设备清洗方法验证中残留限量的确定

药品生产过程中,设备清洁方法不合理,会使后续生产的品种受到前批次产品的污染,从而影响药品的质量,甚至带来毒副作用。要将污染造成的风险降低到可以接受的限度,仅有符合GMP要求的硬件设施远远不够,软件管理也十分重要。设备清洁方法是否合理,直接关系到产品质量及用药安全。清洁方法的制订离不开验证。如何在验证过程中确立被清洗组份允许的残留限量,对于合理评价清洁SOP,确保设备的清洁效果,防止制剂生产过程的交叉污染十分关键。本文以口服固体制剂所用的常规生产设备为例,介绍设备清洗验证中残留限量的确定方法。     

对中国2010版《药品生产质量管理规范》中清洁验证的分析

按照2010版药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)第一百四十三条要求:清洁方法应当经过验证,证实其清洁的效果,以有效防止污染和交叉污染。清洁验证应当综合考虑设备使用情况、所使用的清洁剂和消毒剂、取样方法和位置以及相应的取样回收率、残留物的性质和限度、残留物检验方法的灵敏度等因素。就GMP中相应的条款进行解读分析,以便更好的理解本条款和用最恰当的实施措施满足法规要求,进一步加大降低药品交叉污染的风险。     

清洁验证中的微生物问题——设备表面微生物限度的制定及其检验

在药品生产的每道工序完成后,对制药设备进行清洗是防止药品污染和交叉污染的必要手段.通过有效的清洗,可将设备表面的残留物减少到不会影响下批产品的疗效、质量和安全性的程度.清洁验证就是通过科学的方法采集足够的数据,以证明按规程清洁后的设备,能始终如一地达到预定的清洁标准[1].……     

化学药片剂生产设备清洁方法的验证

目的:评价化学药片剂生产设备清洁规程的合理性与有效性。方法:选择存在相似生产工艺的几种化学药——琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片、卡托普利片、单硝酸异山梨酯片、盐酸二甲双胍片中毒性最强的琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片为验证品种,对其生产设备按清洁规程进行清洁消毒,用棉签擦拭法对最难清洁点进行擦拭取样,验证其擦拭回收率、残留限度的检出限和定量限,评价其结果是否符合规定的限度。结果:经采用棉签擦拭法对最难清洁点进行擦拭取样、检测,结果各取样点均未见可见异物,产品残留量均<29.75μg/棉签、微生物限度均<50 CFU/棉签,各检测项目均符合对该药的规定标准。结论:该清洁方法能有效对生产设备进行清洁,防止产品污染和交叉污染,确保下批产品的质量、疗效和安全性。     

药品生产设备清洁验证关键点的研究

目的:为药品生产企业开展清洁验证工作提供参考。方法:阐述清洁验证的概念及其重要性,并结合实例探讨在药品生产过程中如何开展设备清洁和清洁验证工作。结果与结论:在清洁及清洁验证工作中应正确选择清洁标记物、清洁溶剂、清洁方法,确定残留物限度以及允许残留物最低限度的分析方法和取样方法,并对分析方法、取样方法进行验证。清洁验证是降低药品污染、提高药品质量的有效途径,药品生产企业应重视这项工作。     

设备清洁验证残留物限度标准的确定方法

设备清洁是防止药物交叉污染的有效措施，也是生产管理的主要组成部分之一，它包括同品种的换批清洗和换品种的清洗，清洗效果应经验证考察所采用的清洗方法是否达到清洗目的，同品种不同批次之间的清洗验证主要是考虑清洗后的直观效果和微生物情况，换品种清洗验证应主要考虑前一品种对后一品种的残留污染情况，而残留污染的合格标准的制定则是设备清洁验证过程中十分关键的一步。     

中药提取系统清洁验证

目的验证中药提取系统的清洁工艺的有效性和可靠性。方法以空白物料的生产,确定上批次产品的残留量是否在规定范围内。结果与结论中药提取系统的清洁方法有效、稳定,能有效防止药品生产的交叉污染。     

中成药生产设备清洁验证的方法和步骤

根据《药品生产质量管理规范》（简称ＧＭＰ）的要求：“产品的生产工艺及关键设施、设备应按验证方案进行验证。”因此企业在实施ＧＭＰ过程中，必须对生产工艺的重现性和可靠性进行验证。设备清洁验证是工艺验证中不可缺少的部分，它是指通过目检及化学和微生物试验，来证明设备按规定的清洁程序清洗后，使用该设备生产产品没有来自上批产品及清洗过程（如清洗用介质、清洁剂、消毒剂）等所带来的污染和混药风险。中成药生产中往往同一台设备生产多个品种，因此更需要加强对设备清洗效果的验证。笔者根据ＧＭＰ要求，结合自己的实践经验，…     

国内外防止交叉污染的药品共线生产质量管理法规和监管模式的比较

交叉污染是指不同原料、辅料及产品之间发生的相互污染。当使用共用设施设备生产不同药品时,潜在的交叉污染就成为了一项极其关键的风险管控问题。近年来,全球许多药品监管机构或组织针对共用设施、共线生产质量管理以及产生的交叉污染,更新发布了相关法规和指南。但目前,共用设施下的交叉污染及相关缺陷项目（如多产品共线评估、清洁验证有效性等）依然高频出现在其发布的GMP检查不符合项中。本文从药品共线生产质量管理基本原则,即法律法规要求、药品上市许可持有人主责、产品的生命周期和清洁验证的生命周期,以及质量风险管理等方面,论述了全球不同药品监管机构或组织对药品共线生产质量管理和交叉污染的监管要求,并汇总形成了相应的管理流程和方法,以供相关监管人员和药品生产企业人员参考。     

浅谈药品生产设备的清洁规程

生产设备的清洗是指在合适的清洁规程下,去除设备表面可见及不可见的物质,使得下批产品受污染的可能性最小,并达到可接受的残留限度。本文根据工作经验和FDA要求对清洁规程的制定进行简要介绍。     

A validated HPLC method for determining residues of a dual active ingredient anti-malarial drug on manufacturing equipment surfaces

Analytical method validation, determining the recovery rate from the equipment surface and the stability of a potential contaminant are important steps of a cleaning validation process. A rapid, sensitive and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulfadoxine (SUL) in cleaning validation swab samples. The active compounds can be selectively quantified in a sample matrix containing detergent and swab material as low as 0.12 microg/ml. The swabbing procedure used on stainless steel coupons was validated and the stability of PYR and SUL in the swab samples was assessed. The calculated limit of contamination values for PYR (4.99 microg/cm2) and SUL (19.14 microg/cm2) were not exceeded during four consecutive equipment cleaning trials. This confirms that the desired level of cleanliness is achieved with the current cleaning procedures, which are consequently validated.     

A General LC-MS/MS Method for Monitoring Potential β-Lactam Contamination in Drugs and Drug-Manufacturing Surfaces

Penicillins and some non-penicillin β-lactams may cause potentially life-threatening allergic reactions. Thus, possible cross contamination of β-lactams in food or drugs can put people at risk. Therefore, when there is a reasonable possibility that a non-penicillin product could be contaminated by penicillin, the drug products are tested for penicillin contamination. Here, a sensitive and rapid method for simultaneous determination of multiple β-lactam antibiotics using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. Mass spectral acquisition was performed on a Q-Exactive HF mass spectrometer in positive ion mode with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The method was validated for seven β-lactam antibiotics including one or two from each class and a synthetic intermediate. The quantification precision and accuracy at 200 ppb were in the range of ± 1.84 to ± 4.56 and ??5.20 to 3.44%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 ppb, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 2 ppb with a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 2–2000 ppb for all eight β-lactams. From various drug products, the recoveries of eight β-lactams at 200 and 2 ppb ranged from 93.8?±?3.2 to 112.1?±?4.2% and 89.7?±?4.6 to 110.6?±?1.9%, respectively. The application of the method for detecting cross contamination of trace β-lactams (0.2 ppb) and for monitoring facility surface cleaning was also investigated. This sensitive and fast method was fit-for-purpose for detecting and quantifying trace amount of β-lactam contamination, monitoring cross contamination in manufacturing processes, and determining potency for regulatory purposes and for quality control.     

Advancing toxicology in RiskMAPP: Setting ADEs based on the subsequent drug substance

Cleaning validation programs are developed to demonstrate acceptable carryover of drug substances/products when multiple drug substances are manufactured in shared process equipment. The International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers (ISPE) developed a guidance document in 2010 describing the Risk-Based Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Products (referred to as RiskMAPP) (ISPE, 2010). This guidance document developed the concept of an acceptable daily exposure (ADE), which is the toxicologically acceptable daily dose for the first drug substance used in processing drug equipment (DS_A) without prior knowledge of the subsequent drug substance (DS_B). This paper discusses an extension of the ADE methodology called the product-specific ADE (PSADE) which is derived when DS_B is known. Four case studies demonstrate examples in which the PSADE can be scientifically supported in lieu of the ADE and highlight some limitations in its application. The PSADE approach can be used to justify higher acceptance limits for cleaning validation when the ADE based acceptance limits are below the process capability limit of the cleaning process or limit of quantitation of the analytical method.     

药品生产设备清洁验证要点及缺陷分析

通过对国内外药品生产设备清洁验证的相关法规指南全面梳理,从质量管理体系及验证工作生命周期管理的角度对清洁验证进行了分析;明确了药品生产设备清洁验证要点并构建了要点结构图;对国内外药品检查中发现的药品生产设备清洁验证存在的缺陷进行了统计分析;对清洁验证常见问题及分布情况进行识别,为我国药品生产企业进一步做好药品生产设备清洁验证提供思路与参考,同时也为药品检查工作中对清洁验证针对性检查提供借鉴。     

The use of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) in the determination of lithium in cleaning validation swabs

The pharmaceutical industry is required to perform cleaning validation studies to verify that equipment used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals is adequately cleaned from one product or process to the next. Typically, these cleaning validation studies require an analytical method that uses some form of chromatographic technique. In the case of products that may have an inorganic constituent, however, if can often be easier to verify the cleanliness of equipment by using a non-chromatographic technique. A method is described to certify the cleanliness of processing equipment by determining lithium in cleaning validation swabs using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).     

药品清洁残留分析方法有关概念及影响因素的探讨

目的：以回收率为切入点,研究药品清洁验证中清洁残留分析方法的有关概念和做法,为药品生产企业在清洁验证时对残留物分析方法学的研究提供参考。方法：通过查阅有关文献,比较归纳药品清洁残留物分析方法的有关概念和做法,研究影响分析方法回收率的各种因素,在概念解读和对文献分析的基础上提出针对性建议。结果：对在中国知网检索到的2015-2020年的关于清洁验证残留物分析方法的21篇文献进行了分类,分别对检验方法回收率、取样方法回收率以及同时对二者进行研究的文献进行了分析,并着重对取样方法回收率研究中擦拭取样操作的过程及重点环节进行了分析,进一步分析讨论了检验方法回收率和取样方法回收率2个概念。结论：在对清洁验证残留物分析方法的回收率进行研究时,应同时考虑对清洁残留的取样操作和对残留物溶液的分析,建议以分析方法回收率的概念进行方法学考察。在交叉污染风险较大的情况下,回收率的研究是必要的;但在交叉污染风险相对较小时,回收率的研究意义不大。微生物残留的回收率研究,应结合产品和设备情形根据风险评估来决定验证的深度和广度。     

Validation of biotechnological production processes

Due to the biological synthesis of biotechnologically produced pharmaceuticals the product quality and safety of the drug is influenced by various factors. The correct nucleotide sequence and stability of the host cell/vector system provide the corresponding amino acid sequence of the protein. The posttranslational processing of the protein requires a well characterized production cell line. Suitable equipment for fermentation allowing a sterile production of the producing monoculture and consistent conditions are the basic requirements for the validation of the fermentation process. A constant specific productivity is one of the major criteria for the reproducibility of the production. For the validation of recovery and purification it is necessary to examine yield after each process step, product quality before and after each single process step and purification factors for removal of contaminating proteins, nucleic acids and potential viruses. In addition to the validation of the entire production process, reproducibility of quality of the formulated product has to be determined by a number of protein analytical, immunological and biochemical test methods concerning the identity, purity, safety and potency of the drug.     

浅谈非无菌制剂设备清洁SOP的编制

目的 探讨非无菌制剂制药设备清洁标准操作规程(SOP)的制定,从程序设计上保证设备清洁后的残留物达到可接受标准,最大限度地保证消费者的用药安全.方法 从《药品生产质量管理规范》(2010版)的基本要求入手,对污染物、清洁剂、消毒剂、清洁方法、产品分组进行了分类探讨,结合实例做简要介绍.结果与结论 非无菌制剂设备清洁SOP应根据物料的特点、设备的特点分别制定,使其具有较强的可操作性、重现性、科学性、合理性.清洁人员必须严格按照批准的清洁SOP操作,防止人为因素导致的差错事故,从而保证清洁效果,保证药品质量.