国产封堵器治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损的临床研究

目的:报道使用国产封堵器介入治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损(VSD)的体会.方法:嵴内型VSD患者15例,行介入封堵治疗,根据缺损上缘距主动脉右冠瓣距离分:≥0～＜1 mm(A组)、≥1～＜2 mm(B组)、≥2～≤3mm(C组),依此制定封堵策略,选择封堵器和封堵方式.结果:①15例患者封堵成功率100%,无并发症发生;②15例嵴内型VSD患者A组3例,B组8例,C组4例;③根据缺损口大小及分组分别使用零偏心型、偏心型、对称型封堵器均封堵成功;④改良猪尾导管在嵴内型VSD封堵术中效果显著.结论:国产封堵器介入封堵嵴内型VSD安全、有效、并发症少、费用低,可作为有封堵适应证VSD患者的首选.     

应用小腰大边封堵器封堵多出口膜部瘤型室间隔缺损

目的:评价国产小腰大边封堵器封堵多出口膜部瘤型室间隔缺损(VSD)的可行性、安全性和疗效。方法:选择69例多出口膜部瘤型VSD患者,经左心室造影证实右心室面均有多个出口。其中29例患者选用普通对称封堵器进行封堵(A组);40例患者选用小腰大边封堵器进行封堵(B组)。2组患者分别根据膜部瘤大小、形态、位置及膜部瘤组织粘连牢固程度,置入相应型号的普通对称封堵器或小腰大边封堵器,封堵后15min重复左心室造影和经胸超声心动图检查(TTE),观察封堵的即刻效果。术后连续心电监护5d。2组患者均于术后1、3、6个月定期心电图、TTE检查。结果:A组成功封堵19例,术中并发左、右束支传导阻滞各1例,1例术后造影示少量残余分流(<3mm),1个月后超声复查无残余分流,另10例因封堵器未能完全覆盖多发缺损口或封堵器引起心室流出道狭窄而换用小腰大边封堵器封堵成功;B组40例患者均一次封堵成功,3例术后造影示少量残余分流(<3mm),1个月后超声复查无残余分流,术中并发左、右束支传导阻滞分别为3例和2例。结论:经导管应用国产小腰大边封堵器封堵多出口膜部瘤型VSD疗效可靠,成功率高,并发症少,与普通对称封堵器相比有明显的优势。     

膜部瘤型室间隔缺损介入封堵治疗的临床研究

目的通过使用国产室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect,VSD）封堵器封堵合并膜部瘤的室间隔缺损,总结及探讨如何安全有效地对该类患者进行内科介入封堵治疗。方法选择2010年1月1日至2013年10月31日广州军区广州总医院收治的47例心内科患者,通过超声心动图、左心室造影术等检查明确诊断为膜部瘤型VSD,同时分析缺损位置、VSD两端内外口径大小、膜部瘤破口数目等。47例患者VSD左心室面口内径为（8．8±3．1）mm,右心室面口内径为（6．9±2．9）mm。所有患者均采用深圳先健科技有限公司研制的膜部VSD封堵器。结果44例患者介入封堵成功,成功率93．6％,介入手术时间（53.5±8.3）min,X线曝光时间（22．2±8．3）min,住院时间7～14d,随访3～6个月均无一例出现残余漏或超过轻度的瓣膜反流、传导阻滞等现象。3例因合并多处破口未封堵成功,建议行外科手术治疗。结论应用VSD封堵器治疗膜部瘤型VSD疗效可靠、操作简便、使用安全,长期疗效需进一步随访观察。     

室间隔膜周部缺损封堵术前后的彩超观察和分析

目的:评估彩色超声心动图(彩超)在膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵治疗前后的应用价值。方法:158例膜周部室间隔缺损患者实施了经导管封堵术。封堵器为国产的镍钛合金制成的双盘片结构封堵器。经胸壁彩超获取心脏切面图像。平均VSD缺损为(5.86±2.96)mm,最小为3mm,最大为17mm。封堵器直径为4～20mm。结果:158例中153例VSD成功封堵,成功率96.8%。未成功的5例中,3例因导管未能通过VSD处,2例因封堵器放置后引起主动脉反流而放弃封堵治疗。153封堵成功的VSD彩超定位准确:包括膜部35例;嵴下型72例,隔瓣后型46例;其中嵴下型VSD的缺损上缘距主动…     

经胸右心室穿刺封堵术治疗室间隔缺损

目的:总结外科微创非体外循环下经胸右心室穿刺室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术的临床经验。方法:取19例VSD患者行微创非体外循环、食管超声(TEE)指引下经胸右心室穿刺VSD封堵治疗。膜周部VSD14例,干下型VSD3例,肌部VSD1例。缺损直径2.5～12(5.49±2.90)mm,膜周部VSD中2例形成膜部瘤。手术方法采用全麻,根据VSD位置选择切口位置,干下型VSD患者选择左侧胸骨旁第Ⅱ肋间切口,其余患者均选择胸骨正中中下1/3切口。TEE指引下安放VSD封堵器来封堵VSD。封堵器较缺损范围大1～2mm,干下型缺损选择偏心封堵器。结果:1例干下型VSD因封堵器释放后TEE显示主动脉瓣反流增加,经调整位置后无明显改善,遂改行常规体外循环修补VSD。其余18例封堵成功,其中16例应用等边封堵器,2例应用偏心(0mm)封堵器(均为干下型VSD),封堵器直径5～12mm,术后呼吸机辅助时间均小于5h,平均住院时间约为5d。所有封堵成功患者均未输血,术后第2天常规口服阿司匹林3mg.kg-1.d-1(最大100mg/d)。全组均未出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞及残余分流等并发症。结论:外科微创非体外循环下经胸右心室穿刺VSD封堵...     

用国产封堵器治疗膜部室间隔缺损62例效果评价

目的通过采用国产封堵器介入治疗62例室间隔缺损(VSD)患者,评价国产封堵器介入治疗VSD疗效。方法在经胸超声、X线监测、左心室造影指导下,采用国产封堵器介入封堵治疗。患者平均年龄(4.9±3.7)岁;膜部室间隔缺损平均大小(5.9±2.1)mm。结果62例VSD患者中,60例封堵获成功(成功率96.8%),术后无封堵器移位、脱落、溶血等并发症。结论国产封堵器封堵室间隔缺损成功率高(96.8%),与进口封堵器封堵室间隔缺损效果相似(93.1%),且费用低,符合国情,易于普及。     

经导管封堵治疗膜部瘤型室间隔缺损的初步临床分析

目的探讨应用国产封堵器经导管封堵合并膜部瘤型室间隔缺损(ventricularseptaldefect,VSD)的临床疗效。方法共12例膜周部VSD合并膜部瘤形成患者,男5例,女7例,平均年龄16.4±10.7岁(3—45岁)。采用国产对称型室间隔缺损封堵器在透视及超声监测下进行VSD封堵术,术后即刻行左室造影、升主动脉造影及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查验证即刻疗效,术后24小时、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月行心电图、TTE、X线胸片随访复查。结果 11例患者封堵成功,技术成功率91.6%(11/12),其中包括漏斗状膜部瘤5例,菜花状膜部瘤3例,囊袋状膜部瘤3例。1例囊袋状膜部瘤患者因封堵后仍有直径3mm的中量残余分流,放弃封堵。11例患者中7例术后即刻达到完全封堵;4例术后即刻造影及TTE检查显示少量残余分流,24h后超声检查证实残余分流消失3例,另1例1个月复查时残余分流消失,总完全封堵率达100%。1例患者术后新出现完全右束支传导阻滞,1例患者术后24h出现交界性逸博心律,2天后恢复正常,余无其他严重并发症发生。11例患者平均随访10.2±5.2个月(3~18个月),无封堵器移位、晚发心律失常等并发症发生。结论应用国产封堵器对合并膜部瘤型膜周部室间隔缺损进行介入封堵治疗是可行的,近期临床效果满意。     

室间隔缺损介入治疗后并发封堵器移位的原因分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗室间隔缺损（VSD）发生封堵器移位的原因和预防措施。方法介入治疗后封堵器移位患者4（男3,女1）例,3例为膜周部VSD伴膜部瘤,1例为嵴内型VSD,缺损直径分别为13、12、12和10mm,所选用的封堵器分别为16、12mm国产对称型膜部VSD封堵器,14mmAmplatzer膜部VSD封堵器和14mm国产偏心型膜部VSD封堵器。结果4例均一次性封堵成功。术后即刻均无残余分流。2例在术后4和12h分别发生溶血,超声心动图检查封堵器位置无明显变化,但均有明显残余分流。经药物治疗后,溶血恢复正常,残余分流消失。1例术后第4天,心电图检查为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,超声心动图发现封堵器明显向囊袋出口移位。转心脏外科手术取出封堵器并修补缺损,术后患者Ⅲ度AVB恢复。1例嵴内型VSD术后2周,超声心动图发现封堵器向右心室移位,有明显残余分流。随访4个月残余分流减少。结论VSD封堵治疗后,封堵器移位与缺损的病理解剖特性有关。多发生在伴有膜部瘤的膜部VSD和嵴内型VSD。     

心血管介入治疗室间隔膜部缺损的临床分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗室间隔膜部缺损(VSD)的可行性、方法及疗效。方法 30例室间隔膜部缺损患者,男18例,女12例,年龄在10~57(27.2±11.5)岁。术前心脏超声检查确诊为膜周部缺损VSD,缺损直径2~8(4.6±1.6)mm,缺损上缘距主动脉瓣2~5(2.7±0.8)mm。30例患者均于术中先行左心室造影,5例合并存在膜部膨胀瘤,且其中1例同时合并两处室间隔缺损,29例患者确定适合行膜部VSD封堵术。结果 28例均应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗成功,1例存在两处室间隔缺损合并膜部膨胀瘤者,建议外科手术治疗;1例合并膜部膨胀瘤患者封堵后存在明显分流封堵未成功。成功病例随访9~48个月,经胸超声心动图检查提示封堵器位置稳定,无残余分流,无相关并发症发生。结论在严格选择适应证和有熟练操作技巧的条件下,心血管介入治疗膜部VSD是一项操作安全、疗效可靠的治疗方法,具有创伤小,恢复快等优点。     

国产封堵器封堵多出口的膜部瘤型室间隔缺损51例分析

目的 探讨用国产室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵器经导管闭合多出口的膜部瘤型室缺的可行性、安全性和疗效,并总结其技术难点和临床策略.方法 自2008年3月至2012年3月,我院采用国产室间隔缺损封堵器对51例多出口的膜部瘤型VSD行封堵治疗,年龄2～ 36岁.封堵前常规行左心室造影,并测量左室面破口直径为4 ～ 14 mm,平均为(8.7±4.5)mm;右室面均有多个出口,最大破口直径4 ～12 mm平均为(6.8±3.5) mm.根据膜部瘤大小、形态、位置置入不同类型的国产封堵器,封堵后15 min重复造影和经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查并于术后1、6个月随访复查胸片、超声心动图、心电图.结果 根据左室造影的不同形态,将VSD膜部瘤分为漏斗型、囊袋型、菜花型、弯管型4种类型,其中51例多破口的菜花型和囊袋型VSD患者中,术后发生少量残余分流4例,其中3例48小时后消失,1例1个月随访时亦消失.术后2例出现完全性右束支传导阻滞,2例完全性左束支传导阻滞,一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞1例,出院前均恢复.左室舒张末压力(LVEDP)由封堵前的(13.4±4.3) mmHg下降为封堵后的(8.6±3.3)mmHg,下降明显(t=5.34,P＜0.001).左室舒张末经(LVEDD)由封堵前的(48.1±5.3)mm下降为封堵后的(45.7±5.3)mm,下降明显(t=3.85,P ＜0.05).结论 经导管采用国产VSD封堵器治疗多出口的膜部瘤型室间隔缺损疗效可靠、安全性好、并发症少,技术关键是通过对膜部瘤的位置、形态、破口大小及膜部瘤组织牢固程度判断封堵部位及选择合适的封堵器.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.