空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折

目的探讨空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的方法及疗效。方法对46例新鲜股骨颈骨折患者在C型臂监测下于牵引床上复位后采用加压空心螺钉内固定。结果46例随访8~25个月,骨折愈合40例,不愈合4例,股骨头坏死2例。结论空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折是一种有效、安全、简单、经济的方法。     

缝匠肌骨瓣移植治疗老年股骨颈骨折

我院自1993年1月～1995年12月采用带缝匠肌骨瓣移植与多枚克氏针或折断式螺钉内固定治疗老年股骨颈骨折19例，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。临床资料本组19例中男11例，女8例；年龄60～73岁；头下型8例，头颈型7例，颈中型3例，基底型1例；新鲜骨折17例，陈旧性骨折2例；受伤至手术时间最短7天，最长180天，平均94天；陈旧性骨折2例中1例为骨折不愈合．另1例伴股骨颈轻度吸收。治疗方法本组19例术前牵弓17～14天，以纠正肢体短缩，有利术中复位。够关节前外侧人路，采用带缝匠肌骨瓣沿股骨颈长轴纵形放置于股骨头颈之间，并伸人头内Icm左右，…     

空心拉力螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折14例体会

股骨颈骨折是老年人常见病 ,三翼钉、骨圆针等内固定是习惯常用的治疗方法 [1、2 ] 。与这些手术方法相比 ,采用空心拉力螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折具有手术创伤小 ,操作方便 ,骨折端加压作用可靠等优点。我院于 1 992年 2月引进该钉应用于股骨颈骨折治疗 1 4例 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下 :临床资料一、一般资料　 1 992年 2月～ 1 998年 1 0月 ,我们应用空心拉力螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折 1 4例 ,其中男 8例 ,女 6例 ;年龄 42岁～ 74岁 ;术后随访 1年以上 ;所有病例均为新鲜骨折 ;按照 Garden分型 : 型 2例 , 型 4例 , 型 7例 , 型 1例 ;病人受伤至手…     

空心螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的评价空心螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法2001年1月～2005年12月，采用空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折42例。其中男22例，女20例；年龄19～59岁，平均41岁。车祸伤21例，高处坠落伤14例，重物砸伤7例。无移位骨折15例，移位骨折27例。均为新鲜骨折。按照Garden分型：Ⅱ型15例，Ⅲ型16例，Ⅳ型11例。损伤至手术时间7h～15d，平均4．6d。结果42例患者均获随访1～6年，平均2．5年。骨折均愈合，平均愈合时间6．5个月。螺钉无松动及折断。术后2年3例出现股骨头缺血坏死迹象，1例出现股骨头塌陷，建议扶拐不负重活动，观察病情。髋关节功能按Brumbaek评价标准，优18例，良20例，差4例，优良率90．4％。结论空心螺钉内固定是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的一种有效方法，能提高骨折愈合率，降低股骨头坏死发生率。     

应用Hansson针治疗股骨颈骨折26例

股骨颈骨折是常见创伤骨折。过去治疗用骨牵引方法 ,卧床时间长 ,并发症多 ,护理困难 ,难以达到解剖复位 ,骨折愈合慢或不愈合。我院自 1998年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月选用闭合复位 ,Ｈａｎｓｓｏｎ针内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折 2 6例 ,效果理想 ,报道如下。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　本组 2 6例 ,男 18例 ,女 8例 ;年龄16～ 81岁 ,平均 4 4 6岁。均为新鲜闭合性骨折。按骨折部位分型 :头下型 8例 ,头颈型 5例 ,经颈型 8例 ,基底型 5例。按Ｇａｒｄｅｎ分型 :Ⅰ型 1例 ,Ⅱ型 2例 ,Ⅲ型 15例 ,Ⅳ型 8例。伤后 1周内手术 2 4例 ,2 0ｄ内手术…     

床边经皮骨圆针内固定治疗股骨颈骨折

我们采用骨圆针床边经皮内固定治疗股骨颈骨折41例．取得了满意的疗效．现报道如下。临床资料41例中，男15例，女26例；年龄18岁～82岁，6O岁以上22例；新鲜骨折33例，陈旧性骨折8例；左侧26例，右侧15例．其中回人先后左右骨折．另1人左右同时骨折；骨折类型：头下型10冽，头颈型12例，颈中型9例．基底型10例；按Garden氏分型，巨型11例，巨型23例，R型7冽；伤后距住院时间3小时～4个月；骨折愈合时间3个月～8个月，平均5个月，所有病例均随访，时间6个月～3年半．平均It个月。治疗方法1．入院后即行股骨髁上或胫骨结节骨钉牵引，重量一…     

三枚空心钉内固定微创治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨在C臂X线机监视下应用微创技术三枚空心钉固定治疗老年性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法 临床应用微创技术三枚空心钉固定治疗老年性股骨颈新鲜骨折92例。结果 本组病例均获随访，时间6～24个月，平均18个月。89例骨折愈合，2例股骨头坏死，1例骨不连。骨折愈合率96．7％。结论 应用微创技术三枚空心钉固定治疗老年性股骨颈骨折具有手术创伤小、方法简便、固定牢靠、可早期功能锻炼、并发症少等优点，是治疗GardenⅡ、Ⅲ型老年性股骨颈新鲜骨折的理想方法。     

斯氏针与螺纹钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折

作者于１９８２年～１９９４年应用斯氏针与螺纹钉经皮内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折１８９例，报告如下。临床资料股骨颈骨折用斯氏针固定１０２例，其中男５６例，女４６例；年龄１８～７６岁；骨折类型：ＧａｒｄｅｎⅠ～Ⅱ型３９例，Ⅲ型５３例，Ⅳ型１０例，螺纹钉固定８７例．其中男４５例、女４２例：年龄２４～７８岁；骨折类型：ＧａｒｄｅｎＩ～Ⅱ型３２例，ＧａｒｄｅｎⅢ型４６例，ＩＶ型９例。治疗方法对ＧａｒｄｅｎⅠ～Ⅱ型骨折，无需骨牵引复位，于入院后４８／小时内床边经皮穿针（钉）。对ＧａｒｄｅｎⅢ～ＩＶ型骨折，入院后…     

植骨内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨植骨内固定术治疗移位型和陈旧性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法 本文回顾分析34例股骨颈骨折，采用植骨和内固定术治疗，所有病例新鲜骨折平均随访4．5年，陈旧性为4．9年，其中新鲜骨折Garden IV型11例，陈旧性23例。早期采用三刃钉固定15例和钉板固定1例，空心松质骨螺钉固定15例，DHS内固定2例，1例单纯行植骨术。植骨方式采用髂骨松质骨植骨23例，带肌蒂植骨11例。结果 骨折愈合率：新鲜骨折为100％，陈旧性骨折为82．6％；缺血坏死12例。比较单纯松质骨植骨和带肌蒂骨植骨治疗结果，骨愈合率分别为91．3％和90．9％，坏死率分为26．1％和54．5％。结论 正确认识股骨颈骨折的创伤病理特点，稳定的内固定和植骨术可提高骨折愈合率，单纯松质骨植骨发生股骨头坏死明显低于带肌蒂植骨。     

闭合复位空心加压螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折42例

目的探讨闭合复位中空加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法自2000年5月至2008年5月,采用闭合复位、2枚或3枚中空加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折42例,强调骨折解剖复位和围手术期的治疗。结果所有病例获得随访,随访时间6个月～3年,平均1年8个月。获得骨性愈合37例,占88．10％;出现股骨头缺血性坏死2例,占4．76％;发生骨折不愈合3例,占7．14％。无螺钉松动、退出、弯曲断裂等并发症。结论闭合复位、中空加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗效可靠,有较高的愈合率,是临床治疗的首选方法。影响骨折预后的相关因素有骨折类型、复位质量、内固定质量及患者的全身状况。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.