Recognition of suicide as an international public health problem, increased reporting by countries on suicide rates to the WHO, and recognition of the costs (associated with suicide) to society have been crucial influences on the establishment of national strategies. Past reviews on national suicide prevention strategies highlight the fact that those countries with established national strategies share a number of themes relating to intervention. These are grounded in international guidance on suicide prevention and accepted epidemiologic and treatment-based research. This paper highlights comparative rates of suicide around the world, explores the economic implications of suicide and the nature of specific established national strategies for prevention. This paper highlights the urgency for the development of national suicide prevention strategies in all countries. Clearly, countries can learn from each other and integrate established, shared themes. It is argued that nations need to move towards nation-specified prevention strategies with effective structures for research, monitoring, and evaluation. This has been seen in countries such as Finland and New Zealand, where strategies have been effective in building inter-agency working and so benefiting different stake-holders.