注射肾上腺素减少体积辅助结肠巨大息肉内镜下摘除

背景探索结肠巨大息肉内镜下易于摘除和避免出血和穿孔并发症的方法。方法短蒂或亚蒂巨大息肉，内镜下在息肉组织及蒂部或蒂部周围组织多点注射肾上腺素生理盐水，至少5min后，再进行息肉圈套摘除。计算摘除前后息肉体积的变化。结果在息肉注射肾上腺素生理盐水后。息肉的体积较注射前减少了约72％。所有息肉均易于圈套摘除。术后未发生出血或穿孔。结论注射肾上腺素生理盐水减少息肉体积辅助进行内镜下结肠巨大息肉摘除是一种较为安全的操作。由于该操作简便，易于掌握，值得进行推广。     

结直肠无蒂息肉内镜电切术和套扎术对比分析

消化道息肉临床发病率高，并有癌变可能。尤其无蒂扁平隆起型息肉（山田Ⅱ型），更被视为癌前病变。目前，结肠息肉的治疗原则一般首选内镜下电切。但经内镜完整切除无蒂扁平息肉不仅困难，且易并发结肠穿孔和出血。近年用尼龙圈套扎治疗息肉多见报道，疗效稳定、术式安全，已在临床推广。我们收集2002至2004年间收治的结直肠无蒂扁平隆起型息肉共计37例患者资料，进行总结分析。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗消化道肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)对消化道肿瘤的治疗价值。方法 利用染色、放大内镜及超声内镜探测病变范围及侵犯深度,对位于黏膜层及黏膜肌层的早期癌、癌前病变、黏膜下肿瘤、侧向发育型息肉、无蒂或亚蒂巨大息肉、息肉癌变等病变行EMR治疗。结果 病灶最大直径6cm。2例早期食管癌、1例早期贲门癌、1例早期大肠癌及2例胃中、重度异型增生经EMR及透明帽负压吸引EMR切除,观察3-18个月无复发;31例黏膜下肿瘤经EMR和透明帽负压吸引EMR,均完全切除;对13例侧向发育型息肉及21例亚蒂和无蒂大息肉及局部癌变息肉采用EMR或分片黏膜切除术切除。术中出血5例,出血率7.04％,经内镜治疗停止。1例4.5 cm腺瘤术后3个月复发。结论 在超声内镜、色素内镜及放大内镜的指导下,采用内镜下黏膜切除术治疗部分消化道早期癌、癌前病变、侧向发育型及无蒂或亚蒂臣大息肉、局部癌变息肉及黏膜肌层的肿瘤,足一项安全有效的内镜治疗疗法。     

结肠镜下钛夹钳夹后电刀治疗结直肠粗蒂息肉的疗效观察

目的探讨结肠镜下钛夹钳夹后电刀治疗结直肠道粗蒂息肉的效果及安全性。方法消化内镜钛夹联合高频电切技术切除对于2cm以上结直肠粗蒂息肉102例患者（152枚息肉）,均先用钛夹钳夹根部后再用电刀切除原钛夹钳夹处远端。结果在所有102例患者（152枚息肉）中均能安全切除,恢复良好,术后5d内痊愈出院,均无穿孔、出血等并发症的发生。结论结肠镜下消化内镜钛夹钳夹后电刀治疗结直肠道粗蒂息肉,简单方便,安全有效,有效避免或减少了术后并发症,值得临床上推广。     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗大肠广基大息肉

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)对肠道广基大息肉样病变的治疗价值。方法采用结肠镜下大肠黏膜切除术治疗135例共157个结直肠广基大息肉。病灶黏膜下注射肾上腺素生理盐水后,一次圈套整块切除或分次圈套切除病变,回收全部标本送病理检查,术后结肠镜随访。结果全部息肉EMR一次切除,除3个位于直肠黏膜下的病灶小于1 cm外,其余均大于1.5 cm,最大的13 cm×12 cm,无手术并发症。术后病理:腺瘤123个,其中有异型增生80个;黏膜内癌11个;增生性息肉20个;直肠类癌3个。随访中,有2例大于7 cm的直肠腺瘤分别于术后1个月及3个月复查时复发,均给予热活检钳完整钳除,病理分别为增生性息肉和绒毛状腺瘤,再复查6-12个月无复发。结论EMR是治疗大肠癌前病变及黏膜内癌安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下金属夹联合高频电治疗消化道大息肉疗效观察

内镜下摘除消化道息肉的方法有多种,但在摘除直径>2 cm的息肉时易造成摘除不全、活动性出血甚至穿孔等,使其普遍开展受到限制,不少患者只能接受手术治疗。我院对18例内镜直视下头体部直径2～5 cm的长蒂、亚蒂大息肉用金属夹钳夹息肉蒂部阻断其血供,然后进行活检,待1～2周后观察息肉脱落情况,并行高频电圈套摘除息肉或修整残留蒂部,取得满意疗效,现报道如下。     

经结肠镜高频电圈套器联合尼龙绳套扎和/或钛夹钳夹治疗大肠宽蒂和大息肉156例

目的:评价结肠镜下高频电圈套器联合尼龙绳套扎和/或钛夹钳夹摘除大肠宽蒂、大息肉的疗效及安全性.方法:结肠镜下宽蒂息肉先予尼龙绳套扎其息肉根部,再予高频电圈套器凝切;大息肉(直径大于2.0cm者)先予钛夹2-3枚在息肉根部钳夹,然后再用高频电圈套器分块凝切.结果:结肠镜治疗大肠息肉788例、其中宽蒂、大息肉156例(宽蒂67例、大息肉89例),经予上述方法进行内镜下摘除,一次性切除息肉102枚(65.38%),分次切除54枚(34.62%),均获满意疗效,其中即刻出血2例(1.28%),立即给予内镜下血凝酶喷洒、电凝和/或钛夹,即时止血,无迟发出血.全部病例无1例穿孔.结论:经结肠镜高频电圈套器摘除消化系宽蒂、大息肉前给予尼龙绳套扎和/或钛夹钳夹息肉根部,明显减少了出血、穿孔等并发症,突破了以往内镜治疗息肉关于大小、宽蒂等禁区,避免了手术引起的创伤,安全可靠,值得推荐.     

水浸没法辅助内镜下整块切除结直肠无蒂肿瘤的临床研究

目的 比较黏膜下预注射联合水下内镜黏膜切除术（EMR）与传统EMR在整块切除结直肠无蒂／扁平肿瘤的可行性与效果差异。 方法 120例5～30 mm结直肠无蒂／扁平肿瘤分别采取预注射水下EMR或传统EMR切除,比较两组内镜整块切除率。 结果 53例预注射水下EMR与67例传统EMR,两组肿瘤中位大小可比,均为22 mm。前者总内镜下整块切除率高于后者,差异有统计学意义（81.1％比59.7％,P=0.012）。亚组分析中,预注射水下EMR组在Paris 0-Ⅱa肿瘤（76.7％比50.0％,P=0.035）及困难部位肿瘤（100.0％比42.9％,P=0.004）的整块切除率高于传统EMR组。两组均无出血、穿孔并发症发生。术后残留,水下EMR组1例,传统EMR组2例（P=0.712）。 结论 预注射水下EMR切除＜3 cm结直肠Paris 0-Ⅰs／Ⅱa肿瘤,比传统EMR,更易实现内镜下整块切除及创面封闭。     

结直肠息肉经内镜下摘除后急性出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨结直肠息肉经内镜下摘除后急性出血的危险因素。方法选择2011年1月-2014年2月在重庆市第五人民医院就诊的结直肠息肉患者272例,所有患者均行内镜下息肉摘除术,共摘除息肉305个,根据出血情况将患者分为出血组与未出血组,对临床资料进行整理,使用非条件二元Logistic回归模型对急性出血危险因素进行分析。结果出血组患者收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白水平明显高于未出血组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。出血组患者息肉3 cm时,无蒂息肉患者比例明显大于未出血组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、息肉大小、息肉类型经单因素方差分析可纳入Logistic回归模型,Logistic回归分析结果显示收缩压(OR=5.567)、舒张压(OR=2.274)、总胆固醇(OR=1.564)、甘油三酯(OR=1.957)、低密度脂蛋白(OR=2.196)、息肉大小(OR=3.643),息肉类型(OR=3.945)为摘除后急性出血的危险因素。结论血压、血脂、息肉大小、息肉类型均为结直肠息肉经内镜下摘除后急性出血的危险因素。     

上消化道宽蒂息肉和部分粘膜下肿瘤的内镜治疗

本文报告了于病灶基底部注射高渗盐水—利多卡因—肾上腺素混合液(HS-L-E)结合圈套器高频电摘除上消化道宽蒂息肉及部分粘膜下肿瘤的方法。结果显示:20例宽蒂息内和4例粘膜下肿瘤均被完整摘除,术中及术后无任何并发症。结果表明:此法是安全、有效的。     

Safer Colonoscopic Polypectomy with Local Submucosal Injection of Hypertonic Saline-Epinephrine Solution

Background: In view of the popular acceptance of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, endoscopic polypectomy is indicated for the removal of colorectal adenomas. Larger or sessile lesions should be removed by an experienced endoscopist, but complications such as hemorrhage and perforation still may occur. Methods: To render the removal of sessile lesions feasible by endoscopic polypectomy and to reduce the risk of complications, we attempted local submucosal injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine solution [(HSE) a mixture of 4.7% sodium chloride and 0.005% epinephrine] before electrosurgical snare excision; 0.5-2 ml HSE were injected into the base and immediate vicinity of polyps to produce mucosal bulging. Results: Between August 1990 and April 1992, 645 polyps in 403 patients were removed by this method; sessile lesions could be more readily removed. Of these, 17 (2.6%) revealed invasive carcinoma and 19 (3.0%) carcinoma in situ. The largest sessile polyp removed was 40 mm in diameter and 7 mm in height and contained a carcinoma in situ. Even a 6-mm depressed adenoma and two rectal carcinoid tumors could be excised completely. No serious complications were encountered with this metbod. Conclusion: We conclude that local injection of HSE makes the endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps much easier and safer.     

Endoscopic piecemeal resection with submucosal saline injection of large sessile colorectal polyps

BACKGROUND: Because endoscopic en bloc resection of large, sessile colorectal polyps is technically difficult, they are usually resected piecemeal. However, piecemeal resection makes it difficult to evaluate the completeness of the resection histopathologically. In this study the efficacy of endoscopic piecemeal resection of large, sessile colorectal polyps was investigated after follow-up greater than 1 year. METHODS: We removed 56 sessile colorectal polyps 2 cm or greater in diameter in 56 patients by using an endoscopic submucosal saline injection technique. Endoscopic examinations were repeated at 3, 6, and 12 months and longer after initial endoscopic resection. If no residual tumor was found endoscopically and histologically, the patient was considered to be "cured." RESULTS: Of the 56 polyps, 14 (25%) were resected en bloc, and 42 (75%) were resected piecemeal. Of the 42 patients treated with piecemeal resection, 23 (55%) required additional endoscopic or surgical interventions. In patients followed 1 year or longer after initial treatment, the cure rate by en bloc resection was 100% (14 of 14) and that by piecemeal resection was 83% (35 of 42). Arterial bleeding occurred in 4 patients (7%) during or after endoscopic resection. In 3 of them, bleeding was stopped by endoscopic clipping, but 1 patient required emergent laparotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic piecemeal resection after submucosal saline injection with an intensive follow-up program is a safe and effective treatment for large, sessile colorectal polyps.     

Recurrence after endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection for large sessile colorectal polyps

AIM: To evaluate the safety and outcomes of endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection (EPMR) for large sessile colorectal polyps. METHODS: The patients enrolled in this study were 47 patients with 50 large sessile polyps (diameter, 2 cm or greater) who underwent EPMR using a submucosal saline injection technique between December 2002 and October 2005. All medical records, including characteristics of the patients and polyps, complications, and recurrences, were retrospectively reviewed. The first follow-up end...     

EMR of large sessile colorectal polyps

BACKGROUND: EMR optimizes histopathologic assessment of resected lesions. This study evaluated the outcome of EMR of large sessile colorectal polyps in terms of complications and recurrence. METHODS: An uncontrolled prospective study was conducted of a cohort of 136 patients with sessile colorectal polyps referred for EMR. After submucosal injection, EMR was performed piecemeal by either snare polypectomy alone or with cap aspiration. RESULTS: In 136 patients, a total of 139 sessile polyps were resected, 86 of which were in the right colon. Median polyps diameter was 20 mm in the right colon and 30 mm in the other colonic segments. Intraprocedure bleeding occurred after 15 polypectomies (10.8%) and was controlled endoscopically in all cases; there was no delayed bleeding. Post-polypectomy syndrome occurred in 5 patients (3.7%). There was no perforation. Invasive carcinoma was found in 17 sessile colorectal polyps, and surgery was performed in 10 of 17 cases. Follow-up colonoscopy in 93 patients without invasive carcinoma (96 polyps), over a median of 12.3 months, disclosed local recurrence of 21 adenomatous polyps (21.9%). Colonoscopic follow-up in 5 of the 7 patients, who had sessile colorectal polyps with invasive carcinoma and did not undergo surgery, disclosed no local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: EMR, including EMR with cap aspiration, is effective and safe for removal of sessile colorectal polyps throughout the colon.     

内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗老年人大肠息肉

目的探讨内镜下氩离子凝固术（APC）治疗老年人大肠息肉的安全性和有效性。方法采用德国ERBE公司生产的APC（VIO200D型）内镜专用氩气刀对电子肠镜检查发现的大肠息肉进行内镜下治疗。结果258例老年患者共检出525枚息肉全部使用APC治愈,根据息肉大小和形态,使用APC灼除302枚（57．5％）,APC切除89枚（17％）,黏膜下注射后APC切除134枚（25．5％）,局部渗血者行APC电凝或钛夹止血。术后2例（0．8％）出现少量便血,予药物治疗后出血停止,无穿孔和大出血等严重并发症。结论APC可作为老年人大肠息肉的首选治疗,安全性高,并发症少。     

Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Large Sessile Colorectal Polyps With Submucosal Injection of Hypertonic 50 Percent Dextrose–Epinephrine Solution

Purpose Before endoscopic mucosal resection of large sessile colorectal polyps, injection of solution into submucosa cushions and isolates the tumor, although there is little information as to which solution with optimal effect should be used. This study investigated the effectiveness of endoscopic mucosal resection by use of a hypertonic dextrose plus epinephrine solution for large sessile colorectal polyps. Methods We removed 59 large sessile colorectal polyps in 59 patients by introducing an endoscopic submucosal hypertonic dextrose plus epinephrine injection technique. Endoscopic evaluations were repeated at 3, 6, and 12 months or longer. If no residual tumor was observed endoscopically and histologically at one year or more, the patient was considered to be “cured.” The main outcome measurements were the mean amount of solution injected, mean disappearance time of solution, safety, complications, and recurrence at follow-up. Results Of the 59 large sessile colorectal polyps, 23 (39 percent) were resected en bloc and 36 (61 percent) piecemeal. The mean amount of hypertonic dextrose plus epinephrine solution injected was 24.42 ± 17.52 ml, and its mean disappearance time was 13.61 ± 5.21 (range, 7–21) minutes. Of the 36 patients treated with piecemeal resection, 18 (50 percent) required additional endoscopic interventions. In patients who entered the follow-up surveillance protocol for one year or longer, the cure rate by en bloc resection was 100 percent (23/23) and that by piecemeal intervention was 96.78 percent (30/31). Four patients (6.8 percent) had local bleeding after endoscopic mucosal resection that was mainly controlled endoscopically. Conclusions Endoscopic mucosal resection after submucosal hypertonic dextrose plus epinephrine solution injection, with an intensive follow-up program, seems to be a safe and effective treatment for large sessile colorectal polyps.     

Comparison of postpolypectomy bleeding between epinephrine and saline submucosal injection for large colon polyps by conventional polypectomy： A prospective randomized, multicenter study

AIM:To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of prophylactic submucosal saline-epinephrine injection and saline injection alone for large colon polyps by conventional polypectomy. METHODS:A prospective study was conducted from July 2003 to July 2004 at 11 tertiary endoscopic centers. Large colon polyps (> 10 mm in diameter) wererandomized to undergo endoscopic polypectomy with submucosal saline-epinephrine injection (epinephrine group) or normal saline injection (saline group). Endoscopic polypectomy was performed by the conventional snare method,and early (< 12 h) and late bleeding complications (12 h-30 d) were observed. RESULTS:A total of 561 polyps in 486 patients were resected by endoscopic polypectomy. Overall,bleeding complications occurred in 7.6% (37/486) of the patients,including 4.9% (12/244) in the epinephrine group,and 10.3% (25/242) in the saline group. Early and late postpolypectomy bleeding (PPB) occurred in 6.6% (32/486) and 1% (5/486) of the patients,respectively,including 4.5% (11/244),0.4% (1/244) in the epinephrine group,and 8.7% (21/242),1.7% (4/242) in the saline group. No significant differences in the rates of overall,early and late PPB were observed between the 2 groups. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that large size (> 2 cm) and neoplastic polyps were independently and significantly associated with the presence of PPB. CONCLUSION:The prophylactic submucosal injection of diluted epinephrine does not appear to provide an additional advantage over the saline injection alone for the prevention of PPB.     

黏膜切除术治疗结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉98例临床研究

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析98例结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉(息肉直径0.6~2.0 cm)患者的临床资料并行EMR治疗。结果 98例均经电子结肠镜检查及术前病理诊断为腺瘤性息肉,均为广基隆起性病变,共120枚,行EMR,留取完整标本病理检查,创面均给予钛夹封闭。术后病理诊断为腺瘤性息肉113例,高级别瘤变4例,局部癌变3例,7例切缘均无癌细胞,未追加外科手术。1个月后复查见病变部位黏膜光滑,未见息肉及病变黏膜残留。高级别瘤变及局部癌变7例随访3年,未见肿瘤复发及它处转移。结论对于广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉行EMR较既往单纯的高频电灼或氩离子凝固术有助于发现早期癌,改善患者的预后。     

Endoscopic Removal of Large Sessile Colorectal Adenomas: Is It Safe and Effective?

Large sessile colorectal polyps represent a treatment challenge. Nowadays there are discrepancies regarding how to proceed with them because of morbidity, the possibility of incomplete endoscopic resection, and the high possibility of a coexisting malignancy. This study was performed to determine the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic removal of sessile colorectal adenomas larger than 4 cm. Seventy-four patients with a total of 74 sessile polyps larger than 4 cm in diameter were treated endoscopically. Polyps were removed using argon plasma coagulation (APC) as an adjunct to piecemeal technique. Surgery was recommended in patients with invasive neoplasia. Patients with favorable histology (low-grade dysplasia [LDG] or high-grade dysplasia [HGD]) were followed up with monthly endoscopies untill total ablation of the lesion, and then at 3- to 6-month intervals. LGD was found in 38 patients, HGD in 24, and invasive neoplasia in the remaining 12 patients. A total of 54 patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Recurrence rate of polyps with favorable histology was 9.2% (5/54). Postpolypectomy bleeding was the only complication, observed in 10 patients (13.5%). We conclude that piecemeal polypectomy plus APC without saline injection, performed by an expert endoscopist, is a safe and effective treatment for all LGD or HGD large sessile colorectal polyps.