结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的克隆表达及其纯化

目的构建结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的原核表达质粒,获得结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因的表达蛋白。方法制备结核分枝杆菌基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术扩增目的基因片段;通过克隆载体pUC19构建质粒载体pUC19-Rv0867c,经序列测定证实正确,双酶切后连接于表达载体pPRO-EXHT,转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中,再经IPTG诱导表达带His标签的Rv0867c融合蛋白;用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析重组蛋白的相对分子质量大小及表达形式。结果成功扩增出了结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因,构建了具有正确基因序列的表达载体pPRO-EXHT-Rv0867c,转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中,经诱导产生高水平的表达产物。经SDS分析,在80 kD处出现新生蛋白带,凝胶薄层扫描检测表达量约占菌体蛋白的23.7%。该融合蛋白以包涵体的形式存在,用Ni²⁺-NTA纯化柱在变性条件下进行纯化。结论成功克隆了结核分枝杆菌Rv0867c基因并得到了其大肠杆菌表达产物,为进一步研究Rv0867c基因蛋白的活性及其功能,以及结核分枝杆菌快速促生长作用奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌RpfA蛋白的表达、纯化与鉴定

目的构建结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB）RpfA的原核表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌中表达、纯化和鉴定。方法用PCR方法从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出编码RpfA蛋白的Rv0867c基因,通过克隆载体pMD18-T构建质粒载体pMD18-T-Rv0867c。经酶切和DNA序列测定证实正确后,将Rv0867c基因克隆到pET32a（＋）载体并在大肠杆菌BL21中诱导表,表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot鉴定后,用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱进行纯化。结果双酶切鉴定所切下的片段大小与理论值相符,测序结果与文献报道一致。Western-blot结果显示,在相对分子量约102 kDa处有分别与Anti-His单抗、Rpf结构域单抗和TB病人血清特异性结合带。结论成功表达、鉴定和纯化了RpfA蛋白。     

结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因的克隆、表达和纯化

目的对结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因克隆、并测序正确后进行融合蛋白表达、纯化。方法通过PCR扩增结核分枝杆菌H37Rv复苏因子Rv2450c基因，酶切，克隆至PGEM—TEasy质粒，测序确定插入片段的正确性．再克隆至表达载体pET30a中，并转化至BL21（DE3）中。经PCR鉴定阳性的菌液通过IPTG诱导，表达氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv2450c蛋白，并纯化。结果获得了结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因，构建了重组表达质粒，得到融合了6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv2450c蛋白，纯度〉90％。结论应用基因重组表达技术表达结核杆菌复苏因子蛋白，可为下一步摸索临床标本结核分枝杆菌复苏培养及复苏基因的功能研究打下一个良好的基础．     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1884基因的克隆、表达及亲和层析纯化

目的　克隆表达结核分枝杆菌Rv1884基因 ,序列测定正确后进行融合表达、纯化。方法　采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出Rv1884编码基因 ,用限制性内切酶消化后插入到pGEM Teasy中 ,序列测定正确后 ,再亚克隆到融合表达载体 pPro EXHT中 ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α ,目的基因经IPTG诱导 ,由T7启动子调控表达了氨基端带 6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv1884蛋白 ,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行纯化。结果　获得了结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Rv1884蛋白基因 ,得到融合 6个组氨酸残基的Rv1884蛋白纯度大于 85 %。结论　构建了结核分枝杆菌Rv1884基因的重组表达载体 ,并获得了高纯度的融合表达蛋白 ,为以后的深入研究奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因的克隆、表达和纯化

目的对结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因克隆、并测序正确后进行融合蛋白表达、纯化。方法通过PCR扩增结核分枝杆菌H37Rv复苏因子Rv2450c基因,酶切,克隆至PGEM-TEasy质粒,测序确定插入片段的正确性,再克隆至表达载体pET30a中,并转化至BL21（DE3）中。经PCR鉴定阳性的菌液通过IPTG诱导,表达氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv2450c蛋白,并纯化。结果获得了结核分枝杆菌复苏因子Rv2450c基因,构建了重组表达质粒,得到融合了6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv2450c蛋白,纯度〉90%。结论应用基因重组表达技术表达结核杆菌复苏因子蛋白,可为下一步摸索临床标本结核分枝杆菌复苏培养及复苏基因的功能研究打下一个良好的基础。     

结核分枝杆菌HSP65与IL-2融合蛋白的表达和纯化

目的获得融合表达的结核分枝杆菌热休克蛋白65与人白细胞介素2的重组蛋白,为进一步研究其对结核疫苗的作用奠定基础。方法用PCR的方法分别从H37Rv DNA和质粒pGEM-Teasy-IL-2中扩增目的基因片段hsp65和IL-2,将各目的片段克隆至pMD18-T载体中进行测序,将测序正确的目的基因片段分别经EcoRI和ClaI,ClaI和HindⅢ双酶切后亚克隆至原核表达载体pPro-EX HTa,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,挑选阳性克隆,经IPTG诱导后进行融合表达,并通过镍柱对融合蛋白进行纯化。结果PCR法扩增获得的各目的基因片段与GenBank报道的一致。构建的融合蛋白原核表达载体在大肠杆菌中表达后,经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析,在Mr 78000处有特异性的蛋白表达条带。用镍柱进行亲和层析纯化后得到了高纯度的HSP65-IL-2融合蛋白。结论成功的构建了结核分枝杆菌HSP65与人IL-2的融合表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达,有望为结核的预防提供有效的疫苗。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因的特异性和克隆表达

目的鉴定结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因的特异性,克隆表达该基因并获得其重组蛋白。方法设计Rv1512基因的特异性引物,并鉴定其特异性。构建pET30a（＋）：Rv1512重组质粒,阳性克隆转化入大肠杆菌BL21。经Ni＋-NTA层析柱纯化融合蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE鉴定该蛋白及其纯度。结果结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因的特异性被证实;经测序分析证实Rv1512原核表达质粒构建正确,SDS-PAGE结果显示在40 kD处呈现单一蛋白条带。结论结核分枝杆菌Rv1512基因具有较好的特异性;成功构建表达载体pET30a（＋）：Rv1512并获得重组蛋白,为辅助诊断结核分枝杆菌的感染奠定基础。     

结核分枝杆菌吡嗪酰胺耐药相关蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的构建结核分枝杆菌pncA基因的原核表达质粒,获得结核分枝杆菌吡嗪酰胺酶的表达蛋白。方法制备结核分枝杆菌基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应扩增目的基因片段;通过pET28a构建表达载体pET28a-pncA,序列测定证实正确后转化大肠埃希菌DH10b,经IPTG诱导表达His-吡嗪酰胺酶融合蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析重组蛋白。结果扩增出结核分枝杆菌pncA基因并构建了具有正确基因序列的质粒载体pET28a-pncA,转化大肠埃希菌BL21后经诱导产生了分子质量单位约20ku的表达产物,并得到纯化的带His标签的目的蛋白。结论构建了结核分枝杆菌pncA基因原核表达质粒,并诱导表达了His-吡嗪酰胺酶融合蛋白,为进一步研究吡嗪酰胺耐药性奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌ESAT-6蛋白的表达与纯化

目的构建结核分枝杆菌esat-6基因原核表达载体,使其在大肠杆菌中表达融合重组蛋白,并纯化。方法用PCR方法从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出esat-6基因片段,克隆至pMD18-T载体,PCR筛选阳性克隆并测序;用限制性内切酶消化后,目的片段亚克隆至表达载体pGEX-4T-2,构建pGEX-esat-6重组质粒,将其转化入大肠杆菌JM109;PCR和双酶切鉴定转化菌落;将阳性菌株经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析靶蛋白的表达;用谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖亲合层析法纯化融合蛋白。结果PCR扩增出esat-6 288bp的基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,经测序与GenBank中序列一致;随后亚克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-2构建重组表达质粒,在JM109中表达了ESAT-6融合蛋白,表达的蛋白能被GST免疫血清识别;通过亲和层析纯化获得的蛋白能被结核病人血清识别。结论成功构建esat-6重组表达质粒,该质粒在JM109中表达ESAT-6融合蛋白,并获得较纯的蛋白。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1246c和Rv1247c基因的重组质粒构建及蛋白表达

目的应用生物信息学方法分析结核分枝杆菌的Rv1246c和Rv1247c所编码蛋白的结构特征,并对其进行克隆和表达。方法利用Bioedit、Dnaman及Pfam等对Rv1246c和Rv1247c所表达蛋白结构进行分析;以结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的基因组为模板,用PCR分别扩增Rv1246c和Rv1247c基因片段,并重组到原核表达载体pET32a( )中,转化E.coliBL21(DH3)菌株,用IPTG诱导蛋白表达。通过SDS-PAGE及Western-blot免疫印迹法检测目的蛋白的表达情况。用纯化蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价。结果生物信息学分析表明它们与大肠杆菌的relBE家族有相似的蛋白模块,Rv1246c蛋白与大肠杆菌RelE同源性是21.55%,Rv1247c同源性是23.85%;两个重组质粒构建成功;通过SDS-PAGE检测分别在31kD和29kD处有特异性条带;Western-blot免疫印迹出现特异性阳性信号;间接ELISA检测多克隆抗体效价均大于1:40 000。结论本研究首次成功构建了结核分枝杆菌的Rv1246c和Rv1247c的原核表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌中表达了Rv1246c和Rv1247c蛋白,为进一步研究该组基因的分子功能奠定了良好基础。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.