前臂皮瓣联合邻近组织瓣修复腭及上颌组织缺损早期疗效

目的探讨游离前臂皮瓣联合邻近组织瓣修复腭、上颌组织缺损的方法和疗效。方法 2005年3月-2010年5月收治17例腭及上颌部肿瘤患者。男11例,女6例;年龄45～74岁,平均62.5岁。良性肿瘤1例;恶性肿瘤16例,其中腭部鳞状细胞癌7例,腭部鳞状细胞癌术后复发1例,腭部恶性黑色素瘤1例,腭部腺样囊腺癌1例,上颌恶性黑色素瘤1例,上颌导管癌1例,上颌鳞状细胞癌4例。病灶切除后缺损范围为7.0cm×5.5cm～10.0cm×7.5cm;根据Brown等对上颌骨缺损的分类标准,Ⅱ类15例,Ⅲ类2例;合并眶底、眶下缘骨质缺损2例。根据腭、上颌组织缺损类型,以游离前臂皮瓣联合颊脂垫行即刻修复11例,以游离前臂皮瓣联合颊脂垫及颞肌下颌骨骨肌瓣即刻修复6例。术后观察组织瓣成活情况及语言、吞咽、呼吸功能恢复情况及患者面部外形恢复情况。结果 17例前臂皮瓣和邻近组织瓣均成活;供区植皮均成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间6～12个月。肿瘤无复发。患者语言、吞咽、呼吸基本正常,无明显开口受限,面部外形满意,无严重畸形。合并眶底、眶下缘骨质缺损者,未出现眼球内陷。患者术后均无明显口鼻瘘,口、鼻腔功能恢复满意。结论根据腭、上颌组织缺损的情况,选择游离前臂皮瓣联合颊脂垫或颊脂垫及下颌骨骨肌瓣进行修复,可达到较好的早期疗效。     

颞肌蒂下颌骨瓣联合前臂皮瓣一期修复腭上颌缺损

目的 探讨颞肌蒂下颌骨瓣与游离前臂皮瓣联合修复腭上颌缺损的临床疗效. 方法 2008年3月至2011年3月,共收治恶性肿瘤切除后腭上颌缺损9例,其中男6例,女3例,年龄34～68岁,平均57岁.根据Browm上颌骨缺损分类,其中Ⅱ B类8例,Ⅱ C类1例.均采用颞肌蒂下颌骨瓣与游离前臂皮瓣联合修复. 结果 9例移植的骨瓣及皮瓣均成活.随访期10～24个月,平均随访期14个月,除1例软骨肉瘤病例术后复发外,其余病例的面部外形和功能均恢复满意,供区未见并发症.结论 应用颞肌蒂下颌骨瓣与游离前臂皮瓣联合修复腭上颌缺损具有操作简单易行、安全可靠和并发症少等优点,是修复上颌骨缺损的较理想术式.     

股前外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣在头颈部组织缺损修复中的比较

目的 报道股前外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的临床效果和优缺点. 方法 分别采用前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部缺损32例.其中应用前臂皮瓣20例,修复口颊部洞穿性缺损7例、环下咽缺损4例、上腭缺损2例、腮腺区皮肤缺损1例、口底缺损4例,舌根部缺损2例,股前外侧皮瓣12例,分别用于修复舌根部缺损3例,上腭缺损4例,口底、下牙龈缺损5例.对比两组的皮瓣存活情况、修复后功能状况和对供区的影响,分析其优缺点和技术要点.结果 前臂皮瓣完全存活19例,发生血管危象2例.1例经保守治疗后完全存活,1例再次手术后皮瓣表皮坏死.股前外侧皮瓣12例均完全存活,无血管危象发生.原计划行股前外侧皮瓣修复术14例中有2例因皮瓣制备失败而放弃并改用前臂皮瓣.股前外侧继发缺损均可直接拉拢缝合,前臂继发缺损均需植皮. 结论 股前外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣移植均有较高成功率,但各有优缺点,修复手段的选择宜根据缺损情况和修复目的灵活使用.     

面颊部洞穿性缺损修复方法的探讨

为了探讨面颊部洞穿性缺损的修复方法，利用缺损边缘皮瓣翻转、局部唇颊瓣转移、带蒂肌皮瓣及游离皮瓣吻合移植等作为洞穿性缺损的衬里；面颊部局部皮瓣、远位肌皮瓣带蒂转移或吻合移植等修复皮肤缺损。自１９７５年以来，临床共修复面颊部洞穿性缺损２８例，除１例皮瓣远端部分坏死外，皮瓣均成活，颊部功能及外形良好。由此认为面颊部洞穿性缺损修复时尽量选用邻近皮瓣作为衬里，皮肤覆盖应采用局部皮瓣为主，其色泽、质地与缺损区相近，术后外形较好。     

游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复上颌骨缺损

目的观察游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复上颌骨缺损的临床效果.方法 2002年1月～2002年11月,对3例上颌牙龈癌、1例腭部黏液表皮样癌和1例上颌窦癌分别行上颌骨次全切除或全切除术,术后遗留上颌骨缺损用 4 cm×5 cm～6 cm×7 cm大小的游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复.术后通过临床检查、CT和鼻内窥镜检查评价其效果. 结果 5例患者均获5～15个月随访,无肿瘤复发,移植皮瓣全部成活,面部外形及牙槽突和腭部形态恢复良好,鼻腔面钛网被软组织覆盖,语言和吞咽功能恢复良好.其中2例已行可摘局部义齿修复. 结论游离前臂皮瓣和钛网联合应用是上颌骨缺损较理想的修复方法.     

上颌缺损即刻重建中不同组织瓣的应用

目的 研究采用颞肌筋膜瓣、前臂皮瓣、非血管化髂骨瓣及种植体即时修复上颌缺损的方法以及临床效果。方法 1999年2月～2002年7月对8例腭部、上颌骨恶性或边界性肿瘤的患者行肿瘤扩大切除及上颌骨次全切除术，其中男6例，女2例，年龄32～49岁，病程3个月～2年。硬腭部鳞癌Ⅰ级4例，单侧成釉细胞瘤2例，基底细胞综合痣1例，粘液瘤1例，均无淋巴结转移。对术后的上颌缺损，采用颞肌筋膜瓣 前臂皮瓣 非血管化髂骨瓣 种植体即刻修复的方法进行重建。结果 术后游离髂骨及前臂皮瓣均成活，口内创面Ⅰ期愈合，植入的种植体可以实现骨结合并完成义齿修复，行使功能。6～12个月后复查X线片见植入的游离髂骨与周围骨愈合良好，患者面部外形及咀嚼、发音等功能均恢复满意。结论 颞肌筋膜瓣 前臂皮瓣 非血管化髂骨瓣 种植体是上颌缺损即刻修复并重建功能的较满意的方法。     

应用钛网支架及前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部肿瘤切除后洞穿缺损

目的 探讨应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣即刻修复上颌骨部分洞穿缺损的手术方法.方法 对2004年至2008年收治的19例上颌部肿瘤患者,于切除肿瘤后即刻应用钛网支架修复骨质缺损,并以前臂游离皮瓣覆盖于钛网支架表面修复口腔黏膜缺损.结果 19例中16例患者术后功能与外形均获得较为满意的效果,患者发音清晰,进食时无口鼻腔返流现象;有3例术后钛网支架部分外露、感染,遂去除钛网支架,将挛缩的前臂游离皮瓣重新展开,并缝合于缺损部位,口鼻腔瘘得到关闭,患者的发音、进食功能无明显影响,仅面中部有轻度塌陷.结论 应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部缺损是一种简单、可行的方法,吞咽与语言功能得到较好的维护,同时也获得了较为满意的面部外形.     

应用钛网支架及前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部肿瘤切除后洞穿缺损

目的 探讨应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣即刻修复上颌骨部分洞穿缺损的手术方法.方法 对2004年至2008年收治的19例上颌部肿瘤患者,于切除肿瘤后即刻应用钛网支架修复骨质缺损,并以前臂游离皮瓣覆盖于钛网支架表面修复口腔黏膜缺损.结果 19例中16例患者术后功能与外形均获得较为满意的效果,患者发音清晰,进食时无口鼻腔返流现象;有3例术后钛网支架部分外露、感染,遂去除钛网支架,将挛缩的前臂游离皮瓣重新展开,并缝合于缺损部位,口鼻腔瘘得到关闭,患者的发音、进食功能无明显影响,仅面中部有轻度塌陷.结论 应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部缺损是一种简单、可行的方法,吞咽与语言功能得到较好的维护,同时也获得了较为满意的面部外形.     

应用钛网支架及前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部肿瘤切除后洞穿缺损

目的 探讨应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣即刻修复上颌骨部分洞穿缺损的手术方法.方法 对2004年至2008年收治的19例上颌部肿瘤患者,于切除肿瘤后即刻应用钛网支架修复骨质缺损,并以前臂游离皮瓣覆盖于钛网支架表面修复口腔黏膜缺损.结果 19例中16例患者术后功能与外形均获得较为满意的效果,患者发音清晰,进食时无口鼻腔返流现象;有3例术后钛网支架部分外露、感染,遂去除钛网支架,将挛缩的前臂游离皮瓣重新展开,并缝合于缺损部位,口鼻腔瘘得到关闭,患者的发音、进食功能无明显影响,仅面中部有轻度塌陷.结论 应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部缺损是一种简单、可行的方法,吞咽与语言功能得到较好的维护,同时也获得了较为满意的面部外形.     

应用钛网支架及前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部肿瘤切除后洞穿缺损

目的 探讨应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣即刻修复上颌骨部分洞穿缺损的手术方法.方法 对2004年至2008年收治的19例上颌部肿瘤患者,于切除肿瘤后即刻应用钛网支架修复骨质缺损,并以前臂游离皮瓣覆盖于钛网支架表面修复口腔黏膜缺损.结果 19例中16例患者术后功能与外形均获得较为满意的效果,患者发音清晰,进食时无口鼻腔返流现象;有3例术后钛网支架部分外露、感染,遂去除钛网支架,将挛缩的前臂游离皮瓣重新展开,并缝合于缺损部位,口鼻腔瘘得到关闭,患者的发音、进食功能无明显影响,仅面中部有轻度塌陷.结论 应用钛网支架与前臂游离皮瓣修复上颌部缺损是一种简单、可行的方法,吞咽与语言功能得到较好的维护,同时也获得了较为满意的面部外形.     

The optimum method for reconstruction of complex lateral oromandibular-cutaneous defects

BACKGROUND: Ablation of large intraoral cancers can create extensive through-and-through defects of the lateral face, resulting in loss of external facial skin, the lateral and anterior mandible, and the lateral mouth. Repair requires reconstruction of the lips, mandible, and full-thickness cheek defects. Ideal reconstruction with vascularized composite free flaps requires adequate bone and sufficiently large, yet versatile, skin flaps capable of resurfacing extensive intraoral and external defects. METHODS: A series of 12 patients with large lateral facial-mandibular defects is reviewed. All patients were treated for squamous cell carcinoma except for 1 patient with osteoblastic sarcoma of the mandible. All patients underwent primary reconstruction with various free flap techniques, including 6 scapular free flaps, 2 iliac crest free flaps, 3 free fibula flaps, and 1 radial forearm flap. Attainment of reconstructive goals, free flap survival, and complication rates were assessed. RESULTS: All defects were successfully reconstructed in the primary setting. No flap failures occurred. One venous occlusion was successfully salvaged. No orocutaneous fistulas or postoperative hematomas were noted. CONCLUSION: The reconstructive options for extensive defects of the lateral face and jaw are reviewed with attention to the complex three-dimensional soft tissue requirements. The superiority of the scapular composite flap is emphasized because this single free flap provides two independent and versatile skin paddles of optimal thickness in addition to adequate bone stock.     

Bilobed fibula flap for reconstruction of through-and-through oromandibular defects

BACKGROUND: The role of fibula free flaps for reconstruction of through-and-through oromandibular defects is examined. METHODS: Thirty-four patients underwent reconstruction of through-and-through oromandibular defects using fibula free flaps that contain large, bilobed skin paddles for simultaneous reconstruction of intraoral mucosa and external skin. We examined the incidence of wound healing complications, the need for revision reconstructive surgery, and factors affecting the incidence of complications. RESULTS: Wound healing complications occurred in 50% of patients. There was a relatively high incidence of partial flap necrosis (26%) and revision surgery (41%). The area of the flap skin paddle was significantly associated with the risk of partial flap necrosis and the need for revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Many through-and-through oromandibular defects can be successfully reconstructed using a fibula free flap that contains a large, bilobed skin paddle. However, wound healing complications are increased when the flap skin paddle area exceeds 300 cm2.     

Full-thickness cheek and lip reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap

The radial forearm free flap has proven versatility in head and neck reconstruction. It is superior to regional alternatives such as the pectoralis flap because it is thin, pliable, and predominantly hairless. A more recent application is the use of the folded forearm flap to replace both the skin and inner lining, simultaneously, in full-thickness cheek and lip defects. Nine such cases are presented in this report. Each patient had a recurrent lesion that had been reconstructed previously with local flaps, and all but one were treated with postoperative radiation therapy. The average size of the external defects after resection was 27 cm2, and of the intraoral defects, 18 cm2. All free flaps survived completely. The folded forearm flap solved the reconstructive problem for each patient in a single-stage procedure, providing good contour and a reasonable color match. The flap is easy to raise, has a long pedicle with large-diameter vessels, and has an acceptable donor site defect not associated with long-term morbidity.     

Reconstruction of large intraoral and adjacent cheek defects by free radial forearm flap

Summary Eighteen patients with intraoral and oropharyngeal carcinoma were treated by radical excision for extensive infiltration of tumour into adjacent tissue. Defects were repaired by free radial forearm flaps. Three patients had bony defects in addition to mucosal and skin defects. The free flap can be easily folded to repair skin and mucosa simultaneously. We consider the free forearm flap to be the procedure of choice in selected cases of large intraoral and adjacent cheek defects.     

Soft-Tissue reconstruction of the face using the folded/multiple skin island radial forearm free flap.

Resection of malignant soft-tissue tumors of the face often results in defects of skin, lining, and contour. When local tissues are unavailable, the folded/multiple skin island forearm free flap has been used to correct complex lining, skin, and contour defects concomitantly. This study is a retrospective review of all patients reconstructed with folded/multiple skin island forearm flaps from 1992 to 2000. Facial defects included facial skin, mucosal lining, and intervening soft tissue. Reconstruction was immediate and was not combined with another local flap. There were 17 patients (mean age, 61 years). Five patients had cutaneous malignancies and 12 patients had either mucosal or salivary gland malignancy. Defects were of the cheek and nose either alone or in combination. Defects ranged from 9 to 54 cm2. Nine patients had defects of either the skin or the mucosa with an associated soft-tissue component. These were reconstructed with a folded forearm flap with one skin island. Eight patients had full-thickness defects and were reconstructed with a folded flap with two skin islands. Flap survival was 100%. One case required reexploration for hematoma. Aesthetic results were good to excellent in 76% of patients. Delayed wound healing at the donor site occurred in 2 patients (11%). The folded/multiple skin island forearm flap is a useful tool for single-stage reconstruction of complex facial defects requiring replacement of skin, lining, and intervening soft tissue. Good to excellent aesthetic results can be expected in most patients.     

Reconstruction of maxillary and palatal defects with the free radial forearm flap

We present six patients with maxillary and palate defects that were reconstructed with the radial forearm flap. Four patients had malignant neoplasms involving the maxilla, three with squamous cell carcinoma and the fourth with recurrent basal cell carcinoma. They were treated with excision and immediate reconstruction using a radial forearm free flap. The other two patients presented with large fistulae between the maxilla and nasal sinuses, these being sequelae of previous surgical treatment for malignancies. The fistulae were closed with radial forearm free flaps. This method provides primary wound healing, restoration of palatal function, preservation of facial contour, and a minimal morbidity while obviating the need for palatal prosthesis. In the six cases, the oral cavity has been completely separated from the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity, and all patients demonstrated satisfactory deglutition and intelligible speech.     

Mandibular reconstruction using osteocutaneous radial forearm flap

Objective: To describe the use of radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap in complex mandibular reconstruction. Study Design: A case series. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January 1998 to January 2008. Methodology: Patients having a small bony component and a large soft tissue mandibular defect requiring reconstruction were selected. These defects include composite through-and-through defects of the cheek in the retromolar trigone, small lateral bony defects with large intra and extra oral soft tissue defects and small central bony defects with large extra oral tissue loss. Radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap was employed. Complications and graft acceptance were determined at follow-up. Results: Patients were followed-up for an average period of 28 months. Complications occurred in 8 patients. Wound infection and partial wound dehiscence were the most common complication observed in 3 patients. Non-union at recipient site was seen in 2 patients. Flap donor site healed uneventfully in all patients with no fractures at the donor site. Conclusion: The radial forearm osteocutaneous flap covers oromandibular defects with large intra-oral and extra oral soft tissue losses. Lateral and anterior mandibular defects were reconstructed satisfactorily in our series.     

Reconstruction of through-and-through osteocutaneous defects of the mouth and face with subscapular system flaps

BACKGROUND: Major ablative surgery in the head and neck region may create composite defects involving the oral mucosa, bone and the overlying facial skin. The large surface area and the three-dimensional nature of these defects pose a difficult reconstructive challenge requiring adequate bone and large, positionally versatile skin flaps. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 1993 to May 2000, 19 patients with through-and-through osteocutaneous defects of the mouth and face were reconstructed with composite subscapular artery system flaps. The evaluated parameters included: (i) site and dimensions of the tissue defect; (ii) specific flap properties; and (iii) review of the recipient and donor site morbidity. RESULTS: 10 variants of scapular osteocutaneous flaps, eight latissimus dorsi with serratus anterior and rib osteo-myocutaneous flaps, and one combination of an osteocutaneous scapular and myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap were used to reconstruct composite facial defects with mean dimensions of: skin 54.4 cm(2), mucosa 56.2 cm(2) and bone of 8.2 cm. Ischaemic complications occurred in three patients including one total flap failure and one failure of the bony component in previously irradiated patients. The third flap was successfully salvaged. No significant long-term donor site morbidity was noted. CONCLUSION: Composite flaps based on the subscapular artery system are a versatile reconstructive modality for large through-and-through defects of the mouth and face.     

Osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap for anterior cranial base reconstruction: Technical note

The reconstruction of anterior skull base defects after carcinologic surgery is challenging. Large defects can require the use of autologous free tissue transfer. Currently, most reconstructions use soft-tissue flaps. We describe the use of an osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap to reconstruct a large defect secondary to a malignant paraganglioma extending into the anterior cranial fossa and both orbits. The surgical resection required endonasal and transcranial approaches. We reconstructed the defect with a free osteocutaneous radial forearm flap. We laid the bone flap across the defect, resting on the orbital roof on each side, and sutured the soft component to the edge of the dura. The pedicle was funnelled from the craniotomy to a prepared cervicotomy and the micro-anastomoses were performed onto the facial artery and two satellite veins. Potential indications and major drawbacks of this technique are briefly discussed. Osteocutaneous radial forearm free flaps can be a valuable reconstructive option for patients with a large defect of the anterior skull base, needing both rigid support and a watertight closure.     

Reconstruction of Lateral Skull Base Defects with Radial Forearm Free Flaps: The Double-Layer Technique

Introduction The radial forearm flap has fallen out of favor in lateral skull base reconstruction in recent literature. However, especially when used in a double layer, a radial forearm may be able to provide the thickness of a large flap while taking advantage of the pliability for which the flap is renowned. Objective To report the results of the double-layer technique of radial forearm free flap reconstruction of lateral temporal bone defects. Design A retrospective chart review. Setting A tertiary care institution. Participants All consecutive patients who underwent lateral temporal bone resections and were reconstructed with free flaps from 2006 to 2012. Major Outcome Measures Flap success rate, complications, and rate of revision surgery. Results A total of 17 patients were identified with free flap reconstruction of the lateral skull base. Seven received reconstruction with a double-layer radial forearm flap. Reconstruction-related complications in this group included one case of facial cellulitis. The flap success rate was 100%. These results were comparable with patients who had other flaps. Conclusions The radial forearm free flap may be an effective reconstruction option for lateral temporal bone defects especially when used in the double-layer technique.