BiPAP无创通气治疗重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床分析

目的探讨BiPAP无创通气治疗在重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼衰的治疗作用。方法对24例重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者采用BiPAP呼吸机经鼻（面）罩双水平气道正压通气，观察治疗前后血气分析的pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2指标变化。结果BiPAP无创通气治疗后PaO2、SaO2均明显升高，PaCO2明显降低，pH明显改善，差异均有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论BiPAP呼吸机经（鼻）面罩双水平气道正压通气治疗重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼衰疗效满意，无明显并发症，值得临床推广应用。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的 探讨BiPAP呼吸机在COPD合并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法 18例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗基础上采用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气作为治疗组，并取同期达同样标准而采用常规治疗的20例COPD患者作为对照组。结果 两组治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2)都明显上升（P＜0．01），但治疗组上升更高；治疗组血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2)比治疗前明显下降，治疗前后相差非常明显（P＜0．01），对照组PaCO2治疗前后相差不显著（P＞0．05）；治疗组临床症状缓解例数也明显多于对照组。结论：用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气，对COPD合并轻，中度呼吸衰竭疗效肯定, 可降低PaCO2，提高PaO2，减轻症状，有利于呼吸肌疲劳恢复。     

双水平正压无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察双水平正压无创通气（BiPAP）治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法50例COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者中随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予常规抗感染、祛痰、平喘、对症治疗和低浓度氧疗,治疗组在对照组常规治疗基础上,加BiPAP呼吸机双水平气道正压通气。观察两组治疗前后临床症状、动脉血气等指标的变化。结果BiPAP呼吸机对提高pH值、PaO2,降低PaCO2（P〈0．05）及改善HR和R（P〈0．01）的疗效肯定。结论无创通气BiPAP呼吸机对COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著。     

BiPAP治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的观察大型急救用呼吸机双水平气道正压通气（BiPAP）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将31例COPD患者随机分为治疗组（BiPAP通气）和对照组（呼吸兴奋剂），观察治疗前、后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）、心率（HR）、呼吸（R）等指标的变化。结果治疗组患者PaO2、SaO2的升高及PaCO2的下降明显优于对照组（P均〈0.05），呼吸频率（R）、心率（HR）、紫绀、水肿的改善也较对照组显著。结论使用大型急救用呼吸机BiPAP无创通气能明显改善COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的氧合换气功能，疗效满意、并发症少，病人易于接受。     

BIPAP呼吸机治疗矽肺合并呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的 观察BiPAP呼吸机治疗矽肺合并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法 50例矽肺合并呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组26例，对照组24例，治疗组在常规治疗基础上应用BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗，观察24h后治疗效果。结果 治疗24h后治疗组PaO2和SaO2明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），气管插管率明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 BiPAP呼吸机对矽肺合并呼吸衰竭疗效显著。     

BiPAP治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者90例临床分析

目的分组对比双水平正压通气（BiPAP）无创呼吸机机械通气治疗老年COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法 90例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,分为治疗组45例和对照组45例,两组均给予常规药物治疗,治疗组同时给予BiPAP无创呼吸机进行机械通气治疗。结果双水平正压通气耐受较好的患者,治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）较治疗前明显改善（P〈0.01）;与对照组相比,平均住院天数缩短（P〈0.05）,血气改善时间也明显缩短（P〈0.01）减慢呼吸和心跳的频率（P〈0.01）,对血压无明显影响（P〉0.05）。结论 BiPAP无创呼吸机机械通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是一种安全有效的方法。     

BiPAP无创呼吸机治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床观察

目的 总结我科近一年应用双水平正压无创通气(BiPAP)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的治疗效果.方法 对28例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者给予BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察治疗前后PH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2等指标变化.结果 BiPAP呼吸机治疗后4h及72 h及通气结束后较治疗前PH、PaO2、SaO2均明显升高,PaCO2明显降低(P均＜0.05).治疗后临床症状得到明显改善.结论 BiPAP呼吸机对AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭35例临床观察

目的评价BiPAP呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法应用BiPAP呼吸机对35例慢性阻塞性肺病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者进行通气治疗，观察治疗前后2h、1天、2天的血气变化。结果治疗后血气指标PaO2、SaO2明显上升，PaCO2明显下降。结论BiPAP呼吸机治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者疗效显著。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼衰的疗效观察

目的观察BiPAP呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法60例COPD并发H型呼衰患者随机分为BiPAP呼吸机通气组和对照组各30例，通气组除常规治疗外加用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗，对照组则给予（抗感染、通畅气道、持续低流量吸氧，改善通气等）常规治疗，治疗6h与3d后，再测定并比较两组的心率，呼吸频率，血气等指标。结果：无创通气后心率，呼吸频率，pH、PaO2、PaCO2均明显改善，差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论BiPAP呼吸机经口鼻面罩无创通气治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭具有肯定的疗效。     

BiPAP无创呼吸机治疗治疗慢阻肺合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者使用BiPAP呼吸机通气的疗效.方法 将42例患者随机分为两组,在相同的常规治疗下,治疗组22例加用BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,对照组20例加用呼吸兴奋剂治疗,观察治疗前后两组血气分析结果的pH值、PaCO2及PaO2的变化.结果 治疗组与对照组治疗后pH值,PO2,PCO2比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05),疗效明显优于对照组.结论 BiPAP呼吸机无创正压通气治疗能显著降低COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的二氧化碳分压,改善缺氧,疗效确切.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.