成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列/Cas9及在Duchenne型肌营养不良中应用的研究进展

成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)/Cas9存在于细菌和古细菌中,是细菌抵抗噬菌体入侵的适应性免疫系统,可通过向导RNA靶向外源性DNA并对其进行剪切,还可经修饰后进行基因的过表达、阻断以及高通量筛选,扩大了CRISPR系统的应用范围。新近发现的CRISPR/C2c2系统可靶向降解外源性RNA,在特异性及效率上较RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)技术更有优势。应用CRISPR/Cas9系统修正小鼠抗肌萎缩蛋白,可使抗肌萎缩蛋白表达持久,肌力恢复良好,且无明显脑部及生殖系统不良反应,为Duchenne型肌营养不良提供了新的治疗方向。本文就CRISPR/Cas9及其在Duchenne型肌营养不良中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

CRISPR/Cas技术在病原体检测中的应用

1987 年在大肠埃希菌基因组中首次发现了成簇间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR),具有切割外来入侵病毒核酸的获得性免疫功能[1].CRISPR及其相关蛋白(CRISPR/Cas)系统是由编码 Cas 蛋白基因和由启动子加上重复序列与入侵核酸同源的间隔序列交替而构成[2].该系统的获得性免疫机制可以分为 3 个阶段:获得...     

基于CRISPR-Cas12a蛋白的副溶血弧菌及tdh基因检测分析

目的 将重组酶介导等温核酸扩增技术(RAA)与成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)系统相结合,建立一种快速检测并分型副溶血弧菌的检测方法.方法 通过纯化CRISPR相关蛋白Cas12a,设计和合成RAA引物、crRNA和单链DNA报告分子,建立副溶血弧菌的荧光和试纸条检测方法.采用煮沸法提取细菌核酸,经RAA扩...     

单增李斯特菌前噬菌体的分布及遗传特征分析

目的 了解单增李斯特菌基因组中前噬菌体分布状况和基因组特征。方法 自公共数据库GenBank获得275株单增李斯特菌的全基因组序列，运用前噬菌体在线预测软件（PHASTER）对其携带的前噬菌体进行预测。并对预测的完整前噬菌体进行聚类分析、插入位点识别、噬菌体整合酶多态性分析。此外，通过比对耐药基因和毒力基因数据库，搜寻前噬菌体可能携带的耐药基因和毒力基因。结果 本研究发现99.3%的单增李斯特菌基因组含有前噬菌体序列，155株（56.4%）单增李斯特菌基因组预测到229个完整前噬菌体序列。所有完整前噬菌体聚集成4个群，进一步划分为10个簇。前噬菌体分群与其宿主菌所属家系具有较强的相关性，但与宿主菌来源无关。本研究识别到10个前噬菌体插入位点，其中lmot17(tRNAArg),lmot11(tRNASer)和comK是3个最常见的插入位点，lmo1263为新发现的插入位点。相同插入位点前噬菌体所携带整合酶氨基酸序列高度相似。此外，研究发现部分家系Ⅲ菌株和1株家系Ⅰ菌株的噬菌体中携带毒力相关蛋白E编码基因（virE），所有完整前噬菌体中未发现耐药基因。结论 单增李斯特菌普遍携带前噬菌体，...     

CRISPR/Cas系统在分子检测中的应用

近年来,成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列/成簇规律短回文重复序列相关蛋白(CRISPR/Cas)系统凭借其简单、高效的基因编辑能力,已被广泛应用于生物、医学等多个研究领域。随着CRISPR技术的快速发展,CRISPR/Cas系统已被开发为一种快速、便携、低成本、高灵敏度的分子检测工具,在病原体检测、耐药性分析、单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型、肿瘤基因突变检测等方面取得重大突破。文章就不同Cas蛋白在分子检测中的最新研究进展进行综述,并对其应用前景进行展望,以期为从事相关领域的科研工作者提供参考与帮助。     

临床常见产AmpC β-内酰胺酶菌株中染色质ampC共同序列的研究

目的分析临床常见AmpC β-内酰胺酶（简称AmpC酶）产酶菌株中染色质ampC的基因序列,从而为AmpC酶的分子生物学检测以及其调控机制研究提供理论依据。方法 57株临床常见AmpC酶产酶菌株分离自医院感染患者样本,抽提细菌染色质DNA,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增ampC基因并连接入pMD19-T载体,双链测序后比对同种细菌之间和不同种细菌之间染色质ampC基因的同源性和共同序列。根据共同序列设计引物,进一步利用该引物检测染色质ampC。结果 57株细菌的基因组中,使用PCR扩增出染色质ampC基因41株,并成功测定了其ampC基因的序列。比对后发现大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和产气肠杆菌的染色质ampC菌种内有很高的同源性,但细菌之间的同源性较低。根据共同序列设计出菌种特异性PCR引物,能够有效的鉴定出染色质ampC基因。结论大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和产气肠杆菌各自染色质ampC具有高度同源性,其菌种特异性的ampC引物可用来检测其染色质ampC的存在。     

54株分枝杆菌国际标准株16S-23S rRNA转录间隔区序列分析

目的分析54株分枝杆菌国际标准株16S-23SrRNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列,为临床分离株的鉴定提供参考。方法用16S-23SrRNA ITS序列分析法对54株分枝杆菌国际标准株进行分析,构建系统发育树,计算相似性百分比。结果除灰尘与微黄分枝杆菌;田野与千田分枝杆菌;抗热与副偶然分枝杆菌,奥布与母牛结核分枝杆菌;杜氏与猪分枝杆菌;金色与东海分枝杆菌,海与溃疡分枝杆菌、科莫斯分枝杆菌;2株结核分枝杆菌与田鼠分枝杆菌、非洲分枝杆菌的16S-23SrRNA ITS序列完全相同无法鉴别外,其他各分枝杆菌菌种间16S-23SrRNAITS序列均不相同,可以得到很好的鉴别。结论 16S-23SrRNA ITS序列分析是一种很好的鉴定分枝杆菌的方法,国际标准株16S-23SrRNA ITS序列的研究弥补了基因数据库的不足。     

海南省类鼻疽临床分离株核糖体16S-23S内转录间隔区序列多态性分析

目的 研究海南省类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌核糖体16S-23S内转录间隔区（ITS）序列多态性及基因型特征,了解该省与其他类鼻疽流行区菌株间的遗传背景差异。方法 PCR扩增272株类鼻疽伯克菌的ITS片段并通过毛细管凝胶电泳检测产物长度;通过DNA测序及序列比对确认不同长度ITS的基因型及序列一致性;通过2检验分析不同流行区ITS型别的分布差异。结果 经毛细管凝胶电泳及DNA测序确认,272株类鼻疽伯克菌中发现C、E、CE、G 4种ITS基因型:C型64株（23.53%）,E型144株（52.94%）,CE型56株（20.59%）,G型8株（2.94%）。序列比对证实,海南省类鼻疽伯克菌中各型别（C、E、G）ITS序列高度保守,不同型别ITS的长度变化由其主要变异区的序列差异引起。我国海南省与泰国流行区的ITS型别分布差异有统计学意义（2=8.296,P0.05）,与澳大利亚流行区分布差异无统计学意义（2=5.521,P0.05）。结论 海南省类鼻疽伯克菌临床菌株中存在C、E、CE、G 4种ITS基因型,C、E、CE为优势型别;与泰国、澳大利亚等传统流行区相比,其G型菌株比例较高。     

CRISPR/Cas12系统在肿瘤检测中的应用

快速、灵敏、特异的检测方法对于提高肿瘤患者的生存率并改善预后至关重要。除了在基因编辑领域的贡献，近年来成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)/CRISPR相关蛋白(Cas)系统以其特有的靶标核酸识别切割能力和反式切割活性为特点，已成为新一代核酸检测工具被广泛应用于病原体、肿瘤和转基因等检测领域。基于此，该文对CRISPR/Cas12系统原理及其在不同肿瘤标志物中的检测应用进展作一综述，并对其应用前景进行展望，以期为CRISPR/Cas系统更好地应用于肿瘤筛查和诊断提供参考及借鉴。     

3种方法对1株临床疑难菌的鉴定及结果比较

目的 通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)、16S rRNA序列分析和全基因组测序(WGS)对从临床标本中分离的1株疑似盐单胞菌进行菌种鉴定,比较3种方法的鉴定结果。方法 采用MALDI-TOF MS对待测菌进行蛋白质图谱收集,通过比对图谱特征峰实现菌种鉴定;对菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序,将测序结果与数据库比对;待测菌WGS后进行序列比对分析,具体包括使用ANIm和ANIb 2种方法计算平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)以及与基因组分类数据库(GTDB)进行比对;基于全基因组序列中的16S rRNA序列和看家基因序列构建系统进化树,以及基于COG和KEGG功能对基因组进行聚类分析。结果 MALDI-TOF MS对待测菌株的鉴定结果是Halomonas hamiltonii;经16S rRNA序列分析,发现待测菌株与3种盐单胞菌(Halomonas hamiltonii、Halomonas stevensii和Halomonas johnsoniae)的相似度均>99%,且相似度差异非常小,因此无法进行准确的菌种鉴定;基于WGS的基因序列比对、系统发育树、...     

BRED: A Simple and Powerful Tool for Constructing Mutant and Recombinant Bacteriophage Genomes

Advances in DNA sequencing technology have facilitated the determination of hundreds of complete genome sequences both for bacteria and their bacteriophages. Some of these bacteria have well-developed and facile genetic systems for constructing mutants to determine gene function, and recombineering is a particularly effective tool. However, generally applicable methods for constructing defined mutants of bacteriophages are poorly developed, in part because of the inability to use selectable markers such as drug resistance genes during viral lytic growth. Here we describe a method for simple and effective directed mutagenesis of bacteriophage genomes using Bacteriophage Recombineering of Electroporated DNA (BRED), in which a highly efficient recombineering system is utilized directly on electroporated phage DNA; no selection is required and mutants can be readily detected by PCR. We describe the use of BRED to construct unmarked gene deletions, in-frame internal deletions, base substitutions, precise gene replacements, and the addition of gene tags.     

Germ Warfare in a Microbial Mat Community: CRISPRs Provide Insights into the Co-Evolution of Host and Viral Genomes

CRISPR arrays and associated cas genes are widespread in bacteria and archaea and confer acquired resistance to viruses. To examine viral immunity in the context of naturally evolving microbial populations we analyzed genomic data from two thermophilic Synechococcus isolates (Syn OS-A and Syn OS-B′) as well as a prokaryotic metagenome and viral metagenome derived from microbial mats in hotsprings at Yellowstone National Park. Two distinct CRISPR types, distinguished by the repeat sequence, are found in both the Syn OS-A and Syn OS-B′ genomes. The genome of Syn OS-A contains a third CRISPR type with a distinct repeat sequence, which is not found in Syn OS-B′, but appears to be shared with other microorganisms that inhabit the mat. The CRISPR repeats identified in the microbial metagenome are highly conserved, while the spacer sequences (hereafter referred to as “viritopes” to emphasize their critical role in viral immunity) were mostly unique and had no high identity matches when searched against GenBank. Searching the viritopes against the viral metagenome, however, yielded several matches with high similarity some of which were within a gene identified as a likely viral lysozyme/lysin protein. Analysis of viral metagenome sequences corresponding to this lysozyme/lysin protein revealed several mutations all of which translate into silent or conservative mutations which are unlikely to affect protein function, but may help the virus evade the host CRISPR resistance mechanism. These results demonstrate the varied challenges presented by a natural virus population, and support the notion that the CRISPR/viritope system must be able to adapt quickly to provide host immunity. The ability of metagenomics to track population-level variation in viritope sequences allows for a culture-independent method for evaluating the fast co-evolution of host and viral genomes and its consequence on the structuring of complex microbial communities.     

猪链球菌wzy基因与血清型别的相关性分析

目的 分析wzy基因序列与血清分型相关性,评价基于wzy基因的基因组水平血清分型的可行性。 方法 建立了33个已知血清型（1 ~ 31,33与1/2型）及21种新型cps型别（NCL1 ~ 20与Chz型）的wzy基因的氨基酸序列数据库,用来检索公开发表的767个有传统血清分型结果的基因组序列,以确定它们的分子血清型别,并与其用传统血清分型结果进行比对。 结果 767个基因组中,有765个基因组含有1种且仅含有1种数据库中的wzy基因,剩余的2个基因组携带数据库中没有的wzy基因,本研究中将其cps型别命名为NCL21。 94.13%（722/767）基因组的分子血清型别与其传统血清分型结果一致。 在二者结果有差异的基因组中,其cps基因簇的核苷酸序列与其传统血清分型结果相应的血清型标准菌株cps序列有明显的差异。 结论 基因组水平检测血清型特异性的wzy基因的分型策略,显著优于传统的血清分型方法。      

Genogrouping of type II-A CRISPR array in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis from humans and companion animals compared to multilocus sequence and emm typing

We evaluated the feasibility of type II-A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) array-based genogrouping using Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. Equisimilis isolates from 32 humans and 8 companion animals and compared Simpson's diversity index of this genogrouping to those of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and emm genotyping. CRISPRCasFinder detected a type II-A CRISPR array with the same repeat sequences in three whole-genome sequences. Subsequently, optimized polymerase chain reaction-based II-A CRISPR array amplification was performed to sequence the region around the leader and terminal repeat sequences. We conducted spacer genogrouping by evaluating the spacer sequence similarities. A phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed, and spacer content and polymorphisms were illustrated. Simpson's diversity indices were calculated for the CRISPR array genogrouping, MLST, and emm genotyping. We analyzed the association between the spacer genogroup with sequence type (ST)/emm genotype for each isolate. Of the 40 isolates, 39 with the II-A CRISPR array were amplified, sequenced, and assigned to 13 genogroups (A–M). The Simpson's diversity indices for the three typing were 0.874, 0.914, and 0.924, respectively. We found genetic lineages between genogroup M and ST127/stG245.0 and between genogroup I and ST29/stG485.0. These observations suggest the feasibility of II-A CRISPR array genogrouping and the genetic relationship between spacer genogroups and STs/emm genotypes in the isolates.     

Virulent Bacteriophages Can Target O104:H4 Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in the Mouse Intestine

In vivo bacteriophage targeting of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) was assessed using a mouse intestinal model of colonization with the O104:H4 55989Str strain and a cocktail of three virulent bacteriophages. The colonization model was shown to mimic asymptomatic intestinal carriage found in humans. The addition of the cocktail to drinking water for 24 h strongly decreased ileal and weakly decreased fecal 55989Str concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. These decreases in ileal and fecal bacterial concentrations were only transient, since 55989Str concentrations returned to their original levels 3 days later. These transient decreases were independent of the mouse microbiota, as similar results were obtained with axenic mice. We studied the infectivity of each bacteriophage in the ileal and fecal environments and found that 55989Str bacteria in the mouse ileum were permissive to all three bacteriophages, whereas those in the feces were permissive to only one bacteriophage. Our results provide the first demonstration that bacterial permissivity to infection with virulent bacteriophages is not uniform throughout the gut; this highlights the need for a detailed characterization of the interactions between bacteria and bacteriophages in vivo for the further development of phage therapy targeting intestinal pathogens found in the gut of asymptomatic human carriers.     

纳米银水溶液对噬菌体和细菌杀灭效果的观察

目的观察纳米银水溶液分别对两种噬菌体和细菌杀灭效果,探讨噬菌体作为病毒指示物的可能性。方法采用悬液定量杀灭试验方法进行了实验室研究。结果用含100 mg/L纳米银水溶液对大肠杆菌噬菌体MS2作用60 min,平均灭活对数值均>4.00。用1000 mg/L纳米银水溶液对大肠杆菌噬菌体T4作用24 h,平均灭活对数值均<2.00。用含10 mg/L纳米银水溶液作用20 min即可使大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值>5.00。结论纳米银水溶液可有效杀灭大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌以及大肠杆菌噬菌体MS2和T4,此两种噬菌体对纳米银水溶液的抵抗力明显比两种细菌强。     

Evaluation of 16SpathDB 2.0, an automated 16S rRNA gene sequence database,using 689 complete bacterial genomes

Interpretation of 16S rRNA sequences is a difficult problem faced by clinical microbiologists and technicians. In this study, we evaluated the updated 16SpathDB 2.0 database, using 689 16S rRNA sequences from 689 complete genomes of medically important bacteria. Among these 689 16S rRNA sequences, none was wrongly identified, with 35.8% reported as a single bacterial species having >98% identity with the query sequence (category 1), 63.9% reported as more than 1 bacterial species having >98% identity with the query sequence (category 2), 0.3% reported to the genus level (category 3), and none reported as no match (category 4). For the 16S rRNA sequences of non-duplicated bacterial species reported as category 1 or 2, the percentage of bacterial species reported as category 1 was significantly higher for anaerobic Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria than aerobic/facultative anaerobic Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria. 16SpathDB 2.0 is a user-friendly and accurate database for 16S rRNA sequence interpretation in clinical laboratories.     

多耐药鲍曼不动杆菌噬菌体D218的生物学特性研究

目的筛选可用于裂解多耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的噬菌体,为噬菌体治疗多耐药鲍曼不动杆菌治疗提供新的方案。方法以上海各家医院临床分离到的多耐药鲍曼不动杆菌为宿主菌,从不同环境中分离鲍曼不动杆菌噬菌体,负染法电镜观察其形态及大小,并分析pH和温度对其稳定性的影响,并对噬菌体DNA进行测序及相关基因功能分析。结果从医院下水道污水中分离得到了一株耐药性鲍曼不动杆菌的烈性噬菌体D218,电镜观察其为长尾噬菌体,头部呈多面体立体对称结构,直径约65nm,尾长约100nm,尾宽约15nm。此株噬菌体在pH 3~11及4~50℃的环境下具有较高活性。其基因组全长102 449bp,GC含量为37.2%,编码167个ORFs。结论筛选到了一株新的对pH值及温度均稳定的耐药鲍曼不动杆菌烈性噬菌体D218,为噬菌体用于耐药性鲍曼不动杆菌的院内感染的预防控制及噬菌体库的建立增添了新的数据。     

Bacteriophages as vehicles of the resistome in cystic fibrosis

Environmental microbial communities and human microbiota represent a huge reservoir of mobilizable genes, the 'mobilome', including a pool of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance, the 'resistome'. Whole-genome sequencing of bacterial genomes from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has demonstrated that bacteriophages contribute significantly to bacterial genome alterations, and metagenomic analysis of respiratory tract DNA viral communities has revealed the presence of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in bacteriophages of CF patients. CF airways should now be considered as the site of complex microbiota, where bacteriophages are vehicles for the adaptation of bacteria to this specific environment and for the emergence and selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria with chimeric repertoires. As phages are already known to be mobilized during chronic infection of the lungs of patients with CF, it seems particularly important to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of phage induction to prevent the spread of virulence and/or antimicrobial resistance determinants within the CF population as well as in the community. Such a modern point of view may be a seminal reflection for clinical practice in the future since current antimicrobial therapy guidelines in the context of CF may lead to the emergence of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance.     

ARG-ANNOT,a New Bioinformatic Tool To Discover Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Genomes

ARG-ANNOT (Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOTation) is a new bioinformatic tool that was created to detect existing and putative new antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in bacterial genomes. ARG-ANNOT uses a local BLAST program in Bio-Edit software that allows the user to analyze sequences without a Web interface. All AR genetic determinants were collected from published works and online resources; nucleotide and protein sequences were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database. After building a database that includes 1,689 antibiotic resistance genes, the software was tested in a blind manner using 100 random sequences selected from the database to verify that the sensitivity and specificity were at 100% even when partial sequences were queried. Notably, BLAST analysis results obtained using the rmtF gene sequence (a new aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene sequence that is not included in the database) as a query revealed that the tool was able to link this sequence to short sequences (17 to 40 bp) found in other genes of the rmt family with significant E values. Finally, the analysis of 178 Acinetobacter baumannii and 20 Staphylococcus aureus genomes allowed the detection of a significantly higher number of AR genes than the Resfinder gene analyzer and 11 point mutations in target genes known to be associated with AR. The average time for the analysis of a genome was 3.35 ± 0.13 min. We have created a concise database for BLAST using a Bio-Edit interface that can detect AR genetic determinants in bacterial genomes and can rapidly and easily discover putative new AR genetic determinants.