阿曲库铵恢复期应用琥珀胆碱对其肌松恢复的影响

目的：观察在阿曲库铵阻滞恢复期应用琥珀胆碱是否影响其肌松恢复时间。方法：４０例择期眼科手术病人随机分为２组,即对照组和试验组分别为１７和２３例。ＴＯＦ监测肌松,两组病人诱导过程中均用琥珀胆碱协助插管（ＴＯＦ＝０）。气管插管后Ｔ１恢复至对照值７５％时两组病人均静注阿曲库铵０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ维持肌松,组Ⅰ对照,组Ⅱ当Ｔ１恢复至对照的５０％时静注琥珀胆碱１～１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,监测起效时间、临床肌松维持时间     

小剂量顺式阿曲库铵预注法行快诱导气管插管时对琥珀胆碱肌颤搐T1的抑制程度及肌松效应的影响

目的 观察顺式阿曲库铵预注法对琥珀胆碱肌震颤的预防及对其肌松效应的影响.方法 20例择期全麻患者根据不同预处理药分成2组,即0.01 mg/kg顺式阿曲库铵组(A组):0.9%氯化钠水溶液(B组),每组10例.预处理3 min后静脉注射琥珀胆碱1 mg/kg.采用TOF-WATCH SX监测肌松情况,TOF=0时行快诱导气管插管.结果 预处理能基本消除琥珀胆碱引起的肌震颤,效果优于B组(P＜0.05).可使1 mg/kg剂量的琥珀胆碱的起效时间延长,阻滞程度降低,但与B组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 顺式阿曲库铵预处理能基本消除琥珀胆碱引起的肌震颤,并对其肌松效应影响较小,不延长肌松恢复时间,是较好的预处理肌松药.     

维库溴铵前处理对琥珀胆碱的肌震颤及肌松效应的影响

目的:观察维库溴铵前处理对琥珀胆碱肌震的预防作用及对其肌松效应的影响.方法:36例择期手术病人随机分成3组,Ⅰ组静注琥珀胆碱1mg/kg(对照组).Ⅱ、Ⅲ组静注维库溴铵18μg/kg后3.5min分别注入琥珀胆碱1mg/kg和1.5mg/kg.结果:维库溴铵前处理能有效地消除琥珀胆碱引起的肌震颤,但使1mg/kg琥珀胆碱的起效时间延长、阻滞程度降低、气管插管条件变差、肌松恢复时间性缩短.当琥珀胆碱的剂量增至1.5mg/kg时,肌松效应恢复满意.结论:维库溴铵前处理使琥珀胆碱的肌松效应减弱,故琥珀胆碱的插管剂量应增至1.5mg/kg,以获得满意的肌松.     

维库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵苯磺酸盐在胆囊切除术中的肌松效果对比

目的：比较维库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵苯磺酸盐（顺式阿曲库铵）在胆囊切除术中的肌松效果。方法选取2011年10月—2014年10月孝义市人民医院收治的胆囊结石患者160例,随机分为维库溴铵组与顺式阿曲库铵组,各80例。维库溴铵组患者静脉注射维库溴铵,顺式阿曲库铵组静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵。观察两组患者肌松药起效时间、临床作用时间、肌肉松弛恢复时间及气管插管等级评估情况。结果顺式阿曲库铵组患者肌松药起效时间及肌肉松弛恢复时间短于维库溴铵组,临床作用时间长于维库溴铵组,差异有统计学意义（ P ﹤0.05）;顺式阿曲库铵组患者气管插管良好率高于维库溴铵组,差异有统计学意义（ P ﹤0.05）。结论顺式阿曲库铵在胆囊切除术中的肌松效果优于维库溴铵,药物起效时间短,作用时间长,气管插管等级评估高,易操作。     

罗库溴铵对维库溴铵药效的影响及其先一药法的应用

目的：研究罗库溴铵对追加的维库溴铵肌松效应的影响及罗库溴铵－维库溴铵先后给药法的临床价值。方法：观察２倍ＥＤ９５剂量的罗库溴铵（０．６ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１）、维库溴铵（０．１ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１）分别诱导时的时效及插管条件,以及插管后对追加的１倍ＥＤ９５剂量的维库溴铵的起效及维持时间的影响。结果：罗库溴铵阻滞起效时间显著快于维库溴铵（Ｐ〈０．０１）,二者产生的插管条件及维持时间相似;罗库溴铵插管后对追加的     

顺式阿曲库铵和维库溴铵在全麻诱导及维持中的应用比较

目的 探讨顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵和维库溴铵在静吸复合麻醉诱导起效及麻醉维持时间的比.方法 选择3～80岁Ⅰ～Ⅱ级美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)级患者50例随机分为(A组)顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵组(B组)维库溴铵组.每组各25例,以芬太尼和丙泊酚及咪达唑仑诱导及维持,观察患者肌肉松弛起效及完善插管时间和肌松恢复时间.结果 顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵起效时间稍慢,肌松恢复时间较维库溴铵短.结论 顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵在全麻诱导起效时间较维库溴铵稍慢,维持肌松时效短,而且不经肝肾代谢,更适合于短小手术及肝肾功能障碍患者.     

七氟醚神经肌肉阻滞作用的临床研究

研究七氟醚本身的肌松作用及其与非去极化肌松药维库溴铵间的相互作用。方法：选择２１例ＡＳＡ级Ⅰ－Ⅱ级的手术病人，随机分成三组：Ⅰ组单独七氟醚麻醉组；Ⅱ组笑气，芬太尼和０．０７ｍｇ／ｋｇ维库溴铵复合麻醉组；Ⅲ组七氟醚和０．０７ｍｇ／ｋｇ维库溴铵麻醉组。     

顺式阿曲库铵用于癫痫手术患者的肌松作用

目的观察顺式阿曲库铵用于癫痫患者的肌松残留作用。方法 50例择期行癫痫手术患者随机均分为两组。患者既往无神经肌肉传导功能方面的疾病。麻醉诱导后5 s内经上肢静脉注入4×ED95剂量的顺式阿曲库铵(A组)或维库溴铵(B组)。监测拇内收肌肌颤搐变化,每当肌颤搐恢复至25%时追加1/3诱导剂量的肌松药。观察气管插管条件及末次追加后肌松恢复时间。结果两组均显示良好的气管插管条件。A组末次追加肌松药后的恢复时间明显短于B组。结论 4×ED95的维库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵均可提供良好的气管插管条件;但反复追加后维库溴铵蓄积作用较顺式阿曲库铵明显。     

罗库溴铵、维库溴铵和阿曲库铵用于全麻气管插管肌松效应的对比研究

目的观察比较罗库溴铵、维库溴铵及阿曲库铵在全麻诱导气管插管时的肌松效应及不良反应。方法ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者120例,随机分为:罗库溴铵组(Ⅰ组)、维库溴铵组(Ⅱ组)、阿曲库铵组(Ⅲ组),每组给2倍ED95剂量肌松剂。Ⅰ组按用量再分为:Ⅰa组(2倍ED95,0.6 mg/kg)、Ⅰb组(3倍ED95,0.9 mg/kg)2个亚组。每组各30例。麻醉诱导依次静注咪达唑仑0.06 mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg,异丙酚2 mg/kg后,Ⅰa、Ⅰb组分别静注罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg,Ⅱ组静注维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,Ⅲ组静注阿曲库铵0.5 mg/kg。观察各组气管插管时的肌松效果及不良反应。结果Ⅰ组的起效时间及插管状态优良率均明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,Ⅰb组的插管条件好于Ⅰa组。Ⅰ组的支气管痉挛、皮疹等不良反应的发生率明显低于其他组,对循环系统的影响也较小。结论罗库溴铵比维库溴铵、阿曲库铵起效快,恢复迅速,不良反应少,是较好的全麻气管插管肌松药。     

阿曲库铵和维库溴铵量──效关系和恢复时相的比较性研究(英)

比较性观察阿曲库铵和维库溴铵量-效关系和恢复时相特征。选择60例ASAI级,年龄17～50岁,施择期整形外科手术的中国患者,分层随机平均分成阿曲库铰组和维库溴铵组。用60％NO2-O2-硫喷妥钠-芬太尼维持麻醉。用加速度仪监测神经肌肉功能,采用TOF刺激方式,以T1抑制的百分比为研究指标。用累计给药方法建立阿曲库铵和维库溴铵的量-效关系曲线。根据用最小二乘法建立的量-效关系曲线,阿曲库铵的神经肌肉阻滞作用强度仅为维库溴铵的17％。两药的ED50、ED90和ED95均有明显差别。应用等效剂量（1.5×ED95）后,两药的高峰时间、临床肌松时间、恢复时间和体内作用时间均无明显差别。结论：阿曲库铵是一弱效能的肌松药,而维库溴接为一强效能肌松药。阿曲库按和维库溴铵的作用强度比率为1／6。应用等效剂量后,两药的恢复时相无明显差别。     

维库溴铵与苯磺阿曲库铵的肌松作用在阻塞性黄疸和肾衰患者手术时的应用

维库溴铵与苯磺阿曲库铵应用于肝肾功能正常者33例、末期肾衰病人26例、阻塞性黄疸病人20例。静注维库溴铵与苯磺阿曲库铵初剂量分别为0.1mg/kg和0.5mg/kg,每次追加剂量分别为0.05mg/kg和0.25mg/kg,术中用4个成串刺激(TOF)监测肌松程度。应用2药于肾衰组,除起效时间较其他2组明显缩短外,其他参数无差异,前者用于阻黄病人时,TOF在恢复过程中第4(T_4)与第1(T_1)个刺激反应强度之比(RTOF)0.25和恢复指数均有明显延长,提示有积蓄作用,使用时应慎重。     

Newer neuromuscular blocking agents: how do they compare with established agents?

Rapacuronium bromide (rapacuronium; ORG-9487) is a nondepolarising muscle relaxant (NMBA) with a low potency [90% effective dose (ED90) 1 mg/kg], which to some extent is responsible for its rapid onset of action. Because of the high plasma clearance (5.3 to 11.1 mg/kg/min) of rapacuronium, its clinical duration of action following single bolus doses up to 2 mg/kg in adults is short (i.e. <20 minutes). Rapacuronium forms a pharmacologically active 3-desacetyl metabolite, ORG-9488, which may contribute to a delay in spontaneous recovery after repeat bolus doses or infusions. After rapacuronium 1.5 mg/kg clinically acceptable intubating conditions are achieved within 60 to 90 seconds in the majority of adult and elderly patients undergoing elective anaesthesia. However, in a rapid-sequence setting. intubating conditions are less favourable after rapacuronium 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg than after succinylcholine. The most prominent adverse effects of rapacuronium (tachycardia, hypotension and bronchospasm) are dose-related, and in particular pulmonary adverse effects are observed more frequently under conditions of a rapid-sequence induction in adults. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to consider only doses of rapacuronium < or = 1.5 mg/kg to facilitate rapid tracheal intubation, and to use succinylcholine or rocuronium rather than rapacuronium in a rapid-sequence setting. Rapacuronium, however, is a suitable alternative to mivacurium chloride (mivacurium) and succinylcholine for short procedures (e.g. ambulatory anaesthesia). Rocuronium bromide (rocuronium) is a relatively low-potent, intermediateacting NMBA. Its main advantage is the rapid onset of neuromuscular block whereby good or excellent intubating conditions are achieved within 60 to 90 seconds after rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg (2 x ED95), and within 60 to 180 seconds after smaller doses (1 to 1.5 x ED95). Larger doses of rocuronium (> or = 1 mg/kg) seem to be suitable for rapid-sequence induction under relatively light anaesthesia. However, it is still a matter of controversy whether, in the case of an unanticipated difficult intubation, the long duration of rocuronium administered in such large doses outweighs the many adverse effects of succinylcholine. Rocuronium has mild vagolytic effects and does not release histamine, even when administered in large doses. Rocuronium is primarily eliminated via the liver and its pharmacokinetic profile is similar to that of vecuronium bromide (vecuronium). Unlike vecuronium, rocuronium has no metabolite. Cisatracurium besilate (cisatracurium), the IR-cis, 1'R-cis isomer of atracurium besilate (atracurium) is approximately 4 times more potent than atracurium. The onset time of cisatracurium is significantly slower than after equipotent doses of atracurium. The recommended intubating dose is 0.15 to 0.2 mg/kg (3 to 4 times ED95). Over a wide range of clinically relevant doses the recovery properties of cisatracurium are affected by neither the size of the bolus dose nor by the duration of infusion. Unlike atracurium, cisatracurium does not trigger histamine release. Like atracurium, cisatracurium undergoes Hofmann elimination. In contrast to atracurium, cisatracurium does not undergo hydrolysis by nonspecific plasma esterases. Moreover, about 77% of the drug is cleared by organ-dependent mechanisms.     

Effects of succinylcholine on the recovery of block produced by mivacurium in rats

This study investigates the effects of succinylcholine on the recovery of neuromuscular blockade produced by mivacurium in rats. In 48 anesthetized animals, the sciatic nerve was prepared and stimulated, and twitches of the flexor digitorum longus muscle were recorded. Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 each): bolus dose of succinylcholine 0.1 mg/kg (GroupSch), bolus dose of mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg (GroupMiv), bolus dose of mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg, followed by succinylcholine 0.1 mg/kg at 25% neuromuscular recovery from mivacurium (Group-MivSch(25)), or bolus dose of mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg, followed by succinylcholine 0.1 mg/kg at 75% neuromuscular recovery from mivacurium (GroupMivSch(75)). Onset times of neuromuscular block following succinylcholine in mivacurium-treated groups were comparable and significantly shorter than in GroupSch (p < 0.001). Duration of action of succinylcholine was more prolonged when it was given in the presence of deeper neuromuscular block induced by mivacurium (p < 0.001 in GroupMivSch(25) and p < 0.01 in GroupMivSch(75)). Our results suggest that, in rats, mivacurium administration has a significant potentiating effect on a subsequent succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular block.     

Newer neuromuscular blocking drugs. An overview of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use.

Four new nondepolarising muscle relaxants, pipecuronium bromide, doxacurium chloride, mivacurium chloride and Org 9426 (rocuronium) offer alternatives to the established agents atracurium besilate and vecuronium bromide. Pipecuronium and Org 9426 are steroidal compounds, the latter being a monoquaternary agent, whereas doxacurium and mivacurium are bisquaternary benzylisoquinolinium compounds. Pipecuronium and doxacurium have a relatively slow onset and a long duration of action. Pipecuronium produces maximum block in 3 to 6 min when given in a dose of 45 to 80 micrograms/kg, and a duration of clinical relaxation of between 40 and 110 min. Doxacurium is more potent, but is the least rapid and the longest acting relaxant currently available. When administered in doses of 37 to 80 micrograms/kg, it produces maximum block within 3.5 to 10 min, with a duration of clinical relaxation of 77 to 164 min. The advantage of both pipecuronium and doxacurium is their cardiovascular stability. Both agents are primarily eliminated via the kidneys and both have now been licensed for use in the US. Mivacurium is a muscle relaxant with a short duration of action. When administered in doses of 0.1 to 0.25 mg/kg it produces maximum block in 2 to 4 min, but the duration of clinical relaxation is less than 20 min. Higher doses which could induce a faster neuromuscular block are unfortunately associated with some histamine liberation. The drug is metabolised by plasma cholinesterase. Mivacurium has also been licensed for use in the US. Org 9426 is an agent with a rapid onset but an intermediate duration of action. A dose of 0.5 to 0.6 mg/kg induces maximum block in about 1.5 min and has a duration of clinical relaxation of about 30 min. The rapid onset of effect could be useful for early intubation as an alternative to suxamethonium chloride. However, much more clinical experience is needed with this agent, particularly with regard to duration of action of larger doses and occurrence of side effects. The drug is mainly eliminated via the liver.     

Prolonged Neuromuscular Blockade in Two Critically Ill Patients Treated With Atracurium

Recent literature suggests that the risk of prolonged neuromuscular blockade associated with atracurium compared with other nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents may be minimal. Two patients experienced prolonged weakness associated with the administration of atracurium. Both received atracurium 0.5–0.7 mg/kg/hour in combination with methylprednisolone 500–600 mg/day. Electromyographic results and creatine kinase levels were suggestive of muscular weakness in both patients. Despite high-dose corticosteroid therapy, the electromyographic evidence supporting prolonged weakness did not suggest typical corticosteroid myopathy. Although some clinicians advocate routine administration of atracurium in critically ill patients due to the relative lack of reports of prolonged weakness, this may be premature. Although there are fewer reports of atracurium-associated prolonged weakness compared with pancuronium and vecuronium, the patients we describe suggest that it may occur.     

New intravenous anaesthetics and neuromuscular blocking drugs. A review of their properties and clinical use

The newer neuromuscular blocking drugs include vecuronium and atracurium. Vecuronium is a competitive neuromuscular blocking drug with a steroid nucleus. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg has an onset time of 2 minutes and provides surgical paralysis for 20 minutes. Recovery to 90% twitch height occurs in 40 to 50 minutes. Vecuronium has few adverse effects and its use is associated with cardiovascular stability. Atracurium is a competitive neuromuscular blocking drug which undergoes Hofmann degradation and ester hydrolysis in plasma. A dose of 0.6 mg/kg has an onset time of around 2 minutes and provides surgical paralysis for 20 to 30 minutes. Recovery to 90% twitch height occurs in 60 to 80 minutes. Histamine release, usually only localised, has been reported in association with the use of atracurium. The organ-independent metabolism of atracurium allows its use in standard dosage in patients with renal or hepatic disease. Edrophonium, although not a new drug, has recently been re-evaluated for reversal of neuromuscular blockade. In a dose of 0.5 mg/kg it has been shown to be as effective as neostigmine at reversing neuromuscular blockade after recovery has started (greater than 25% twitch height recovery). However, if blockade is profound (less than 10% recovery), edrophonium is less effective. Among the newer intravenous anaesthetics are propofol (disoprofol) and midazolam. In a dose of 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg, propofol produces sleep rapidly with a prompt recovery in 4 to 6 minutes. Induction of anaesthesia may be associated with a transient apnoea and a fall in systolic pressure. The rapid recovery has led to its use for maintenance of anaesthesia. Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine which has been used as an anaesthetic agent. The dose needed to induce sleep varies widely (0.15 to 0.5 mg/kg); onset is slow (1.5 to 5 minutes), and recovery may be prolonged. Midazolam is also used in lower doses as a sedative. Ketamine, an intravenous induction agent, has recently been used intrathecally and extradurally to provide analgesia.     

国产维库溴铵神经肌肉阻滞效应及对心血管的影响

目的：评价国产维库溴铵的神经肌肉阻滞效应及对心血管的影响。方法：选择择期手术病人２０例，随机分为国产维库溴铵组（１０例）和进口维库溴铵组（１０例）。每组均注射维库溴铵０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ后测定肌松药的起效时间和维持时间，并观察心血管反应。结果：国产维库溴铵和进口维库溴胺在神经肌肉阻滞效应的各项指标和对心血管的影响方面均无明显差异。结论：国产维库溴铵的肌松效果满意且不明显影响心血管系统。     

七氟烷和瑞芬太尼对老年患者维库溴铵协同作用及苏醒的比较

目的比较七氟烷和瑞芬太尼在老年手术麻醉中维库溴铵的协同作用及术后苏醒等方面的差异。方法选择择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的气管内插管全身麻醉的患者30例,随机分成两组,每组15例。麻醉诱导均采用咪达唑仑（0．05mg／kg）、维库溴铵（0．1mg／kg）、丙泊酚3．5μg／ml联合诱导插管,s组病例吸入七氟烷维持呼气末浓度为1．0MAC,R组病例静脉靶控瑞芬太尼（5ng／m1）。观察两组患者维库溴铵起效时间（onsettime）、临床持续时间（DUR25）、T1／T0（％）恢复到50％的时间（DUR50）、恢复指数（RI）、TOF（T4/T1）=0．7的时间以及停药到睁眼的时间。结果s组的起效时间、DUR25、DUR50均明显短于R组,而RI、TOF（T4-T1）=0．7的时间及睁眼时间均明显长于R组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在老年患者全身麻醉中,与复合瑞芬太尼相比,复合七氟烷麻醉能使维库溴铵肌松作用增强,消退时间延长。