Prevention of tumor emboli from the inferior vena cava by the Tempofilter II during resection of nephroblastoma with level III tumor thrombus

The optimal treatment for patients with nephroblastoma and inferior vena cava （IVC） minor thrombus is radical nephrectomy and minor thrombectomv, but the operation for patients with level III tumor thrombus is usually at high risk of puhnonary, embolism （PE）. We report one case of nephroblastoma with level III thrombus in our hospital in 2007, the vena cava tumor thrombectonly was safely performed under the protection of Tempofilter II inferior vena cava filter.     

Piggyback liver transplant techniques in the surgical management of urological tumors with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus

Background An important characteristic of renal cell carcinomas and adrenal tumors is that these tumors may expand into the renal vein and inferior vena cava, and transform into tumor thrombi. This study was to evaluate the use of piggyback liver transplant techniques for surgical management of urological tumors with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Methods Nineteen patients with renal cell carcinomas or adrenal tumors with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus were treated from November 1995 to April 2008. Their ages ranged from 29 years to 76 years （mean 54 years）. The extent of tumor thrombus was infrahepatic （level Ⅰ） in 2, retrohepatic （level Ⅱ） in 7, suprahepatic （level Ⅲ） in 6, and intra-atrial （level Ⅳ） in 4 patients. We used cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest to remove the thrombi in 3 cases of level IV and in 2 cases of level Ⅲ. In all level Ⅱ, 4 level Ⅲ, and 2 level IV cases, we used piggyback liver transplant techniques to mobilize the liver off of the inferior vena cava and to separate the inferior vena cava from the posterior abdominal wall. Results Mean operative time was 5.1 hours, mean estimated blood loss was 2289 ml and mean blood transfusion was 12.84 U. One patient with adrenal cortical carcinoma and level Ⅳ thrombus died in the immediate postoperative period. Three patients were lost to follow up, and the other 15 survivors were followed from 5 months to 56 months. Eight of these 15 patients died due to metastasis; however 7 were still alive at the last follow-up. Conclusions An aggressive surgical approach is the only hope for curing patients diagnosed with urological tumors combined with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. The use of piggyback liver transplant techniques to mobilize the liver off of the inferior vena cava provides excellent exposure of the inferior vena cava. Patients with a level Ⅱ or level Ⅲ inferior vena cava thrombus may be treated without using cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Renal cell carcinoma with vena caval tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium

The incidence of the inferior vena cava （IVC） tumor thrombus is reported to be 4%-10% in patients with renal cell carcinoma （RCC）. Tumor thrombus may extend through to the right atrium. Management of patients with level Ⅲ/Ⅳ tumor thrombus is usually difficult. We report two cases of level Ⅳ thrombus in our hospital in 2002 and 2004.     

Multidisciplinary treatment for renal cell carcinoma involving inferior vena cava

<正>Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and the clinical significance of muhidisciplinary treatment. Methods Two cases of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus diagnosed by Doppler     

Repeat resection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumor

A 44-year-old man, who was diagnosed with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor incidentally during emergency laparotomy for treatment of acute obstruction of small intestine at another hospital in 1999, was referred to our hospital due to a solitary metastasis in the liver in November 2002. A right segmentectomy (Segment 6, Couinaud‘s system) of liver was carried out. Half and one years later, a recurrent metastasis with involvement of the inferior vena cava was detected in posterior region of the liver. He underwent the third surgery in May 2004. Three another small metastases in greater omentum were found and removed. The tumor in posterior sector of the liver was en bloc resected with portion of involved inferior vena cava and diaphragm. The resected vena cava is repaired primarily through a lateral venorraphy.However, local recurrence was detected one year later, he recieved the fourth surgery in July 2005. He is now in Gleevec therapy. At present, he is in good health and free of recurrence.     

Value of abdominal ultrasound scan, CT and MRI for diagnosing inferior vena cava tumour thrombus in renal cell carcinoma

Background We used abdominal ultrasound scan （USS）, computed tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） findings in venous spread of renal cell carcinoma （RCC） to determine the superior extent of inferior vena cava （IVC） thrombus and IVC wall invasion and compared them with surgical and pathological reports. Methods From January 1999 to August 2007, 25 patients were diagnosed with RCC with IVC tumour thrombus. Before their operation, all patients had USS, contrast enhanced CT and MRI to find the superior extent of tumour thrombus and IVC wall invasion. All postprocessing techniques were performed by experienced radiologists. Two pathologists reported on all pathology specimens. The superior extent of tumour thrombus was confirmed by the senior surgeon at each operation, using the levels of thrombus defined according to 2004 Mayo Clinic classification. The radiographic results were compared with surgical and pathological findings. Results All patients had radical nephrectomy and tumour thrombus excision. Eight patients had RCC on the left side and 17 on the right side. According to the clinical and pathological findings, 6 patients had level I tumour thrombus, 9 level II, 5 level III and 5 level IV. Six patients had IVC wall invasion. No patient had evidence of lymph node or distant metastases. Of the 25 patients, USS correctly diagnosed the superior extent of tumour thrombus in 18/25, CT 23/25 and MRI 23/25. USS found 1 case of IVC wall invasion preoperatively. Conclusions Multidectector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are comparable and more effective than abdominal ultrasound in diagnosing inferior vena cava tumour thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. None of the three methods can detect inferior vena cava wall invasion.     

Management of retrohepatic inferior vena cava injury during hepatectomy for neoplasms

The aim of this article is to discuss the management of retrohepatic inferior vena cava injury during hepatectomy for neoplasms. Step-by-step hepatic vascular exclusion, digital compression, finger pinching, and surface-to-surface suturing were used in the management of retrohepatic inferior vena cava injury during hepatic resection in 16 cases： 12 patients underwent exclusion of the hepatic artery and portal vein by portal triad clamping （PTC） only;     

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus during pregnancy response to sorafenib

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor （PNET） most often presents as a bone or soft tissue mass in the trunk or axial skeleton in adolescents and young adults.1 It is highly aggressive and rarely arises in the kidney.2 A combined therapy, consisting of surgical resection,chemotherapy and radiotherapy, is needed to treat this tumor but long-term survival remains poor.3,4 In the current study, we describe a case of 26-year-old woman （primigravida） who presented with a PNET of the right kidney with inferior vena cava （IVC） tumor thrombus.     

Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) around renal vein

Objective To study and evaluate the treatment of the deep vein thrombosis(DVT) around the renal vein(DVT involving the renal vein and it’s surrounding,shortly as DVTAR in our study)by two-positioned filter for catheter thrombectomy assisted with a Fogarty balloon.Methods We retrospectivly analysed seven cases of DVTAR and by comparison to elicit the respective effect different methods in DVT treatment.The methods used were:1.direct thrombectomy 2.thrombectomy facillitated by blocking of blood flow with a balloon 3.direct thrombolysis via Peripheral vein and 4.thrombectomy with simultaneous placement of a two-positioned filter with a Fogarty balloon and followed by intubation thrombolysis.Result Segmental pulmonary embolism(PE)or thrombosis in vena cava were still observed by CT angiography(CTA)or venography in those cases treated with the first three methods.As for the 3 cases where two-positioned filter for catheter thrombectomy with Fogarty balloon was used,neither pulmonary embolism during and after the operation nor thrombosis in the inferior vena cava was observed.Conclusion For DVTAR,thrombectomy with simultaneous placement of a two-positioned filter with a Fogarty balloon and followed by intubation thrombolysis can be regarded as safe and effective.     

Vascular surgery：Surgical treatment of tumor invading impor tant vessel

Objective To sum up preliminary experience of successful resection of tumor involving importnat vessel in 77 cases. Methods Seventy-seven cases were treated in this series including 47 cases in male and 30 cases in female. The ages ranged from 18 to 75 years with the average of 57. The tumor involving thoraco-abdominal cavity was in one case with malignant neuroblastoma. The tumor form retroperitoneum invaded into the whole inferior vena cava （IVC）, and into two-thirds of the right atrium. Tumor located in thoracic cavity were in 13 cases including IVC leiomyosarcoma in 2 cases,     

Transdiaphragmatic Exposure for Direct Atrioatrial Anastomosis in Liver Transplantation

Background Liver transplantation in Budd-Chiari syndrome remains controversial; however, some improved techniques lead to better results. We report medium-term follow-up results of liver transplantation with atrioatrial anastomosis for Budd-Chiari syndrome and explore the indications of liver transplantation with atrioatrial anastomosis for patients with end stage liver disease.Methods Nine patients （six Budd-Chiari syndromes, one end stage hepatolithiasis, one hepatocellular carcinoma and one incurable alveolar echinococcosis） underwent liver transplantation with atrioatrial anastomosis in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 1999 to 2006. Eight liver transplants used cadaveric orthotopic livers and one a living donor liver. The operative technique was transdiaphragmatic exposure for direct atrioatrial anastomosis and replacement of inferior vena cava by cryopreserved vena cava graft with the help of venovenous bypass.Results All liver transplantations were successful. Two patients contracted pulmonary infection and acute rejection took place in another case. With proper treatment, all patients recovered well and had good quality of life. To date, they have been followed up for more than 24 months. The only death followed recurrence of hepatic carcinoma three years after liver transplantation.Conclusions Transdiaphragmatic exposure for direct atrioatrial anastomosis and the cryopreserved vena cava graftreplacement of inferior vena cava are possible for patients with end stage liver disease thus extending the indications of liver transplantation.     

High inferior vena cava thrombosis in a 16-year-old postpartum patient: A case report

Postpartum inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is a rare,but potentially life-threatening disorder.Here we reported one case of the youngest woman to date who presented with massive IVC thrombus extending from deep veins of the right leg to the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra,associated with asymptomatic pulmonary embolism.     

UROGENITAL SURGERY——Kidney,ureter, bladder

Effects of cyclosporine on cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis of bladder cancer in rats;Clinical characteristics of adult Wilms＇ tumor; Nephrectomy and removal of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus under profound hypothermia and arrested circulation; Open surgery for huge adrenal tumors： clinical report of 44 cases;Hemostatic techniques during laparoscopicnephron-sparing surgery……     

Clinical study of domestic ZQL-type retrievable vena cava filter

Background Pulmonary thromboembolism （PTE） is a serious disease often leading to disability and death. Percutaneous placement of an inferior vena cava （IVC） filter is an effective method to prevent fatal PTE caused by lower extremity deep venous thrombosis （LEDVT）. We developed the ZQL-type retrievable vena cava filter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the ZQL-type filter for prevention of fatal PTE. Methods A total of 144 patients with indications for placement of an IVC filter received insertion of filters via a femoral （n=37） or jugular （n=107） vein approach. Abdominal X-ray and color Doppler ultrasonography of IVC were regularly performed to visualize the position and condition of the IVC filter following filter placement. If thrombi in the lower extremity deep veins were removed within 2 weeks, the filter retrieval procedure was performed after an abdominal radiograph, an inferior vena cavogram and a pulmonary angiography. Otherwise, the filter should be kept permanently in place with regular follow-up inspections. Results One hundred and forty-four filters were implanted at the target sites with a success rate of 98.61% for one-time placement and 100% for two-time placement. Of the 137 patients followed up （follow-up rate, 95.14%）, 43 patients had filters retrieved during a period of between 7 and 14 days （median, 12 days） following filter placement. The remaining 94 patients were followed for 7 days to 39 months （median follow-up period, 17 months）. No filter migration or tilt, filter fracture or IVC perforation was observed. No obstruction of IVC occurred. No symptomatic PTE developed during the follow-up period. Conclusion The ZQL-type retrievable vena cava filter is a safe and effective device to prevent PTE. This filter possesses a distinctive stent-shape, stable design, high capture efficacy, and is easy to insert and retrieve and thus is suitable for clinical application. Chin Med J 2009; 122（2）： 140-144     

Liver,biliary tract,pancreas,spleen

<正>209338 Guard against "block phenomenon" for inferior vena cava being in compression during open cholecystectomy/Liu Guoying(刘国英,Dept Anesthesiol,Hangzhou 5th Peop Hosp,Hangzhou 311100)…∥Chin J Hepatobil Surg.-2009,15(6).-457～458Objective To explore the existence of "block phenomenon" of he inferior venal cava being in compression during open cholecystectomy.Methods A total of 30 patients receiving open cholecystectomy under the general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia in our hospital were selected.The right internal jugular vein and femoral vein catheterization was performed after the anesthesia induction and intubation to continuously monitor CVP and the in ferior vena cava pressure (IVCP).Meanwhil,the changes in CVP,MAP,HR,IVCP before abdominal opening,upon pulling gallbladder as well as 5 min,10 min and 15 minutes after the opening of deep retractors were observed,recorded and compared.Results The HR of patients during cholecystectomy did not changed significantly(P>0.05) but MAP an CVP were decreased markedly(P<0.01).Furtherore,there was remarkable increase of pressure in the inferior vena(P<0.01).These changes were the most obvious during the filling of saline gauze pads in the abdominal cavity and within the first 15 min of deep retractors led.After the closure of abdominal wall,the levels of CVP,MAP and IVCP returned to those before the abdominal opening.Conclusion The "block phenomenon" of the inferior vena cava during open cholecystectomy do exist in different degress and it is the main reason for the patients’ hemodynamic variety.This requires the anesthesiologists to hint the surgeon in the management of anesthesia to consider changing the posture and strength of retractors while the blood pressure is decreasing to avoid cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.5 refs,1 tab.     

Radical surgery for Budd-Chiari syndrome through exposure of the entire inferior vena cava of the hepatic segment

Background Several kinds of radical surgery for the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome （BCS） have been devised. We have described preliminary efforts to treat BCS using a novel radical resection technique to expose the entire inferior vena cava （IVC） of the hepatic segment. Methods Sixty patients with BCS were treated by radical resection, including 46 men and 14 women. BCS patients ranged in age from 11 to 62 years, with 3 months to 11 years since the BCS diagnosis. The lesions included membrane occlusion of the IVC in 16 patients, double membranes within the IVC in 2 patients, double membranes within the IVC and the hepatic vein （HV） in 3 patients, IVC membrane with distal thrombosis in 10 patients, long segment thrombosis of the IVC in 5 patients （organized thrombosis in 2 patients, fresh thrombosis in 3 patients）, occlusion of the outlet of the HVs due to mural thrombosis in 2 patients, segmental occlusion of the IVC in 3 patients, membranes within the HV with IVC stenosis due to protrusion of HV stent in 1 patient, HV membranes in 11 patients, extensive occlusion of HVs in 1 patient, the whole IVC tumor thrombus with tumor thrombus of 2/3 right atrium resulting from a posterior peritoneum tumor in 1 patient, IVC leiomyosarcoma in 2 patients, IVC leiomyosarcoma with tumor thrombus into 1/2 right atrium in 1 patient, IVC thrombosis extending into right atrium in 1 patient, compression of supra-hepatic segment of IVC due to fiber trabs in 1 patient. Results All lesions were successfully resected under direct supervision. Three procedures were performed under extracorporeal circulation, 52 patients with catheterization of the right atrium, 4 patients with a cell saver, and one patient with auto-retrieval of blood. The retrieved blood was from 300 ml to 4000 ml. Transfusion of banked blood was from 400 ml to 2000 ml for 14 patients. For the other patients no transfusion of banked blood was required. One patient died of renal failure peri-operatively. Newly formed IVC membrane was found for one recurrent patient whose IVC thrombosis was removed one year prior. Restenosis of the IVC was observed post-operatively without symptoms in one patient. In the other patients, no recurrent symptom was found during the follow-up periods. Conclusion This novel surgery provides a clear visual field during the procedure and yields satisfactory short and Iona-term results.     

Effect of inferior vena cava respiratory variability-guided fluid therapy after laparoscopic hepatectomy: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: After major liver resection, the volume status of patients is still undetermined. However, few concerns have been raised about postoperative fluid management. We aimed to compare gut function recovery and short-term prognosis of the patients after laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) with or without inferior vena cava (IVC) respiratory variability-directed fluid therapy in the anesthesia intensive care unit (AICU).Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled 70 patients ...     

Thrombosis of the superior vena cava and auxiliary branches in patients with indwelling catheterization of the internal jugular vein

Background Central venous thrombosis is a serious and life-threatening complication in hemodialysis （HD） patients with an indwelling catheter. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of thrombosis of the superior vena cava and auxiliary branches in Chinese HD patients with an indwelling internal jugular venous catheter and to explore its risk factors.
Methods Fifty-four patients on maintenance hemodialysis （MHD） with an indwelling catheter were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The thrombosis of the internal jugular vein, subclavical vein, brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava was assessed by vascular ultrasound. Collected were data on age, gender, ultrafiltration volume, Kt/V, blood pressure, levels of hemoglobin, serum albumin, lipid, calcium, and phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone.
Results The patients were given short-or long-term double lumen central venous catheters. Among them, 42 patients had the catheter placed into the right internal jugular vein, and 12 patients into the left internal jugular vein. Different degrees of central venous thrombosis were found in 33 patients （61.1%）. The prevalence of thrombosis in the jugular vein, brachiocephalic vein, subclavical vein and superior vena cava was 61.1% （33/54）, 44.4% （24/54）, 16.7% （9/54） and 5.6% （3/54）, respectively. Among the 33 HD patients with central venous thrombosis, the percentages for one, two, three and four affected veins were 27.3% （9/33）, 45.4% （15/33）, 18.2% （6/33） and 9.1% （3/33）, respectively. Twelve （12/33, 36.4%） of the 33 HD patients with central venous thrombosis had clinical symptoms. Nine patients （27.3%） had edema of the upper extremity and 3 （9.1%） had new-onset symptoms of pulmonary embolism such as cough, chest distress and short breath. The incidences of diabetes mellitus and malignant tumor and levels of lipoprotein a and homocysteic acid were significantly higher in the HD patients with central venous thrombosis than in those without central venous thrombosis. Logistic regressive analysis revealed that high level of homocysteic acid was the important risk factor for central venous thrombosis in HD patients with indwelling catheterization of the internal jugular vein.
Conclusions The prevalence of central venous thrombosis in Chinese HD patients with indwelling catheterization of the internal jugular vein is quite high, especially in those patients with diabetes mellitus, malignant tumor, high levels of serum lipoprotein and homocysteic acid. Its clinical symptoms are insidious but dangerous. High level of homocysteic acid may be the important risk factor for central venous thrombosis in Chinese HD patients with indwelling catheterization of the internal jugular vein.     

The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatographic Manifestations of Histopathologically Diagnosed Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Obstructive Jaundice

To study the manifestation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients of obstructive jaundice associated with HCC ,32 cases of histopathologically diagnosed HCC with obstructive jaundice were successfully examined with routine ERCP.31 patients were demonstrated by ERCP as having malignant obstructive jaundice.Among them,19 were hepatic perihilar bile duct stricture,7 bile ductile tumorous thrombus,3 perihilar bile duct stricture complicated with thrombus,2 metastasis to hilar lymph node,and 1 common bile duct stone as proven by sphincterotomy.The maliganant perihilar stricture was all of type Ⅲ and IV by Bismuth standard of Klastin tumor.In patients identified as having bile duct tumor thrombus,by the Ueda classification,none was of type I and Ⅱ;1 type Ⅲa;4Ⅲa;2 type Ⅳ.HCC with obstructive jaundice was mainly caused by the malignant infiltration of tumor,and most stricture was of serious nature.When major extra-hepatic bile duct was involved by tumor thrombus,obstructive jaundice might develop.Malignant perihilar stricture and tumor thrombus might coexist in some patients.Jaundice was rarely caused by hepatic hilar lymph node metastasis.Jandice was not necessarily caused by tumors and sometimes,it might be caused by common bile stones.Care should be exercised in differentiation diagnosis in such patients.