结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因的克隆、表达和纯化

目的对结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因克隆、并测序正确后进行融合蛋白表达、纯化。方法通过PCR扩增结核分枝杆菌H37Rv复苏因子Rv2450c基因，酶切，克隆至PGEM—TEasy质粒，测序确定插入片段的正确性．再克隆至表达载体pET30a中，并转化至BL21（DE3）中。经PCR鉴定阳性的菌液通过IPTG诱导，表达氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv2450c蛋白，并纯化。结果获得了结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因，构建了重组表达质粒，得到融合了6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv2450c蛋白，纯度〉90％。结论应用基因重组表达技术表达结核杆菌复苏因子蛋白，可为下一步摸索临床标本结核分枝杆菌复苏培养及复苏基因的功能研究打下一个良好的基础．     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1884基因的克隆、表达及亲和层析纯化

目的　克隆表达结核分枝杆菌Rv1884基因 ,序列测定正确后进行融合表达、纯化。方法　采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出Rv1884编码基因 ,用限制性内切酶消化后插入到pGEM Teasy中 ,序列测定正确后 ,再亚克隆到融合表达载体 pPro EXHT中 ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α ,目的基因经IPTG诱导 ,由T7启动子调控表达了氨基端带 6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv1884蛋白 ,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行纯化。结果　获得了结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Rv1884蛋白基因 ,得到融合 6个组氨酸残基的Rv1884蛋白纯度大于 85 %。结论　构建了结核分枝杆菌Rv1884基因的重组表达载体 ,并获得了高纯度的融合表达蛋白 ,为以后的深入研究奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌ESAT-6蛋白的表达与纯化

目的构建结核分枝杆菌esat-6基因原核表达载体,使其在大肠杆菌中表达融合重组蛋白,并纯化。方法用PCR方法从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出esat-6基因片段,克隆至pMD18-T载体,PCR筛选阳性克隆并测序;用限制性内切酶消化后,目的片段亚克隆至表达载体pGEX-4T-2,构建pGEX-esat-6重组质粒,将其转化入大肠杆菌JM109;PCR和双酶切鉴定转化菌落;将阳性菌株经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析靶蛋白的表达;用谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖亲合层析法纯化融合蛋白。结果PCR扩增出esat-6 288bp的基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,经测序与GenBank中序列一致;随后亚克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-2构建重组表达质粒,在JM109中表达了ESAT-6融合蛋白,表达的蛋白能被GST免疫血清识别;通过亲和层析纯化获得的蛋白能被结核病人血清识别。结论成功构建esat-6重组表达质粒,该质粒在JM109中表达ESAT-6融合蛋白,并获得较纯的蛋白。     

结核分枝杆菌复苏促进因子基因克隆及其蛋白质的表达

目的通过对结核分枝杆菌复苏促进因子基因的克隆、融合蛋白的表达、纯化，以获得高活性的结核分枝杆菌复苏促进因子蛋白质。为临床标本结核分枝杆菌复苏培养及功能研究提供物质基础。方法通过PCR扩增结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的5个复苏因子基因，经内切酶酶切、胶回收，将片段亚克隆到T载体中，转化至DH5α。以PCR鉴定的阳性菌落转至LB中培养，菌液进行质粒提取、酶切、胶回收，回收片段再克隆至表达载体pET30a中，转化至DH5α中。PCR阳性菌落转至LB中培养，测序确定插入片段的正确性，菌液提取质粒，并再转化至BL21（DE3）中。经PCR鉴定阳性的菌液通过适当的IPTG浓度诱导，适宜温度和时间下，诱导蛋白表达，经SDS—PAGE电泳分析，Western blot检测目的蛋白，在最佳条件下大量表达目的蛋白，并纯化。结果获得有活性的高纯度复苏促进因子蛋白，纯度〉90％。结论复苏促进因子蛋白的成功表达为下一步摸索临床标本结核分枝杆菌复苏培养最佳方案及复苏基因的功能研究打下良好基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因的特异性和克隆表达

目的鉴定结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因的特异性,克隆表达该基因并获得其重组蛋白。方法设计Rv1512基因的特异性引物,并鉴定其特异性。构建pET30a（＋）：Rv1512重组质粒,阳性克隆转化入大肠杆菌BL21。经Ni＋-NTA层析柱纯化融合蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE鉴定该蛋白及其纯度。结果结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因的特异性被证实;经测序分析证实Rv1512原核表达质粒构建正确,SDS-PAGE结果显示在40 kD处呈现单一蛋白条带。结论结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因具有较好的特异性;成功构建表达载体pET30a（＋）：Rv1512并获得重组蛋白,为辅助诊断结核分枝杆菌的感染奠定基础。     

重组结核分枝杆菌RpfE蛋白对BCG休眠菌的促生长作用

目的观察重组结核分枝杆菌RpfE蛋白对BCG的促生长作用。方法将测序正确的Rv2450c基因克隆到表达载体pET32a(+)中,获得RpfE蛋白,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行亲和层析纯化。将纯化的蛋白分别与结核病人血清,Rpf单抗和Rpf结构域单抗进行Western blot分析。分别将10pmol/L和100pmol/L的RpfE加入到休眠BCG的培养基中,观察RpfE蛋白对BCG的促生长作用。结果得到融合组氨酸残基的重组RpfE蛋白,Western blot结果显示该蛋白分别与活动期结核病人血清,Rpf单抗和Rpf结构域单抗在40kDa处发生反应。100pmol/L的RpfE蛋白对BCG休眠菌具有明显的复苏和促生长作用。结论构建了MtbRv2450c基因的重组表达载体,纯化获得了RpfE重组蛋白,该蛋白对BCG休眠菌具有复苏和促生长作用。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的克隆表达及其纯化

目的构建结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的原核表达质粒，获得结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的表达蛋白。方法制备结核分枝杆菌基因组DNA，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术扩增目的基因片段；通过克隆载体pUC19构建质粒载体pUC19-Rv0867c，经序列测定证实正确，双酶切后连接于表达载体pPRO-EXHT，转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中，再经IPTG诱导表达带His标签的Rv0867c融合蛋白；用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析重组蛋白的相对分子质量大小及表达形式。结果成功扩增出了结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因，构建了具有正确基因序列的表达载体pPRO-EXHT-Rv0867c，转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中，经诱导产生高水平的表达产物。经SDS分析，在80kD处出现新生蛋白带，凝胶薄层扫描检测表达量约占菌体蛋白的23．7％。该融合蛋白以包涵体的形式存在，用Ni^2＋-NTA纯化柱在变性条件下进行纯化。结论成功克隆了结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因并得到了其大肠杆菌表达产物，为进一步研究Rv0867c基因蛋白的活性及其功能，以及结核分枝杆菌快速促生长作用奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv2352c基因的克隆表达及其抗原活性鉴定

目的构建含结核分枝杆菌(M.tb)rv2352c基因原核表达载体,经转化E.coli以表达Rv2352c融合蛋白,并研究其抗原性。方法用PCR扩增M.tb rv2352c基因,克隆入pET30a(+)质粒,构建pET30a(+):rv2352c重组质粒,阳性克隆测序验证正确后转化入表达宿主大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导Rv2352c蛋白表达。经Ni+-NTA层析柱纯化融合蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE和结核患者血清Western blot进行鉴定。将纯化的重组蛋白分别免疫家兔,制备抗Rv2352c抗血清,抗血清的效价测定采用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA),取兔抗血清与纯化蛋白Rv2352c通过Western blot方法,检测抗体特异性。结果经酶切鉴定和测序分析证实rv2352c原核表达质粒构建正确,SDS-PAGE和Western blot结果显示,在45 kD处呈现单一蛋白条带。用重组蛋白Rv2352c免疫接种后可诱导出高滴度的特异性抗体。纯化蛋白通过Western blot鉴定证实为目的蛋白,有较强的免疫原性。结论成功构建原核表达重组质粒pET30a(+):rv2352c,制备和纯化的Rv2352c融合蛋白具有较好的纯度和生物学功能,为进一步研究结核病的潜在分子标志物奠定基础。     

结核分枝杆菌特异性分泌蛋白的原核表达、纯化和免疫原性分析

目的构建结核分枝杆菌rv1837c．rv3803c基因原核表达重组质粒,进行表达、纯化,并分析其免疫原性。方法PCR扩增结核分枝杆菌H37Rvrv1837c．rv3803c基因,并克隆入pTA2质粒。测序正确后,再亚克隆入pET30a（＋）质粒,构建pET30a（＋）：rv1837c．pET30a（＋）：rv3803c重组体。然后转化人表达宿主大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经0．4mmol／L异丙基硫代-β—D-半乳糖苷诱导1分别与组氨酸标签单克隆抗体及结核患者血清进行Western—blot,鉴定Rv1837c、Rv3803c重组蛋白。经镍离子螯和氮川乙酸一组氨酸标签亲和树脂纯化,将纯化的重组蛋白分别免疫家免,取兔血清与纯化蛋白通过Western-blot方法,检测家兔血清中的抗体。结果pET30a（＋）：rv1837c．pET30a（＋）：rv3803c重组体表达相对分子质量为92000及38000的重组蛋白,表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在于胞质中,表达量分别占全菌蛋白质的30％及50％。获得纯度为90％的重组蛋白。纯化蛋白通过Western-blot鉴定证实为目的蛋白,有较强的免疫原性。结论成功构建原核表达重组质粒pET30a（＋）：rv1837c,pET30a（＋）：rv3803c,并获得Rv1837c及Rv3803c重组蛋白,为血清学诊断活动性结核病奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的克隆表达及其纯化

目的构建结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的原核表达质粒,获得结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的表达蛋白。方法制备结核分枝杆菌基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术扩增目的基因片段;通过克隆载体pUC19构建质粒载体pUC19-Rv0867c,经序列测定证实正确,双酶切后连接于表达载体pPRO-EXHT,转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中,再经IPTG诱导表达带His标签的Rv0867c融合蛋白;用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析重组蛋白的相对分子质量大小及表达形式。结果成功扩增出了结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因,构建了具有正确基因序列的表达载体pPRO-EXHT-Rv0867c,转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中,经诱导产生高水平的表达产物。经SDS分析,在80 kD处出现新生蛋白带,凝胶薄层扫描检测表达量约占菌体蛋白的23.7%。该融合蛋白以包涵体的形式存在,用Ni²⁺-NTA纯化柱在变性条件下进行纯化。结论成功克隆了结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因并得到了其大肠杆菌表达产物,为进一步研究Rv0867c基因蛋白的活性及其功能,以及结核分枝杆菌快速促生长作用奠定了基础。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.