原子吸收分光光度法测定复方锌铁钙口服溶液中锌铁钙的含量

［摘要］目的建立复方锌铁钙口服溶液中葡萄糖酸锌、葡萄糖酸亚铁、葡萄糖酸钙的含量测定方法。方法样品以硝酸消化,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果该方法的线性、精密度、准确度等均良好。锌、铁、钙的平均回收率分别为99.7%（RSD 1.72%）,99.6%（RSD 0.72%）,100.2%（RSD 1.17%）（n＝9）。结论该方法灵敏快速,准确可靠,可用于复方锌铁钙口服溶液中葡萄糖酸锌、葡萄糖酸亚铁、葡萄糖酸钙的含量测定。     

重组人胰岛素锌的测定方法研究

目的：建立测定重组人胰岛素中锌的火焰原子吸收分光光度法。方法：样品经溶解后,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,利用锌元素的特征吸收波长（213.9nm）测定重组人胰岛素锌。结果：锌在0～0.8μg/ml范围内浓度与吸光度相关系数为0.9993（n=6）,加标回收率98.6%～103.8%。结论：该方法操作简便,干扰少,可用于重组人胰岛素锌的测定。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定精蛋白锌胰岛素注射液中的锌含量

采用原子吸收分光光度法对精蛋白锌胰岛素注射液中锌的含量进行测定,以避免原方法测定时由于胰酶破坏不完全而带来的误差,平均回收率99.8％,RSD为0.9％(n=5)。     

兔口服苯妥英锌的药物动力学

用紫外分光光度法测定了兔口服苯妥英锌或苯妥英钠后血清中苯妥英的浓度,用原子吸收分光光度法测定血清中锌及铜的含量。结果表明,两药 AUC、T_m、C_m 等主要药物动力学参数无显著差异。苯妥英锌组血锌浓度变化甚微,苯妥英钠组血锌浓度随血清中苯妥英浓度而变化。两药均不改变血清中铜含量。     

原子吸收法测定葡萄糖酸钙锌口服液的含量

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸钙锌口服液中钙和锌的含量,测钙的回归方程为A=0.0429C-0.0017（r=0.9999）,测锌的回归方程为A=0.5743C-0.0082（r=0.9988）,葡萄糖酸钙的平均回收率为101.4%,葡萄糖酸锌的平均回收率为99.07%。     

分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌颗粒的含量

目的　采用分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌颗粒中葡萄糖酸锌的含量。方法　在碱性条件下葡萄糖酸锌与锌试液生成蓝色化合物 ,利用可见分光光度法测定其含量 ,检测波长为 6 2 0 nm。结果　葡萄糖酸锌在 4 .0 7～12 .2 2 mg· L-1范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9996 ) ,平均回收率为 99.2 %(RSD =0 .4 5 %)。结论　本法简便、准确。     

分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌片中葡萄糖酸锌的含量

探讨测定葡萄糖酸锌片中葡萄糖酸锌含量的方法.方法根据葡萄糖酸锌在碱性条件下与锌试液生成蓝色化合物,在620 nm处有吸收峰的特点,用可见分光光度法测定其含量.结果葡萄糖酸锌在4.23～12.7 mg·L-1范围内,吸收度与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5).平均回收率99.5%,RSD为0.4%.结论可见分光光度法简单、准确,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法.     

复方利锌混悬液中乳酸依沙吖啶的含量测定

目的:建立复方利锌混悬液中乳酸依沙吖啶的含量测定方法.方法:采用化学和物理方法排除干扰,制备空白溶液和待测溶液;采用分光光度法,以362 nm为检测波长,△λ=±1 nm,测定乳酸依沙吖啶的吸收度.结果:乳酸依沙吖啶在8.28～33.12 μg/mL范围内浓度与吸收度的线性关系良好,回归方程为A=0.031 57 C-0.003 1,r=0.999 9(n=7),平均回收率为99.01%,RSD为0.419%.结论:用分光光度法测定复方利锌混悬液中乳酸依沙吖啶的含量,结果稳定、准确、可靠.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌口服液的含量

目的建立原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌口服液含量方法。方法用AAS,采用标准曲线法。结果在10～50μg.mL-1的范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为Y=0.0017X-0.0046,r=0.9994,回收率为98.64%,RSD为1.08%（n=9）。结论本法简便、快捷、准确性高,能很好的测定出葡萄糖酸锌口服液的含量。     

常用食物锌,铜,铬含量的测定

人体微量元素的摄入量和贮存量取决于食物中的含量。目前国内有关食物中微量元素含量的资料较少),测定方法不同,结果差异较大,为此我们采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了天津市居民常用的几种食物中锌、铜、铬含量。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.