新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎影响因素分析

目的分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响因素,为临床制定防治措施提供参考。方法选取2017年6月-2019年6月温州医科大学附属第一医院收治的172例机械通气患儿,分为呼吸机相关性肺炎组(研究组)和非呼吸机相关性肺炎组(对照组)。比较两组一般资料,采集呼吸机相关性肺炎患儿气道分泌物,进行痰液培养,分析病原学特点。结果 172例新生儿中,呼吸机相关性肺炎72例(41.76%)。对照组死亡率(2.00%)显著低于研究组(16.67%)(χ~2=12.043,P=0.000)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:出生体质量1 500 g、气管插管次数多、机械通气时间≥3 d是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素,氧合指数≥200 mm Hg是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的保护因素(均P0.05)。研究组中,病原学检查阳性62例(86.11%),其中革兰阴性菌39例(40株),革兰阳性菌14例(15株),真菌9例(9株)。结论新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的治疗较困难,重在预防。了解新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素对指导临床合理防治有重要意义,检测新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学特点可指导临床合理用药。     

重症监护病房鲍氏不动杆菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析及干预对策

目的多元回归分析重症监护病房(ICU)鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)致呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素,制定相关干预对策。方法选择2013年3月-2016年3月医院ICU治疗ABA致呼吸机相关性肺炎患者126例进行研究,统计感染ABA的药敏性,并分析ICU ABA致呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的危险因素,进行统计分析。结果ABA对氨苄西林、庆大霉素的耐药率较高达90.00%以上,对亚胺培南和美罗培南最为敏感,耐药率均<20.00%,其中85株ABA显示对≥3种抗菌药物耐药为泛耐药;单因素分析显示,ICU泛耐药ABA呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生与住院时间、机械通气方式、使用糖皮质激素、留置胃管、使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物及使用≥3种抗菌药物呈明显相关性(χ2=20.292、10.414、7.524、7.810、9.760和11.635,P<0.05);logistic回归模型分析显示,机械通气方式、留置胃管、使用≥3种抗菌药物是ICU泛耐药ABA呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的独立危险因素(OR=6.527、6.337、5.467,P<0.05)。结论 ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎ABA泛耐药现象严重,机械通气方式、留置胃管、使用≥3种抗菌药物是其发生的独立危险因素,医护人员应避免ABA感染和耐药的进一步传播。     

护理风险管理在ICU患者病房中呼吸机相关肺炎中的应用

目的研究护理风险管理在ICU患者病房中呼吸机相关肺炎中的应用。方法选择该院ICU病房2019年1-6月实施机械通气的患者100例为观察组,并回顾性统计该院ICU病房2018年7-12月实施机械通气的患者100例对照组。两组患者均实施机械通气护理常规。观察组在此基础上加入护理风险管理。进行两组患者、家属满意度的比较及两组患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况比较。结果观察组呼吸机相关肺炎发生10例(10.00%)而对照组发生20例(20.00%),观察组明显低于对照组(χ~2=15.861,P=0.004)。观察组患者满意度、家属满意度分别为98.00%、95.00%高于对照组89.00%、81.00%(χ~2=14.011、14.332,P=0.009、0.007)。结论护理风险管理能有效地降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率,提高患者及家属的满意度,值得推广运用。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎目标监测与控制

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况及其感染危险因素,为临床预防控制提供依据。方法采用目标性监测方法对2011年1月-2013年12月NICU机械通气时间≥2d的患儿816例进行监测,分析其呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况及其感染危险因素,采用SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果共有198例患儿发生呼吸机相关性肺炎,发生率为24.3%;气管插管、胎龄<37周和机械通气时间>7d是SICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 NICU呼吸机相关性肺炎与多个因素有关,临床应重点观察独立危险因素,积极开展感染监测,并采取有效的预防控制措施,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。     

ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及WISP1/TLR4/整合素β5通路基因变化

目的 分析重症监护室(ICU)机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及Wnt1诱导的信号通路蛋白1(WISP1)/Toll样受体4(TLR4)/整合素β5通路基因变化。方法 回顾性选取2018年5月-2022年12月山东省妇幼保健院及山东单县中心医院收治的ICU机械通气患者188例纳入研究，根据呼吸机相关性肺炎情况纳入呼吸机相关性肺炎组(n=49)、非呼吸机相关性肺炎组(n=139)。分析ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌分布，比较两组WISP1/TLR4/整合素β5通路基因，收集患者临床资料，通过单因素、多因素分析ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素。结果 188例ICU机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎49例，发生率为26.06%,共分离病原菌58株，其中革兰阴性菌46株，占比79.31%;呼吸机相关性肺炎组WISP1信使核糖核酸(mRNA)、TLR4 mRNA、整合素β5 mRNA表达水平高于非呼吸机相关性肺炎组(P<0.05);多因素Logistic分析结果显示，机械通气时间≥20 d、WISP1 mRNA、TLR4 mRNA、整合素β5 mRNA表达水平升...     

肠内营养防治新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的进展

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生和胃潴留、误吸、滥用抗生素、非无菌操作、患儿胎龄、呼吸机管道污染以及机械通气时间等有着很大关系。误吸是呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的主要因素,因此减少误吸是预防新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的重点。临床上,大量新生儿因为基础疾病、生理缺陷以及早产等因素进入重症监护室,并进行呼吸机辅助通气,但是因为新生儿机体的免疫能力差,导致细菌生物容易经过开放气道进入到体内,从而导致呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎主要指的是新生儿诞生后在应用呼吸机辅助通气时,因为器械通气导致肺部感染,当前肠内营养支持在呼吸机辅助通气患儿中得到了广大医学者的认可。本文综述了呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素与肠内营养干预的关键点,希望能为新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的防治提供参考。     

早产胎膜早破患者发生新生儿宫内感染性肺炎的相关因素分析

目的探讨早产胎膜早破与新生儿宫内感染性肺炎的相关性。方法采用回顾性分析方法,收集2012年1月-2014年12月在该院产科住院分娩的胎膜早破早产儿且全部转入新生儿科治疗的326例为研究对象,根据宫内感染性肺炎诊断标准分为肺炎组88例和非肺炎组238例。分析胎膜早破与宫内感染性肺炎及相关并发症的相关性。结果肺炎组母血白细胞计数(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)升高及心动过速、绒毛膜羊膜炎发生率明显高于非肺炎组,且早产胎膜早破发生时孕周越小,潜伏期越长,新生儿越易发生宫内感染性肺炎,同时肺炎组新生儿发生宫内感染败血症、呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)、新生儿窒息、早产儿脑病等相关并发症的比例也明显高于非肺炎组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论胎膜早破早产儿与宫内感染性肺炎存在一定的相关性,应引起注意,积极防治。     

早产儿视网膜病变的筛查分析

目的探讨早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的临床特点。 方法选择2010年7月8日至2012年9月6日在成都市妇女儿童中心医院新生儿科实业街分部收治的93例接受ROP筛查的早产儿、低出生体重(LBW)儿为研究对象。其中,男性为48例,女性为45例,平均出生体重为（1547 ± 345）g,胎龄为(27~ 36)孕周,平均为(31±2)孕周（本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,并征得患儿家属的知情同意）。回顾性分析其ROP的临床特点。 结果93例接受ROP筛查的儿童中,10例出现ROP,发病率为10.75%。体重<1200 g者ROP发病率为3. 23 % (3/93) ,(1200～1700)g为5. 38%(5/93),(1701～2200)g为2. 15% (2/93)。分娩孕龄 ≤30孕周的ROP发病率为4. 30% (4/93),分娩孕周为（31～32）孕周的ROP发病率为6.45 % (6/93）。ROP相关因素的疾病表现为呼吸暂停(χ² = 5. 03,P<0. 05)、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)(χ² =6. 84,P<0. 05)、新生儿肺炎(χ² = 7. 55,P<0. 05)、病理性黄疸(χ² = 3. 98,P<0. 05)、窒息(χ² = 8. 46 ,P<0. 05)和呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP) (χ² =3. 56,P< 0.05)。 结论早产儿应及时行规范的眼底检查,对ROP应早发现、早治疗。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素的研究

目的 探讨引起呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素及预防对策.方法 2008年1月-2010年12月医院采用机械通气治疗患者160例,以呼吸机相关性肺炎患者作为观察组,无呼吸机相关性肺炎者作为对照组,比较两组可能相关因素上的差异,进行单因素检验及logistic回归分析.结果 160例患者中发生呼吸机相关性肺炎50例,发生率为31.25％;单因素检验12个变量是影响呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素(P＜0.05) ;logistic回归分析显示独立危险因素为:APACHEⅡ评分高(OR=4.56)、机械通气时间长(OR=3.23)、头部仰卧位置(OR=3.02)、年龄大(OR=2.98)、应用抗酸剂(OR=2.23).结论 呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率较高,应针对上述因素实施相应的对策以减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生.     

呼吸窘迫综合征晚期早产儿呼吸机相关肺炎影响因素

目的探讨呼吸窘迫综合征晚期早产儿呼吸机相关肺炎的影响因素。方法选择单县中心医院儿科2012年9月-2014年11月收治的78例呼吸窘迫综合征晚期早产儿为研究对象,机械通气时间48h以上,根据是否并发呼吸机相关肺炎分组,未发生早产儿39例为对照组,已发生早产儿39例为观察组,对两组患儿的相关影响因素进行分析。结果经单因素分析显示,两组胎龄、呼吸窘迫评分及剖宫产等因素比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组住院时间及有创通气时间、重复插管上机、窒息史、住院时间、NCIS等因素比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);经Logistic多因素回归分析显示,住院时间、NCIS、窒息史、重复插管上机、有创通气时间等因素为呼吸机相关肺炎的主要因素影响。结论呼吸窘迫综合征晚期早产儿的呼吸机相关性肺炎主要影响因素为住院时间、NCIS、窒息史、重复插管上机、有创通气时间,针对以上因素进行预防,对控制呼吸机相关肺炎发生具有积极作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.