肩胛骨的解剖学研究

目的从临床应用角度研究肩胛骨的详细外形、解剖学特点,为肩胛骨骨折切开复位内固定提供解剖学依据。方法随机抽取60块(不计左右侧)成人肩胛骨干燥标本,标本完整无缺损,随机进行编号,先观测标本的大体形态特征,用游标卡尺测量其长度和厚度,精确到0.1 mm。所有标本都是同一个人用同样的游标卡尺测量。结果 1肩胛骨是块前面微凹、后面微凸的不规则的三角形扁骨,后面被横行的肩胛冈分为上下两部分,冈上窝及冈下窝骨质最薄弱,肩胛冈和肩胛骨的内、外缘相对较厚,形成肩胛骨的支撑系统。2肩胛骨的相关重要结构测量值包括:肩胛骨的长度为:148.62±11.26 mm;内缘中点处的厚度(距内缘0.5 cm)为:4.38±1.01 mm;肩胛下角的厚度(距边缘0.5 cm)为:7.27±0.95 mm;肩胛骨内缘肩胛冈起点处厚度:8.54±1.61 mm;肩胛盂下1 cm(距外缘0.5 cm)的厚度为:11.33±1.02 mm;肩胛盂下2 cm(距外缘0.5 cm)的厚度为:10.26±2.07 mm;肩胛盂下4 cm(距外缘0.5 cm)的厚度为:9.57±1.43 mm;距肩胛盂0.5 cm处的肩胛盂颈厚度为:19.95±2.34 mm;距肩胛盂1.0 cm处的肩胛盂颈厚度为:14.81±2.01mm;肩胛盂的前后径:27.20±3.16 mm;肩胛盂的上下径:35.89±3.57 mm;肩胛冈的长度为:116.98±9.21 mm;肩胛冈内侧4 cm的厚度为:15.42±3.20 mm;肩胛冈内侧4 cm的宽度为:11.01±2.15 mm;肩胛冈内侧8 cm的厚度为:29.20±3.68 mm;肩胛冈内侧8 cm的宽度为:16.93±3.34 mm;肩峰的长度:46.48±5.29 mm;肩峰宽度为:25.87±2.77 mm;肩峰厚度(内前l cm)为:8.74±1.30 mm。结论 1肩胛骨为一扁宽形不规则骨,呈不规整三角形,分二面三缘,前面微凸,与胸后上壁相适应,参与形成肩关节和肩胛胸壁关节,不仅有保护胸腔的作用,还有固定上肢的作用。2肩胛骨的的内、外侧缘及肩胛冈构成了整个肩胛骨的支撑系统。研究发现肩胛骨的内、外缘(包括肩胛盂)、肩胛冈、肩峰处有足够的骨量可以支持内固定物的植入。     

超声在肩关节疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的 评价超声对肩关节病变的诊断价值.方法 对肩袖及非肩袖病变患者111例进行超声检查,结果与关节镜手术对照.结果 肩关节镜结果显示111例患者共发现病变153个,其中67个冈上肌腱撕裂(包括全层撕裂和部分撕裂),5个冈下肌、肩胛下肌腱损伤,10个钙化性肌腱炎,2个肩胛切迹周围囊肿,34个肩峰下滑囊炎,1个滑囊内游离体,13个肱二头肌长头腱断裂或脱位(不包括上盂唇起点处撕脱),21个盂唇撕脱损伤.超声评价各种肩关节软组织病变准确性分别为:冈上肌撕裂92%,冈下肌、肩胛下肌腱损伤97%,钙化性肌腱炎96%,肩胛切迹附近囊肿100%,肩峰下滑囊炎88%,肱二头肌长头腱脱位100%,盂唇损伤81%.结论 超声能够有效地评价肩关节病变,是一种可靠的无创性影像学诊断手段.     

偏瘫病人的肩痛与肩胛上神经损伤

<正> 肩胛上神经来自臂丛的上干,向下向后通过肩胛上切迹,然后分成:(1)感觉支分布到肩锁关节和盂肱关节;(2)运动支支配岗上肌和岗下肌。肩胛切迹与横越上方的肩胛韧带形成一个孔,肩胛上神经从该孔穿过,在此部位肩胛上神经易受外伤或嵌     

3.0T MRI肩撞击综合征影像征象分析

目的 探讨3.0T MRI对肩关节撞击综合征的诊断价值,并分析其影像征象及损伤机制.方法 回顾性分析30例肩撞击综合征患者的MRI表现及临床症状.结果 ①直接征象:30例MRI均显示冈上肌肌腱信号和形态的改变,其中6例冈上肌肌腱完全撕裂;13例冈上肌肌腱的部分撕裂;11例表现冈上肌肌腱表面的信号异常、混杂;②间接征象:9例肩峰下滑囊增厚、肩峰下-三角肌下囊积液及15例关节囊积液;③继发征象:5例关节盂唇撕脱,于关节造影时显示较好,5例冈上肌萎缩、2例三角肌萎缩、4例Bankart病变;④病因征象:本组患者肩峰形态分别为平直型(4/30)、弧形(7/30)、钩型(19/30);肩峰下通道(AHI)7例<5 mm,23例为5～10 mm之间.结论 高场强3.0T MRI能够有效显示肩撞击综合征的影像特征,有助于临床诊治.     

股骨远端髁间凹陷的形态观察及其临床意义

目的探讨股骨远端髁间凹陷的形态学特点和规律性,用于指导股骨远端手术中的定位、定向操作。方法取86侧干燥成人股骨骨骼标本,对股骨远端进行形态观察并测量股骨外髁前后径(X1)、髌面前切迹深(X2)、髌面切迹前后径(X3)、髁间窝深(X4)、外髁高(X5)、髌面下切迹深(X6),计算股骨髁髌面前切迹深指数(X2/X1)、股骨髁髌面下切迹深指数(X6/X5)、髁间窝深指数(X4/X1),分析各指标间的相关性。结果 X1:(57.5±4.7)mm;X2:(6.3±2.3)mm;X3:(23.1±2.9)mm;X4:(28.1±3.0)mm;X5:(35.8±4.8)mm;X6:(8.7±1.1)mm;X2/X1:0.109±0.040;X6/X5:0.246±0.033;X4/X1:0.488±0.028,股骨外髁前后径与髁间窝深指数和股骨髁髌面前切迹深指数无相关性(r=0.103,P=0.343;r=0.118,P=0.281),外髁高与股骨髁髌面下切迹深指数呈负相关(r=-0.572,P=0.000)。结论股骨远端髁间凹陷的形态具有一定的规律性,可用于指导股骨远端手术中的定位、定向操作,有利于微创手术。     

超声介导下肩峰下滑囊联合肩胛上神经注射治疗肩周炎的价值

观察超声介导下肩峰下滑囊联合肩胛上神经注射治疗肩周炎的临床效果.方法:40例患者随机分为对照组(A组)和超声组(B组),B组在超声介导下行肩峰下滑囊和肩胛上神经注射术,A组根据解剖定位行肩胛上神经和痛点注射.结果:两组治疗后较治疗前VAS评分有明显下降(P＜0.01),治疗后B组较A组疼痛缓解较明显(P＜ 0.05),两组治疗后较治疗前肩关节活动度有明显好转(P＜0.05),治疗后B组与A组肩关节活动度无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:超声引导下注射治疗肩周炎具有较好的临床疗效,是一种很有前景的治疗方法.     

定量解剖学观察髋臼前柱骨折螺钉内固定置入的力学特征

背景:近年来切开复何内固定成为骨盆骨折和髋臼骨折的一种重要治疗手段,但是在内固定过程中有时会发生螺钉穿入关节内、损伤盆腔内重要血管或神经等严重并发症.目的:测量髋臼前柱骨折拉力螺钉内固定技术中螺钉的最佳进钉点、角度和长度.设计、时间及地点:测量性实验,于2008-06/10在山尔大学医学院解剖学教研室完成.材料:取成年男性半骨盆标本20个,制作髋臼前柱系列断面.方法:在单螺钉技术中,测量进钉点O与坐骨大切迹顶点Q之间的水平距离OP和垂直距离PQ的长度,测量螺钉长度.在双螺钉技术中,分别测量内侧螺钉的进钉点O1和外侧螺钉的进钉点O2与坐骨大切迹顶点Q之间的水平距离O1 P1、02P2和垂直距离P1Q、P2Q的长度,分别测量内侧螺钉和外侧螺钉的长度.测量螺钉矢状面的角度α冠状面的角度β,将测量数抛输入到SPSS 10.0软件进行统计学分析.主要观察指标:髋臼前柱拉力螺钉技术中螺钉的进钉点、角度和长度.结果:单螺钉技术:OP和PQ的长度分别为(23.5±2.2)mm和(16.8±1.6)mm,螺钉长度为(84.9±4.7)mm.双螺钉技术:01P1和P1Q的长度分别为(26.3±2.3)mm和(13.6±1.4)mm,内侧螺钉的长度为(69.8±4.1)mm:02P2长度(20.7±2.1)mm,P2Q长度(20.1±1.8)mm,外侧螺钉的长度(61.2±3.7)mm.α角为(123.4±4.1).β角为(62.2±5.8)°.结论:单螺钉技术螺钉的进钉点位于坐骨大切迹顶点处垂直于后柱内侧缘向外17 mm,冉甲行于后柱内侧缘向上24 mm,长度约85 mm.双螺钉技术内侧螺钉的进钉点位于坐骨大切迹顶点处乖直于后柱内侧缘向外14 mm,再平行丁后柱内侧缘向上26 mm,螺钉长度70 mm.外侧螺钉的进钉点位于坐骨大切迹顶点处垂直于后柱内侧缘向外20 mm,再平行于后柱内侧缘向上21 mm,螺钉长度61 mm.拉力螺钉与后柱内侧缘平行线所成的角度为123°左右,与后柱内侧缘平行线的垂线所成的角度为62°左右.螺钉位置一定要通过多角度、多方位的透视证实.     

上肢不同测量方法PICC置管长度在NICU的研究与应用

目的:为探讨新生儿经上肢置入PICC的体表测量方法和置管深度.方法:对38例新生儿行PICC置管,采用两种体表测量方法,即方法Ⅰ:从穿刺点沿静脉走向至肩峰,再至颈静脉切迹,然后垂直向下至胸骨角;方法Ⅱ:从穿刺点沿静脉走向至肱骨小结节顶点,再至颈静脉切迹,然后垂直向下至胸骨角.对体表测量长度(X)和实际插管长度(Y)进行相关分析.结果:两种方法PICC置管成功率100%,到位率92.11%,留置时间:2～28 d,平均13.8 d,并发症发生率为13.16%.上肢方法Ⅰ和方法Ⅱ体表测量(X)与实际置管长度(Y)的直线回归方程分别为:Y1=0.59+0.87X1,Y2=0.22+0.94X2.结论:PICC置管时可依据不同的体表测量方法及相应的直线回归方程,计算出更为准确的盲插置管深度,为临床推广应用提供方便.     

多层螺旋CT后处理技术测量国人离体肩胛盂扭转角

目的 探讨应用MSCT后处理技术测量肩胛盂扭转角的方法.方法 收集成人肩胛骨干标本50个、成人肩关节防腐湿标本50个,用16层螺旋CT扫描仪扫描,行轴位厚层、薄层多平面重组(MPR)测量肩胛盂扭转角,进行统计学分析.结果 肩胛盂扭转角厚层MPR和薄层MPR测量值配对t检验统计学差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).肩胛骨干、湿标本盂扭转角测值独立样本t检验差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).厚层MPR测量肩胛骨干标本盂扭转角(-0.40±4.10)°,肩关节防腐湿标本盂扭转角(-3.00±4.49)°;薄层MPR测量肩胛骨干标本盂扭转角(-0.34±4.21)°,肩关节防腐湿标本盂扭转角(-2.70±4.54)°.结论 多层螺旋CT厚层MPR测量肩胛盂扭转角简单、快捷.肩胛骨干、湿标本盂扭转角差异较大,肩胛骨扭转角呈后倾近3°,在肩关节假体设计中应考虑该解剖特点.     

排球运动员的肩胛上神经损伤

冈下肌萎缩症是排球运动员中常见而难以治疗的一种损伤。目前研究认为它是由肩胛上神经的绞勒性神经痛造成的。对于肩胛上神经的损伤部位,国内外有不同看法。1肩胛上神经损伤的原因机制很多作者将疼痛作为肩胛上神经绞勒性损伤的主要症状犤1犦。在绝大多数病例中,疼痛只限于背后部和外侧,还可能向下波及手臂,向上波及颈部。然而,只有当冈盂处支配冈上、下肌的感觉和运动神经的肩胛上神经干绞勒性损伤是由于腱鞘囊肿引起的压迫性神经损伤时,患者才会感到疼痛。正如郭尚谆、Andrea等人从排球运动员身上观察到的一样,冈盂切迹处的损伤通常导致…     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.