国际护士处方权的管理及启示

阐述国际护士处方权的发展情况,总结国际护士处方权的证据基础和管理实践,介绍国际护士处方权的管理主体和执行主体的特点,提出国内护士处方权发展的相应建议,以促进护士处方权在中国的推行.     

护理门诊护士处方权的实施展望

文章从护理门诊发展及护士处方权立法、准入资格、实施及其效果的角度归纳了国内外护理门诊及护士处方权的研究现状,在此基础上对我国未来护理门诊护士处方权的实施进行了展望,提出加强对护理门诊护士处方权实施者的法律保护、明确护理门诊护士处方权的权限、明确护理门诊护士处方权的准入资格、开展社区门诊护士处方权的试点工作等建议。     

新时代护士处方权内容专家共识

正目前,国外已有22个国家的护士有了一定范围的处方权,并且有处方权的国家也在逐年增加,国外护士处方权的发展经历了漫长曲折的过程,现已被人们接受。2017年国际护士大会上英国学者介绍了有关护士处方权的现状和历史变革~([1-2]);美国医疗安全管理专家介绍了美国护士处方权的发展进程~([3])。目前,安徽省已经成为我国第一个拥有护士处方权的省份,由此可见给予士处方权是大势所趋,但给什么样的护士处方权、给护士哪些药物检查的处方权、以什么方式给予     

澳大利亚护士处方权的研究进展

回顾国际上有关护士处方的开展情况,并以澳大利亚护士处方权为例,对执业护士的引进、法律、申请与注册、处方模式和教育与培训等方面进行了综述,旨在借鉴澳大利亚护士处方权的发展经验,为我国护士处方权的发展提供一定的借鉴。     

三级医院专科护士对中国护士处方权认知的质性研究

目的了解我院专科护士对中国护士处方权范围及相关因素的认知态度,为推行我国护士处方权提供切实可行的参考方案。方法本研究采用现象学分析法,约谈了13名9个领域的专科护士,借助Colaizzi对收集的资料进行整合、分拣、提炼主题。结果提炼出3大主题:支持我国专科护士在专科范围内具有非药物及有限药物处方权;主张临床经验丰富的高年资、高学历专科护士在专科服务范围内拥有处方权;实施专科护士处方权存在较多不确定因素和风险。结论我国护士处方权还处于萌芽阶段,为了符合当前护理事业发展的需求,卫生管理部门可允许具有丰富临床经验的高年资、高学历专科护士在专科服务范围内拥有非药物及有限药物处方权,不仅可提高专科护士的社会价值,还为进一步完善护士处方权提供探索机制。     

护士处方权准入资质和处方内容的调查研究

目的 了解医护人员对于护士处方权准入资质和处方内容的态度,旨在为护士处方权相关政策、法规的制订提供依据和参考。方法 采用自行设计的医护人员对护士处方权认知调查表对安徽省 14 所医院的1056名医护人员进行在线问卷调查。结果 护士和医生对护士申请处方权的最低学历要求是本科、最低职称要求是中级、最低工作年限要求是5～9年。护士和医生对护士拥有导尿、灌肠等护理操作处方权的赞成率较高;而对于各类药物的处方权,医生的赞成率低于护士（P<0.01）。护士处方权带来的益处,前2位依次是“可以提高护士工作的自主性和灵活性”“可以促进护理学科的发展”。护士处方权带来的弊端,前2位依次是“可能会导致医疗纠纷增加”“会增加护士工作的风险”。需要解决的问题前2位依次是“制订《护士处方一览表》,明确护士可开具医疗用品及药物的种类、剂量等”“及时出台相关法律法规和保障政策”。硕士学历的护士申请处方权意愿强烈。 结论 本科学历、工作5年以上、中级职称的护士拥有处方权的赞成率最高,导尿、灌肠、鼻饲等护理操作相关用品处方权的赞成率较高,及时出台相应政策、法规是开放护士处方权的根本保障,硕士学历的护士比大专学历的护士申请处方权意愿强。     

基于Cite Space护士处方权研究热点及发展趋势的可视化分析

目的 探讨国内外专科护士处方权护理研究热点和前沿进展。方法 通过中国知网和Web of Science核心合集检索专科护士处方权研究的相关文献,为建库至2023年10月31日,并运用Cite Space软件进行分析,包括关键词共现、聚类和突现分析。结果 共纳入中文文献138篇、英文文献6 493篇。该领域中英文发文量总体呈持续上升趋势,且近5年研究成果产出呈爆发式增长,研究热点包括药物处方、处方形式、专科护士、社区护理、癌痛管理。结论 伴随着国内护士处方权的不断完善和成熟,未来相关研究可进一步探究不同专科护士领域的处方权资质,迎合本土化开业护士培养需求,构建完善的专科护士处方权护理理论和实践体系。同时,护士处方权主题呈多样化发展,未来可借鉴国外高质量研究,在药物处方及执业领域方面丰富研究类型,开展更高与更深层次的研究,推动我国护士处方权事业的发展。     

加拿大护士处方权研究进展

综述加拿大开业护士处方权和注册护士处方权准备框架,以期为我国护士处方权提供借鉴。     

我国关于护士处方权的研究进展及建议

总结目前国内关于护士处方权的实践探索和理论研究,建议制定护士处方权的相关法律法规与政策,从小范围做起逐步开放处方权,今后的高等护理教育需增加处方权相关课程的学习,开展关于护士处方权的短期培训项目。     

三级医院护士对护士处方权的认知现状调查

[目的]调查临床护士对护士处方权的认知现状。[方法]采用便利抽样法选取河南省郑州市4家三级医院共262名注册护士为调查对象,采用自行设计的问卷对其进行护士处方权的相关知识调查。[结果]护士问卷得分(16.65±11.18)分,答对率为46.3%,其中"糖尿病专科护士处方权内容"及"护士处方权基本知识"答对率较高,而"护理工作决策主体内容"答对率最低。多元逐步回归分析结果显示:性别、年龄、学历、工作年限、职称等因素对护士处方权的认知影响不大,但之前听说过护士处方权的护士认知水平较高。[结论]临床护士对"新时代护士处方权内容专家共识"认知不足,但大多数护士愿意拥有处方权,目前国家应尽快出台政策法规,制定相关考核培训制度,建立监管体系,逐步实施护士处方权。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

吗啡、氯胺酮联合用于术后镇痛临床观察

目的 :比较吗啡、氯胺酮联合与吗啡单独使用用于术后镇痛的临床效果。方法 :30例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ的腹部手术全麻病人随机分为两组 ,术后使用吗啡静脉自控镇痛并分别加氯胺酮静脉输注 (氯胺酮组 )和生理盐水静脉输注(生理盐水组 )。观察两组的视觉模拟评分 (VAS) ,吗啡消耗量和发生的     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

达芬奇机器人和传统胸腔镜手术治疗肺部疾病的疗效

目的 评价达芬奇机器人手术（robot assisted thoracic surgery, RATS）和胸腔镜手术（video assisted thoracic surgery, VATS）治疗肺部疾病的疗效。方法 对收治的218例行达芬奇机器人和传统胸腔镜手术诊治肺部疾病的临床资料进行回顾性分析。患者自愿选择手术方式,其中RATS组98例,VATS组120例。结果 RATS组手术时间较VATS组长（P<0.01）,手术费用（P<0.05)和住院总花费（P<0.01）较VATS组多。RATS组术中失血量更少（P<0.01）,术后住院时间更短（P<0.05）。两组在中转开胸手术、总引流量、术后引流时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。肺癌患者中RATS组术后住院时间更短（P<0.01）,住院总花费更高（P<0.01）。非肺癌患者RATS组手术时间更长（P<0.01）,住院总花费更高（P<0.01）;RATS组术中失血量更少（P<0.05）,术后住院时间更短（P<0.05）。结论 达芬奇机器人辅助胸腔镜手术是安全有效的,其在术中出血量和术后住院时间具有明显的优势,而其他指标在机器人手术中无明显优势。     

Effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during induction of general anesthesia

Objective. Our objective was to quantify the effects of intravenous anesthetics on values measured by or derived from transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) during induction of general anesthesia.Methods. We recorded blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (V-MCA) before, during, and after induction of general anesthesia in six groups of young patients without intracranial pathology (n=10 each) using TCD. Patients were randomized to receive either 2 mg/kg propofol, 1.5 mg/kg methohexital, 5 mg/kg thiopental, 0.3 mg/kg etomidate, 2 µg/kg fentanyl and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam, or 1.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam intravenously. At 2 min after injection, each patient was intubated and given isoflurane 0.8% and nitrous oxide 66% in oxygen. Ventilation was set to achieve an end-tidalPco ₂ of 40 mm Hg. V-MCA, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, andPco ₂ (venous samples) were measured before and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 30 min after induction of anesthesia.Results. The preinduction data were not different between groups. At 1 min after injection, propofol, thiopental, methohexital, and etomidate significantly decreased V-MCA. TCD values were only slightly affected following fentanyl/midazolam. Ketamine/midazolam induced a modest rise in V-MCA. After endotracheal intubation, V-MCA increased in all groups, and slowly declined thereafter.Conclusions. Under the circumstances of our study, values derived from TCD measurements responded differently to the agents used to induce general anesthesia in nonneurosurgical patients.     

内镜超声弹性成像的原理与临床应用

内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasound, EUS）已成为消化系统疾病的重要诊断手段之一。内镜超声弹性成像（EUS Elastography, EUS E）能够实现胃肠道及其毗邻器官的可视化弹性评估,提高了EUS对消化道疾病诊断能力。此外,EUS E还可为内镜超声引导下细针穿刺（EUS fine needle aspiration, EUS FNA）技术提供辅助信息,从而提高疾病诊断和组织学获取的准确性。本文主要就EUS E的原理、方法和临床应用作一综述。