915MHz与2450MHz微波在离体猪肝实验中温度曲线与消融范围的比较

目的 比较915 MHz与2450 MHz微波在离体猪肝消融实验中温度曲线与消融范围的异同点.方法 分别应用915 MHz与2450 MHz微波进行离体猪肝实验,实验分为4组:50 W,60 W,70 W与80 W,作用时间均为600 s,共消融56个标本;消融过程于电极旁开5 mm、10 mm、15 mm、20 mm与25mm处测温,共得到280点温度曲线.结果 915 MHz与2450 MHz微波的温升曲线均以天线为中心在三维空间上呈逐渐衰减的规律.并且随着微波输出能量的增加,温度曲线的最高温度有逐渐增加的趋势,同时随着距离天线越来越远,温度曲线的最高温度有逐渐下降的趋势.除了旁开5 mm位点,915 MHz微波的最高温度均高于2450 MHz微波(P＜0.05).915 MHz微波消融区的横径与长径均＞2450 MHz微波(P＜0.05).结论 915 MHz微波在离体猪肝标本中可形成更高且稳定的温度曲线及更大的消融范围.     

水冷915MHz与2450MHz微波凝固离体猪肝的比较

目的比较水冷915MHz与2450MHz微波相同条件下凝固离体肝组织范围与焦化区体积方面的差别。方法在相同能量输出的条件下分别进行水冷915MHz与2450MHz微波的离体猪肝凝固实验，其中功率分别为50w、60w、70w、80w。结果915MHz比2450MHz微波在凝固区长、宽径、体积及焦化区范围均增大，其差异有统计学意义。结论在离体猪肝凝固实验中，在相同能量输出的条件下水冷915MHz比2450MHz微波有着更强的组织穿透与凝固能力，这一结果为915MHz微波进一步的研究及临床应用提供了依据。     

超声引导下新型内冷式微波天线凝固离体猪肝的实验研究

目的:通过冷循环微波天线对离体猪肝凝固的实验研究,探讨不同时间、功率组合下凝固区的形态及范围。方法:应用ECO-100增强型冷循环微波天线,分别以不同时间和功率组合凝固25只新鲜离体猪肝,采用脉冲波方式,微波频率为2450MHz,观察不同凝固条件下造成的组织凝固范围和形态。结果:加大输出功率或者延长凝固时间均可扩大凝固范围,在加大输出功率的同时延长凝固时间,凝固范围显著增大。以60～70W、20min时凝固区形态更接近球形。结论:加大微波的输出功率或延长凝固时间可以增大肝组织凝固范围,其中60～70W时所形成的凝固范围更趋向球形,此对肝癌凝固治疗会有较大指导意义。     

植入式915 MHz微波消融离体猪肝实验研究

目的 通过植入式915MHz微波对离体猪肝消融的实验研究，探讨其消融形态及范围。 方法 采用南京康友微波能应用研究所研制生产的KY-2000型微波消融治疗仪，微波频率915MHz，采用连续波和脉冲波2种工作方式，作用时间分别为600s和1200s。不同功率条件下，植入式内冷却微波天线直接插入离体猪肝进行消融。 结果 不同条件下消融的形态均为椭球形，统计了消融灶的最大长径和宽径。 结论 植入式915MHz微波可以有效地扩大消融范围，对较大肝癌消融治疗会有应用潜力。     

植入式微波消融离体猪肾实验研究

目的探讨植入式微波对离体状态下正常猪肾实质的消融作用。方法采用水循环内冷式硬质微波天线,微波频率为2450MHz,分别应用不同作用功率和作用时间对离体猪肾进行消融。结果植入式微波在不同条件下消融形态稳定,均为椭球形,统计了消融的体积、最大长径和宽径等参数。结论植入式微波消融离体猪肾实质凝固形态较满意,凝固范围随功率和时间增加而有程度不同的增大,微波消融有望在肾脏肿瘤微创治疗中发挥重要的作用。     

离体骨的置入式微波消融木

背景：微波高温可直接灭活骨肿瘤细胞,并且可维持骨的支架作用。目的：探讨置入式微波对离体状态下正常骨组织的消融作用。方法：采用微波消融治疗仪对新鲜离体猪骨干骺端进行消融,功率分别为60,70,80,90,100W,消融时间300s,微波频率2450MHz。刻度尺测量凝固区最长直径及最短直径;取凝固区标本,光镜及电镜观察其组织形态及超微结构。结果与结论：置入式微波在不同功率下消融形态基本恒定,纵面上看类似一个椭球形,横面上看类似一个圆形,微波消融范围随着功率的增加明显增大,光镜下未见变化,电镜下可见经微波消融后的骨组织骨细胞核消失、空泡化,呈现完全坏死。说明置入式微波对离体状态下正常骨组织有消融作用。     

超声引导2 450 MHz水冷式微波电极高功率脾脏消融的实验研究

目的探讨2450MHz水冷式微波电极脾组织消融的高功率条件及安全性。方法4头小香猪建立淤血性脾肿大的动物模型;2450MHz水冷式微波电极行脾消融12个点,以功率不同分为70W、80W两组,每组6个点,时间均为600s;10个点开腹消融并同时测温,2个点经皮消融未测温。消融时观察脾局部的改变,消融后实测凝固区的长径、宽径,并计算体积。结果应用2450MHz水冷式微波电极70W、80W高功率条件下12个点的脾消融中,电极杆温均小于40℃。脾凝固区呈红褐色,表面干燥皱缩;出针后针道无活动性出血,包括经皮的2次消融。80W组的消融体积比70W组明显增大,两组温度场比较旁开15mm、20mm处差异显著,80W组温度明显增高。结论2450MHz水冷式微波电极高功率脾消融是安全的,功率的提高能够明显增大消融体积。     

植入式水冷915 MHz与2450 MHz微波消融的猪活体肝脏的实验对比

目的 对比植入式水冷915 MHz和2450 MHz微波在活体猪肝脏消融实验中的消融范围及热场特性.方法 根据频率不同分两组实验.915 MHz和2450 MHz微波天线沿特制支架插入活体猪肝脏后,平行天线裂隙旁开5 mm、10 mm、15 mm、20 mm 间距的A(5,0)、B(10,0)、C(15,0)、D(20,0)四点分别放置测温针,均以60 W、600 s条件辐射,计算机采集测温数据,消融后测量消融区范围并比较两组消融范围的大小,分析温升曲线并比较两组的温升速率及所达最高温度.结果 915 MHz微波较2450 MHz微波在活体猪肝消融中可获得更大的消融横径和纵径;915 MHz微波和2450 MHz微波两者距离天线越近的位点温升速率越快,所达最高温度亦越高;对应B、C、D点上915 MHz微波较2450 MHz微波具有更快的温升速率及更高的温度.结论 915 MHz微波与2450 MHz微波相比,915MHz微波可获得更大的消融范围,具有更高的热效率.     

微波消融人离体子宫肌瘤与猪离体肌组织的对比观察

目的 比较单导植入式微波消融人离体子宫肌瘤与猪离体肌组织的异同点,探讨微波消融离体猪肌组织的各项参数对临床微波消融子宫肌瘤的指导和参考价值.方法 采用单导2450 MHz微波,作用功率50 W,作用时间300 s,分别进行离体肌组织和离体子宫肌瘤消融,对比观察消融区形态、范围、消融时声像图表现、病理表现等参数.结果 同剂量微波消融离体子宫肌瘤的范围小于离体肌组织范围;二者消融时的声像图表现及消融形态类似.肌瘤被膜不连续处有热外泄.结论 微波消融离体猪肌组织的各项参数对临床微波消融子宫肌瘤有指导和参考价值.     

连续与间歇作用微波消融离体肌组织的对比研究

目的 比较单导植入式微波不同辐射方式消融离体猪肌组织的效果,为临床微波消融治疗子宫肌瘤提供实验数据.方法 采用2450 MHz微波,相同输出功率,相同作用时间,分别采用连续波和每发射100 s间歇1O s和20 s的间歇辐射方式,进行离体肌组织消融,观察消融区形态、范围、热场温度及病理结果.结果 在相同输出功率,相同发射时间条件下,三种作用方式的消融形态、范围、前向距离、热场内温度差异无统计学意义,病理表现相同.结论 单导植入式微波连续波辐射与间歇式辐射消融离体猪肌组织的凝固效果无明显差异,可供临床应用参考.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.