多次肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合射频消融在肝癌治疗中的临床应用

目的评价多次肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)治疗肝癌的临床疗效。方法对经多次TACE治疗后仍有肿瘤残余的10例肝癌患者分别行B超引导下射频消融治疗,术后随访监测甲胎蛋白(AFP)的动态变化及肝脏CT表现来评价疗效。结果 RFA治疗后3~6个月,生存率为100%,其中9例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT检查无肿瘤复发征象者8例,有肿瘤复发征象者2例。9~12个月复查,8例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT增强扫描未发现肿瘤复发征象;有肿瘤复发征象的患者2例,再次行射频消融治疗。8例患者随访时间达到24个月,其中6例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT增强扫描未发现肿瘤复发者7例;1例患者死亡。结论多次TACE联合射频消融为中晚期肝癌治疗提供了新的治疗思路与途径。     

集束电极射频治疗肝恶性肿瘤疗效和并发症的CT评价

目的　探讨经皮射频消融术 (RFA)治疗肝肿瘤CT检查的价值。方法　回顾性地分析 5 0例肝肿瘤 (原发性肝癌 36例 ,肝转移癌 14例 )共 76个病灶RFA术前和术后复查随访CT表现 ,CT检查分别于治疗后 1、3周及以后间隔 3～ 6个月不等进行 ,均采用平扫和增强扫描。结果　获得完全消融的病灶为 35例 49个 (6 4.5 % ) ,不完全消融的病灶为 18例 2 7个 (35 .5 % )。经RFA治疗的 76个病灶中 9个出现病灶内出血 ;1个发生脓肿 ;3例出现腹腔内出血 ;6例发生右侧反应性胸腔积液和 1例出现少量气胸。结论　增强CT检查对肝恶性肿瘤RFA治疗的效果评估以及局部复发和并发症发现具有很大的诊断价值     

CT导向下射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤

目的 研究射频消融(RFA)对肝脏恶性肿瘤的治疗效果.方法 对30例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者共38个病灶CT引导下进行经皮射频消融治疗,大小2.5～12 cm,其中原发性肝癌26例,转移性肝癌4例.应用美国RIDA 1500型射频消融仪,电极针为15G的9根伞状排列的可伸缩针,电极针打开后最大直径可达5 cm.术前术后均进行增强CT扫描,并定期随访.结果 RFA操作均顺利完成.平均5.5 d后患者康复出院或接受其他方案治疗. 治疗结束后即刻CT平扫,肿瘤内有小点状气体形成者20例,30 d后螺旋CT扫描,增强后38个结节中,直径≤3 cm的4个病灶全部坏死,直径在3～5 cm之间12个病灶,7个全部坏死,5个部分坏死, 直径>5 cm的22个病灶5个全部坏死,均为先行1～2次经肝动脉导管化疗栓塞治疗病人,17个病灶部分坏死.术后常见并发症主要为肝区疼痛、发热、气胸及胸腔积液,无射频治疗相关的死亡.结论 CT引导下经皮射频消融是一种安全有效治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的方法.     

CT导向射频消融术治疗肝脏肿瘤

目的:探讨CT导向下经皮肝穿刺射频消融(radiofrequency,RFA)治疗肝脏肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法:原发和转移性肝脏肿瘤28例,采用Radoionics中空冷却射频仪在CT引导下将射频电极置于肝肿瘤内,同时置入20G的穿刺针,从穿刺针中注入生理盐水5~10ml后进行治疗。并随访6~36个月,运用螺旋CT三期扫描评价治疗效果。结果:28例肝脏肿瘤,病灶32个,原发者20例,转移者8例,肿瘤最大直径≤3cm为26个,肿瘤直径在3~5cm之间为6个,经过RFA治疗,肿瘤完全坏死为25个,部分坏死占7个。6个月生存率100%,12个月生存率71.4%(20/28),生存36个月1例,部分病例还在随访中,未见其他严重并发症。结论:CT导向下经皮肝穿刺射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤是一种安全、有效的方法。对于肿瘤直径≤3cm的肝脏肿瘤治疗效果较佳。     

射频消融治疗化疗栓塞后肝癌

目的 评价射频消融治疗化疗栓塞后肝癌的临床疗效.方法 97例经病理证实的原发性肝癌患者在经过多次栓塞后仍有肿瘤残余,且均存在无法再栓塞的困难.所有患者均予CT导引下的肿瘤射频消融术.术后监测AFP的动态变化及肝脏CT或MRI的结果来评价疗效.结果 93例(96%)患者在12个月随访内无肿瘤复发征象,仅有4例患者出现了局灶复发和远处转移.结论 化疗栓塞术结合射频消融术是治疗肝癌的一种有效的联合治疗手段.     

超声引导联合CT监视在特殊部位肝癌射频治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨超声引导联合CT监视在特殊部位肝癌射频治疗中的应用价值。方法采用超声引导联合CT监视经皮射频治疗45例(75个病灶)特殊部位肝癌患者。统计消融术中、术后的并发症情况。1个月后复查CT、MRI资料,观察病灶的消融情况。结果消融术中无严重并发症,15例(33.3%)术后出现一过性发热;16例(35.6%)出现腹痛;3例顽固性咯呃逆;6例(13.3%)出现恶心。射频治疗后1个月随访显示,邻近膈肌13个病灶,其中病灶完全消融12个(92.31%);邻近胆囊8个病灶,完全消融6个(75%);邻近肠管5个病灶,完全消融5个(100%);邻近大血管9个病灶,其中病灶完全消融8个(88.89%),邻近胆管14个,其中病灶完全消融13个(92.86%)。45例患者仅1例靠近胆囊患者出现肝内肿瘤新生,无一例出现肝外转移。结论超声引导联合CT监视射频治疗特殊部位肝癌疗效满意,并发症发生率低,值得临床推广。     

92例CT导向下射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤--并发症观察处理与体会

目的 分析原发性肝癌和肝转移瘤射频消融治疗的相关的并发症,了解经皮CT导向下的消融治疗的安全性。方法 本组共分析了92例原发性肝癌和肝转移瘤患者,合计177个病灶,在CT导向下对病灶行射频消融治疗。每例患者均先后完成1～4次射频消融治疗,随访观察6～24个月。结果 所治病例中未出现相关性死亡。射频消融治疗的主要并发症为肝被膜下出血3例,肿瘤内出血2例,进行性低血压1例,急性心包积液1例,一过性肝功能失代偿1例,胆汁瘤2例,肝内局限性胆管扩张3例,观察到肿瘤种植1例。结论 CT导向下的消融治疗肝脏肿瘤是安全的治疗肝脏肿瘤的方法之一。通过密切观察、操作细心及时处理出现的情况将会减少并发症发生。     

肝癌电磁波热凝治疗消融术后的CT表现分析

目的:分析肝癌电磁波热凝治疗(微波固化或射频消融)后的常见和特殊CT表现,提高对电磁波热凝治疗消融后肝脏形态改变和局部并发症的认识。方法:26例消融治疗后的肝癌患者,术后2周行CT扫描,3个月内复查CT,结合临床症状和实验室检查指标,分析射频消融治疗后肝脏形态的一般变化和出现局部并发症时的特殊征象。结果:电磁波热凝治疗消融后18例病灶呈术后正常改变,CT平扫为边界清楚、均质的低密度区,增强扫描无强化,而坏死区周边可见薄的环形强化,病灶范围较治疗前稍大,随治疗后的时间延长坏死区周边的环形强化逐渐减弱至消失,而中心坏死区仍为低密度,无强化,病灶较前逐渐缩小。消融后复发4例,CT表现为消融治疗区域周边的新发低密度灶。胆道损伤2例,CT表现为消融治疗区域周边肝内胆管扩张。肝内假性囊肿形成1例,CT示消融治疗区旁边缘锐利无强化的囊性灶;皮肤瘘道形成并胸腔积液1例,CT表现为消融治疗的针道不愈合,肝脏内病灶坏死区与体表相连通。结论:CT可准确地反映原发性肝癌电磁波热凝治疗消融后肝脏的形态学改变,有效观察局部并发症的发生情况,有助于提高对电磁波热凝治疗术后征象的认识。     

经皮射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤

目的：探讨经皮射频消融术(RFA)治疗肝脏肿瘤的临床应用价值。方法：14例经穿刺活检病理证实的肝脏肿瘤患者(原发性肿瘤10例，转移性肝癌1例，肝腺瘤1例，肝血管瘤2例)均行在13超或CT引导下的RFA治疗。所有患者的肝内病灶最大径均≤5cm。同时所有患者均在RFA治疗前，治疗后(1周，1月，3月，6月)行CTA或MRI，及免疫指标来评价疗效。结果：所有肝脏恶性肿瘤患者(11例)，术后的影像学上均可见原病灶局部坏死，气化,1周至六月的复查9例患者未见肿瘤复发征象，2例可见原病灶内及周围有复发征象；同时，AFP、CEA等免疫指标均明显下降。肝脏良性肿瘤的患者，术后在影像学上亦均表现局部坏死，气化，同时复查的增强扫描均未再发现病灶区有明显的强化，结论：经皮射频消融术在肝脏肿瘤的治疗中占有重要的位置，是安全有效的一种方法。     

超声与CT或MRI融合导航技术在介入诊疗中的临床应用

目的 评价超声(US)与CT或MRI融合导航技术在介入放射诊断和治疗中的作用.方法 回顾性分析47例接受US与cT或MRI融合导航技术行多种介入诊断和治疗患者的临床资料,包括操作方法、成功率、临床效果和并发症.对38例肝脏肿瘤行经皮穿刺活检和射频消融治疗;4例肝脓肿行经皮穿刺置管引流;5例骨骼及软组织病变行经皮穿刺活检和(或)射频消融、骨水泥填充治疗.结果 38例肝脏肿瘤行1次经皮射频消融治疗后,27例肿瘤达到了完全消融,随访3.0～6.0个月(中位随访时间4.8个月)无复发;11例在复查期内病灶范围未见明显变化.5例骨骼及软组织病变介入治疗效果显著,成功穿刺取材.4例肝脓肿经引流后痊愈.仅1例射频消融患者发生局部皮肤灼伤并发症,无其他操作相火并发症.结论 US与CT或MRI融合导航技术充分利用了多种影像手段的优势,提高了介入操作的定位准确性和安全性,扩大了介入诊断和治疗工作的应用范围.     

FDG positron emission tomography in the surveillance of hepatic tumors treated with radiofrequency ablation

PURPOSE: Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) is an emerging technique in the treatment of focal hepatic tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are currently used to monitor hepatic tumors after RFA for residual disease and recurrence. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is an excellent imaging method for the detection of liver metastases, but it has not been thoroughly evaluated as an alternative to anatomic imaging in the surveillance of liver tumors treated with RFA. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the role of FDG-PET imaging in the surveillance of liver tumors treated with RFA. METHODS: Thirteen patients with histories of malignant tumors of the liver treated with RFA and who had received post-treatment FDG-PET scans were assessed retrospectively. One patient had two post-RFA FDG-PET scans, eight patients had concurrent MRI scans, and six patients had concurrent CT scans. Imaging findings were compared with the results of clinical follow-up. RESULTS: There were either recurrent tumors at the ablation site (8 patients) or new metastases (3 patients) in 11 patients. FDG-PET identified all 11 cases and did not misidentify any cases. Of the seven patients with positive PET findings who received an MRI scan, three were also positive on MRI (42.9%); the other four cases were either negative or equivocal. Of the four patients with positive PET findings who received a CT scan, only two had positive CT scan findings (50%). All recurrences diagnosed by PET were confirmed on clinical follow-up. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, FDG-PET was superior to anatomic imaging in the surveillance of patients treated with RFA for malignant hepatic tumors.     

Computed tomography appearances of hypervascular hepatic tumors after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy

A retrospective review of the computed tomography (CT) findings of patients with hypervascular liver tumors (26 hepatocellular carcinomas and 2 metastases [1 periampullary carcinoma and 1 neuroendocrine tumor]) who underwent percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was performed. CT images consisted of nonenhanced and dual-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT images performed on a multidetector CT scan. Findings indicative of adequate tumor ablation on multidetector CT scanwere complete nonenhancement of the treated tumor with or without faint, thin, peripheral rim enhancement. Ablated lesions that showed complete nonenhancement on initial and subsequent follow-up CT examinations either remained stable or became progressively smaller. Thick rim or nodular peripheral enhancement was indicative of tumor residual or recurrence.     

Tumor recurrence after radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumors: spectrum of findings on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to determine the spectrum of CT findings of tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of primary and secondary malignant hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients, 10 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 15 patients with metastases who developed tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic neoplasms, formed the study population. Three observers reviewed the CT scans of these patients and evaluated the location (local intrahepatic, remote intrahepatic, or extrahepatic) of all recurrent lesions and the morphology and enhancement characteristics of local intrahepatic recurrences. RESULTS: Local intrahepatic recurrences were seen in nine patients (90%) and 11 patients (73%); remote intrahepatic recurrences, in five patients (50%) and seven patients (45%); and extrahepatic recurrences, in zero and six patients (40%) with recurrent HCC and recurrent metastases, respectively. Of the 12 nodules of local intrahepatic recurrences in HCC and the 24 in metastases, the patterns of local intrahepatic recurrences were of nodular, halo, and gross enlargement types in eight (67%) and nine (38%), four (33%) and six (38%), and zero and nine (37%) nodules in HCC and hepatic metastases, respectively. The number of local intrahepatic recurrent lesions enhancing in the arterial phase was significantly greater in HCC. CONCLUSION: Tumor recurrences occurred at intra- and extrahepatic sites after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic neoplasms. The local intrahepatic recurrences appeared in three patterns: nodular, halo, or gross enlargement. The sites of recurrence and the morphologic patterns of local intrahepatic tumor recurrence differed between primary and secondary hepatic neoplasms.     

Irreversible Electroporation Ablation of Malignant Hepatic Tumors: Subacute and Follow-up CT Appearance of Ablation Zones

PurposeTo describe findings on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images of malignant hepatic tumors 24–72 hours after percutaneous ablation by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and at midterm follow-up.Materials and MethodsRetrospective analysis of 52 malignant liver tumors—30 primary hepatic tumors and 22 hepatic metastases—in 34 patients (28 men and 6 women, mean age 64 y) treated by IRE ablation was performed. Ablation zones were evaluated by two examiners in a consensus reading by means of a dual-phase CT scan (consisting of a hepatic arterial and portal venous phase) performed 24–72 hours after IRE ablation and at follow-up.ResultsDuring the portal venous phase, ablation zones either were homogeneously hypoattenuating (n = 36) or contained heterogeneously isoattenuating or hyperattenuating (n = 16) foci, or both, in a hypoattenuating area. Of 52 lesions, 38 included gas pockets. Peripheral contrast enhancement of the ablation defect was evident in 23 tumors during the arterial phase and in 36 tumors during the portal venous phase. Four tumors showed intralesional abscesses after the intervention. At follow-up (mean, 4.7 mo), the mean volume of the ablation defects was reduced to 29% of their initial value.ConclusionsBecause normal findings on contrast-enhanced CT images after IRE ablation may be very similar to the typical characteristics of potential complications following ablation, such as liver abscesses, CT scans must be carefully analyzed to distinguish normal results after intervention from complications requiring further treatment.     

CT引导经皮射频消融术对肺部肿瘤的治疗效果

目的评价CT引导经皮射频消融术（RFA）对肺部肿瘤的近期治疗效果,并阐述CT扫描在疗效评价中的作用。方法 34例经临床和病理证实的肺部肿瘤患者,包括原发性肺癌23例（25个病灶）和转移瘤11例（17个病灶）,起初均经CT引导经皮RFA治疗,随后对所有患者的RFA近期疗效利用螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描进行了逐例随访与评价。结果在34例的42个病灶中,RFA导致了35个病灶完全坏死,增强CT表现为肿瘤去血管化,近期随访无复发;7个病灶未完全坏死,增强CT表现为残留肿瘤强化,近期随访有进展。本组患者中未发生与操作有关的严重并发症。结论 RFA对肺肿瘤的治疗具有确切而明显的近期疗效,是一种侵袭性小且安全的方法,而CT平扫与增强扫描可为疗效评价提供可靠信息。     

肝肿瘤经皮射频切除术后CT表现

目的 研究肝肿瘤经皮射频切除术后病灶及周围肝实质的CT表现。材料与方法 回顾性分析32例肝肿瘤患者（原发性肝癌28例,转移性肝癌4例）共40个病灶经皮射频切除术前后CT表现。CT检查采用普通或螺旋CT扫描,后者增强扫描为双期螺旋扫描。结果 术后平扫治疗区为低密度,范围增大,大多数边界不清。增强扫描低密度区边界清晰。29个病灶（肿瘤大小1．5－4．3cm,平均3．1cm）治疗区无强化,11个病灶（肿瘤大小4．9－11．0cm,平均6．4cm)仍见残留癌灶强化。其他征象有：治疗区周围强化,病灶内出血、含气,胸水和腹水。结论 肝肿瘤经皮射频切术后CT检查,特别是增强扫描对评估治疗效果和发现并发症有很大价值。     

肝胰原发性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨肝胰原发性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)的CT表现。方法:回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的4例肝MFH和1例胰MFH的CT表现。病理分型:1例为黏液型,4例为多形性型。5例均采用CT平扫和双期增强扫描,其中2例进行了延迟扫描。结果:5例肿瘤最大径6.8~22.5cm,其中位于肝右叶1例,肝左叶3例,胰尾部1例。CT平扫:1例表现为巨大囊性结构为主的肿块,有包膜,边界清楚;4例表现为不规则形低密度肿块,边界不清。增强扫描:动脉期示肿瘤实质呈轻度~明显强化,2例肿瘤内可见细小血管;静脉期肿瘤呈中度~明显强化,肿瘤内坏死区和肿瘤实质显示清晰,边界清楚;延迟期2例示病灶密度稍低于肝实质。5例中合并肝内转移1例,肝内胆管轻度扩张2例,侵犯膈肌2例,腹膜后淋巴结转移1例。术前CT诊断为恶性肿瘤4例,良性病变1例。结论:肝胰MFH的主要CT表现为肿瘤内坏死显著,局部浸润性强,其CT表现与病理所见有很好的一致性。     

肺部恶性肿瘤射频消融治疗后CT影像学改变

目的:观察分析肺部恶性肿瘤射频消融治疗后CT影像学改变。方法:搜集因肺部恶性肿瘤行CT引导下射频消融治疗的患者226例(共计消融灶233个),分析评价治疗后病灶CT影像学改变。患者中原发性肺癌201例,肺转移癌25例。接受射频消融的病灶直径1.00～10.60cm,平均(4.36±2.45)cm。平均随访时间13.61个月(1～30个月)。结果:215例患者(95.13%)治疗后立即出现消融灶周围肺组织内毛玻璃样改变,多在1个月内吸收;191患者(84.51%)治疗后肿瘤立即出现增大,127例患者(56.19%)出现消融灶内多发小空泡形成。术后51例患者(22.57%)出现空洞,恶性胸水多发生在治疗3个月以后。121例患者(65.05%)在术后第一个月随访时胸部CT提示病灶有增大,46.15%和50.89%的患者在3个月及6个月复查时病灶缩小,之后这一比例开始降低,至12个月时,只有33.64%的患者病灶较上一次评估时缩小,到24个月时这一比例降低到4.35%。结论:病变周围的毛玻璃样改变、空洞形成、多发小空泡形成和胸膜改变是射频消融后最常见的CT改变。体积较大的病灶更可能出现空洞改变,射频消融术后1个月内病灶多出现增大表现,治疗后6个月是病灶缩小最明显的时期,6个月后出现的病灶较上一评估周期增大提示患者肿瘤进展。CT是射频术后疗效评估的有效手段之一。     

Radio-frequency ablation of hepatic metastases: postprocedural assessment with a US microbubble contrast agent--early experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate contrast agent-enhanced ultrasonography (US) in the detection of untreated tumor after radio-frequency (RF) ablation of hepatic metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with solitary colorectal liver metastases underwent percutaneous RF tumor ablation. Pre- and postablation imaging was performed with nonenhanced and enhanced color and power Doppler US and contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography (CT). Initial follow-up CT and US were performed 24 hours after ablation. The findings at US and CT were compared. RESULTS: Nonenhanced US demonstrated intratumoral signal in 15 of 20 metastases before ablation. This signal increased after contrast agent administration. Contrast-enhanced US performed 24 hours after ablation demonstrated residual foci of enhancement in three tumors, whereas no US signals were seen in any tumor on nonenhanced scans. CT demonstrated small (< 3-mm) persistent foci of residual enhancement in these three tumors and in three additional lesions that were not seen at US (US sensitivity, 50%; specificity, 100%; diagnostic agreement with CT, 85%). All six patients with evidence of residual tumor underwent repeat RF ablation. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced US may depict residual tumor after RF application and thereby enable additional directed therapy. The potential reduction in treatment sessions and/or ancillary imaging procedures might increase the ease and practicality of percutaneous ablation of focal hepatic metastases.