颌面部爆炸伤软组织缺损早期修复的实验研究

目的：研究颌面部爆炸伤软组织缺损早期修复的可行性。方法：15只犬随机分为A（6h)组，B（72h）组。采用雷管爆炸模拟爆炸性武器产生的冲击波，滑膛枪发射钢珠模拟爆炸破片，在同步系统控制下致犬左咬肌区破－冲复合伤软组织缺损。A组伤后6h初次清创后组织缺损立即用组织瓣游离移植修复，B线伤后72h二次清创后同样方法修复，观察术后皮瓣成活情况。结果：A组3次均失败。B组12例，成功9例，皮瓣成活率75％。结论：颌面部爆炸伤软组织缺损经初期清创，72h二次扩创早期修复是可行的，吻合血管游游组织瓣移植是早期修复该种缺损的有效方法之一。     

前臂皮瓣即刻整复口腔癌术后缺损方法的改进

目的 探讨前臂皮瓣即刻整复口腔癌术后缺损方法的改进。方法 收集本院1989年8月～2000年8月间用前臂游离皮瓣即刻整复口腔癌术后软组织缺损的患者47例。对该手术方法的改进进行分析和总结。结果 手术成功率100％。应用前臂桡侧皮瓣30例,尺侧（肌）皮瓣17例;吻合动静脉比例为1∶2.55。结论 口内缺损采用前臂真皮瓣修复;血管吻合尽量采用套接法;可只吻合皮瓣浅静脉;尽量保持颈外静脉主干完整性,采用侧支吻合;尽量缩短皮瓣缺血时间;尽量减少皮瓣及血管损伤;血管危象应尽早发现处理。     

43例前臂游离皮瓣在颌面软组织缺损Ⅰ期修复中的应用

目的探讨前臂游离皮瓣的血供特点及临床疗效。方法对43例口腔肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损即刻前臂皮瓣修复患者的临床资料进行分析和经验总结。结果本组随访3~24个月,43例皮瓣完全成活,成功率100%。结论皮神经、浅静脉营养血管网与真皮下及深筋膜血管网经穿动脉相互联系,是皮瓣存活的解剖基础。前臂皮瓣游离移植是修复口腔颌面软组织缺损的理想方法。     

微血管吻合器在头颈部游离皮瓣移植动脉吻合中的初步应用

目的 探讨在头颈部缺损游离皮瓣移植手术中应用微血管吻合器吻合动脉的可靠性。方法 选择2013—2014年间行游离皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤切除后缺损的患者21例,分别采取腓骨肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、前臂皮瓣同期修复缺损。动脉均采用微血管吻合器做端-端吻合,动脉吻合共应用21枚吻合器,观察其吻合时间及吻合后血管通畅情况。结果 21例患者术中吻合口均通畅无渗血;1例于术后第1天因皮瓣苍白行手术探查,术中见动脉血栓形成,重新行手工吻合,吻合后血管通畅。应用吻合器吻合时间较手工缝合明显缩短,平均约4~6 min。结论 微血管吻合器在适宜情况下可用于头颈部缺损游离皮瓣修复中的动脉端-端吻合,能够明显缩短吻合时间,操作简便,吻合质量可靠。     

两种血管吻合方式对游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中皮瓣成活的影响

目的比较国产73-Ⅱ型血管套接器与普通血管缝合两种血管吻合方式对游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中皮瓣成活的影响。方法根据不同的血管吻合方式将2005年10月至2012年1月间本院63例应用游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的患者分为两组,血管套接组（n=32）修复时采用国产73-Ⅱ型血管套接器吻合动脉及静脉,普通血管缝合组（n=31）采用血管缝线吻合血管,比较两组病例血管吻合时间,术后皮瓣危象发生率、皮瓣成活率,以及患者面部外形、面部功能恢复情况。结果血管套接组、普通血管缝合组血管吻合时间分别为（15.66±8.76）分钟、（65.55±15.14）分钟,两组吻合时间有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。两组共移植组织瓣63例,术后发生皮瓣危象3例,成活61例,皮瓣危象发生率4.76%,总成活率为96.83%。血管套接组移植游离组织瓣32例,术后发生皮瓣危象1例、成活31例,皮瓣危象发生率3.13%、成活率96.88%;普通血管缝合组移植游离组织瓣31例,术后发生皮瓣危象2例、成活30例,皮瓣危象发生率6.45%、成活率96.77%。两组术后皮瓣危象发生率、皮瓣成活率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。所有患者的创口均一期愈合。所有患者面部外形恢复良好、舌体运动、咬合关系及吞咽功能基本正常。结论游离组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损安全有效,患者面部外形、功能恢复满意。术中血管套接和普通缝合吻合血管的方法,术后皮瓣危象发生率和皮瓣成活率基本相同,但血管套接法吻合速度快、易于掌握,临床上需根据具体病情,结合患者自身经济条件进行选择。     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

小腿内侧皮瓣在口腔颌面部术后缺损修复中的应用

目的：评价小腿内侧皮瓣在口腔颌面软组织缺损修复中的价值。方法：对2例累及舌腹部及下颌舌侧骨板的口底鳞癌．行原发灶根治术及保留颏部下缘的颏部截除术：4例舌癌均行原发灶根治术．术中保留下颌舌侧牙龈，未行下颌骨骨段切除术：2例颊部鳞癌患者行保留下颌骨下缘的原发灶根治术；8例患者均行颈淋巴清扫术．术中解剖出面动脉、颈外静脉和颈前静脉，再根据口腔缺损的范围制备相应大小及形状的皮瓣，皮瓣以胫后动、静脉为蒂。将皮瓣的胫后动脉与面动脉吻合，将皮瓣的胫后静脉与颈外静脉（或颈前静脉）吻合．然后将皮瓣与缺损区边缘严密缝合。结果：8例小腿内侧皮瓣均获得成功，口内、外伤口愈合良好，修复效果良好，覆盖于小腿内侧皮肤缺损区的皮片全部成活。结论：小腿内侧皮瓣适用于舌、口底、颊部及面颈部软组织缺损的修复。口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织缺损．可利用携带部分比目鱼肌的小腿内侧皮瓣进行修复。     

游离皮瓣移植术(综述)

游离皮瓣,又称带血管蒂岛状皮瓣或带血管蒂游离皮瓣的移植术,此为用显微外科微血管吻合技术,将皮瓣蒂部血管与受皮区血管吻合,一次手术远处移植,来修复因外伤、肿瘤切除后以及某些畸形的软组织缺损。只要受皮区无严重感染,有较大的动脉和静脉伴行供皮瓣蒂部血管吻     

前臂皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损75例临床分析

目的总结前臂皮瓣用于口腔颌面部修复的经验,对前臂皮瓣的用途,应用方法,成败因素等加以分析和讨论.方法2001年2月至2004年9月,应用前臂皮瓣游离移植修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损75例,其中,男性50例,女性25例;年龄32～81岁,除一例为其他原因造成的面部软组织缺损外,均为口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤术后组织缺损,常规切取前臂皮瓣并即刻修复缺损;结果75例前臂皮瓣成活73例,修复成功率为97.3%.所有病例均为即刻修复.制取的前臂皮瓣面积最大为10 cm×8 cm,最小为5 cm×3 cm,平均面积为7.5 cm×5.5 cm,血管蒂最长约11cm,平均长度为9 cm.3例出现血管危象,1例抢救成功,2例失败.结论前臂皮瓣游离移植是目前修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的较理想的选择.口腔恶性肿瘤切除后的修复,尤其是颊癌,应用前臂游离皮瓣移植修复的效果要优于传统的游离皮片移植等修复方法.     

带血管蒂小腿外侧皮瓣游离移植修复口腔颌面软组织缺损的临床研究

目的　评价带血管蒂小腿外侧皮瓣游离移植修复口腔颌面软组织缺损的临床应用价值。方法　1999年 11月~2002年12月对21例口腔颌面部肿瘤患者应用小腿外侧皮瓣游离移植修复其术后软组织缺损。手术采用血管吻合。其中7例为携带肌肉的肌皮瓣移植。采用游离小腿外侧皮瓣,最大12 cm×8 cm,最小5·0 cm×3·5 cm。结果　术后皮瓣20例成活,1例皮瓣坏死,皮瓣成活率为95·24%。术后19例颌面部外形恢复及张闭口语音功能达到满意或较为满意,1例因皮瓣面积不足,外形恢复欠佳。结论　带血管蒂的游离小腿外侧皮瓣具有血管蒂长、管径粗、组织量大、成活率高、供区隐蔽等优点,是口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建的最佳方法之一。     

穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损重建的应用进展

穿支皮瓣是口腔颌面-头颈部软组织缺损修复的一项新技术,是显微外科的新发展。穿支皮瓣保留了供区的肌肉,明显减少了供区畸形的发生。但是穿支血管细小且存在变异,术前血管定位技术的应用和术中细致的显微血管解剖吻合技术是皮瓣移植成功的重要基础。本文对股前外侧皮瓣、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣和胸背动脉穿支皮瓣等常用穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复的应用进展予以综述。     

Mangement of a cheek fistula associated with false ankylosis

A 14-year-old boy presented with a Grade II left cheek fistula and inability to open the mouth following gangrenous stomatitis in early childhood. The treatment of the patient by multistaged reconstruction of the cheek defect is discussed. A large turnover flap was used for the lining, a technique which obviates the need for a second lining flap, and thus eliminates the disfigurement of a donor site. Also, it uses the healthy skin that would otherwise have been discarded in the creation of mucosal flaps.     

The Use of Bipaddled Submental Flap for Reconstructing Composite Buccal Defect

Reconstruction of full-thickness buccal defect is challenging as two linings need to be addressed. Either two different flaps or double-paddle for one free flaps are necessary for this defect. The prolonged operation might not be tolerated by patients because of advanced age or medical comorbidity. A 77-year-old gentleman, with significant medical comorbidity, presented with a 4.0 × 4.5 cm ulcerative mass due to squamous cell carcinoma arising from the left buccal mucosa. The tumor extended to the left cheek skin. There was no palpable neck node. CT scan did not show any bony erosion or suspicious neck node. Full-thickness resection of the tumour was undertaken. For the full-thickness buccal defect, a bi-paddled pedicled submental flap after de-epithelialization of the flap skin was used for both the cutaneous and mucosal resurfacing. The flap survived completely and patient recovered smoothly. The surgery is simple and operation time is much shorter than free flap reconstruction. This modified utilization of submental flap simplifies the closure of complicated oro-facial wound.     

Adding versatility to the reconstruction of intraoral lining: opened pocket method

Reconstruction of a full-thickness cheek defect, especially one associated with a large lip and oral commissure defect, remains a challenge. After tumor excision, replacement of the oral mucosa is often necessary. The oral mucosa is a thin, pliable lining. Because the skin of the forearm is ideally suited for replacement of oral lining, being thin, pliable, and predominantly hairless, the radial forearm flap is the most frequently used soft-tissue flap for this purpose. In addition, the vascularity of the area allows substantial variation in the design of the flap, both in relation to its site and size. On the other hand, the radial forearm flap might be unusable in some occasions, such as in the case presented here. Thus, a search for an alternative free flap is required. We used a prefabricated scapular free flap to reconstruct a large concomitant lip and full-thickness cheek defect resulting from perioral cancer ablation. We introduce a new "opened pocket" method for reconstruction of the intra-oral lining without folding the flap. Resection of the tumor resulted in a defect including 45% of the upper lip, 50% of the lower lip, and a large, full-thickness defect of the cheek. The resultant defect was temporarily closed with a split-thickness skin graft. Meanwhile, the left scapular fasciocutaneous flap was prefabricated for permanent closure of the defect. The left scapular flap was outlined horizontally, and the flap orientation for the defect was estimated. Then, the distal portion of the flap was harvested and incised to create lips and oral commissure. Afterward, the raw surface under the neo-lip regions and the base where the flap was raised was grafted with one piece from a thick, split-thickness skin graft. Fourteen days later, the patient was taken back to the operating room for reconstruction of the defect with free transfer of a prefabricated scapular fascia-cutaneous flap. The grafted distal region of the flap was raised with the deep fascia located under the graft. Thus, a pocket was obtained. The flap was placed in the defect for final tailoring. Mucosal defect was evaluated to decide where the pocket was to be opened. Then, the grafted fascial portion of the flap was incised from the free edge to the neocommissure. Consequently, lower and upper lip mucosa were achieved by opening the pocket. The prefabricated flap was adapted to the defect with the appropriate sutures. The superior thyroid artery and internal jugular vein were used as recipient vessels. The postoperative period was uneventful. There were no healing problems of the suture lines of the opened pocket, and both labial sulci were quite adequate. The patient was able to resume a soft diet 10 days after the operation. She also had a satisfactory oral competence and an acceptable appearance, without microstomia. Despite its disadvantages, prefabrication can make the scapular fascia-cutaneous flap suitable for reconstruction of a large, concomitant lip and full-thickness cheek defect when other more appropriate flaps are not available. The opened pocket method appears not only to add flexibility to the restoration of the intra-oral lining but also reduces the stress resulting from free flap adaptation.     

Outcomes of anastomotic venous flow couplers in head and neck free flap reconstruction – five-year experience in a single centre

Flow couplers for venous anastomosis, which enable the invasive monitoring of free flaps during the postoperative period with a continuous venous signal audible immediately after completion of the anastomosis, have been reported to be reliable, sensitive, and specific as anastomotic flap monitoring adjuncts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and outcomes of surgical exploration, and the impact on free-flap survival of the venous anastomotic flow coupler for microvascular head and neck reconstruction in a consecutive series of patients. This is a retrospective review of consecutive patients treated in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery who underwent reconstruction of a head and neck defect using venous anastomosis with a flow coupler-vascularised free flap between October 2015 and December 2020. A total of 189 patients had free-flap reconstruction of head and neck defects. We compared the venous flow coupler group (n = 72) with patients who had free flaps with hand-sewn anastomoses over the same period (n = 117). There were no false positive/negatives associated with the flow coupler as an implantable flap monitor. The flow coupler cohort had a significantly higher flap salvage rate compared with free flaps that were monitored clinically (p = 0.04). The venous flow coupler has been shown to be a reliable microvascular anastomotic and invasive flap monitor that enables accurate and timely detection of flap compromise and prompt, successful free-flap salvage.     

Preliminary report of the use of a microvascular coupling device for arterial anastomoses in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction

Our aim was to record our preliminary use of a microvascular coupler for arterial anastomoses with free flap transfer in the reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects in 45 patients with defects that were repaired with anterolateral thigh, fibular, and radial forearm flaps. The microvascular coupler was used for both the venous and the arterial anastomoses. The site of the defect, type of flap, recipient artery, duration of operating time for the anastomosis, size of coupler, and survival of the flap were recorded and analysed. A total of 45 consecutive patients had microsurgical reconstructions in the head and neck, including 16 radial forearm, 18 fibular, and 11 anterolateral thigh free flaps. The sizes of coupler required ranged from 1.5-2.5 mm, with most flaps (n = 30) requiring a 2.0 mm coupler. The mean (SD) operating time for arterial anastomoses was 7 (2) mins. One arterial crisis occurred during an operation, and required a sutured anastomosis instead. There were no complications related to the technical performance of the coupler. The coupler is reliable for arterial anastomoses of free tissue transfers in reconstructions of the head and neck. With proper selection of vessels and enough experience in using the microvascular coupler, it may be used in an expeditious, safe, and reliable fashion with minimal morbidity. Though not common, the use of the coupler for arterial anastomoses saves a lot of time, and is a viable alternative to a sutured anastomosis.     

双皮岛游离腓骨瓣修复口腔颌面部复合缺损

目的探讨双皮岛游离腓骨瓣在口腔颌面部复合缺损修复中的可靠性和应用价值。方法2000年9月至2003年2月完成的12例双皮岛游离腓骨瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例，分析缺损的类型、所采用腓骨瓣的设计、皮岛的大小、血供来源、皮岛的作用、皮岛的成活情况及并发症的发生情况。结果12例腓骨瓣中，9例用于下颌骨缺损的修复，3例用于上颌骨缺损的修复，24块皮岛均由腓动脉的隔皮穿支供血，其中10块皮岛用于口内缺损的修复，6块用于口外缺损的修复，4块用于组织充填，2块用于鼻腔粘膜缺损的修复，2块用于腓骨瓣血供的监测。全部游离组织瓣均获得成活，无一例发生坏死和部分坏死，全部24块皮岛均获得100％成活，受区和供区总的并发症发生率为33．3％。结论双皮岛游离腓骨瓣提高了游离腓骨瓣的修复效能和效果，在口腔颌面部复合缺损的修复中具有很大的灵活性，其安全可靠，制备简便，供区并发症少，值得进一步推广和应用。     

前臂游离皮瓣一期整复口腔内软组织缺损方法的研究

目的 :探讨前臂皮瓣修复口内软组织缺损的特点及技巧。方法 :搜集整理我科 1981年 7月至 1999年 9月间用前臂皮瓣一期整复口腔内软组织缺损 12 6例临床资料 ,对该手术的特点及技巧进行分析和总结。结果 :手术总成功率 99.2 1%。应用前臂桡侧皮瓣 81例 ,尺侧 (肌 )皮瓣 45例 ;吻合动静脉比例为 1∶1.93。结论 :血管套接法优于缝合法 ;尽量多吻合静脉 ;减少皮瓣血管损伤 ;甲硝唑预防血管手术后感染效果显著