根治性全胃切除术(D3淋巴结清扫术)

进展期胃癌D2或D2+根治术是可治愈性胃癌的标准治疗方案.对于T2、T3或T4期胃癌,在D2淋巴结清扫术基础上增加腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术(para-aortic lymph node dissection,PAND)能否改善患者生存一直存在争议.研究表明当胃癌侵犯到浆膜下层、浆膜层或突破浆膜侵犯到临近脏器,其淋巴结转移可达腹主动脉旁区域.     

胃癌根治术中清扫腹主动脉旁淋巴结的研究现状及其临床意义

迄今，以清扫第卫、2站淋巴结为主的胃癌根治术（D2术）已作为一种标准术式而普遍应用于进展期胃癌并取得了一定的疗效。近年来，日本学者通过研究，发现腹主动脉旁淋巴结（Paraaorticlymphnode，第16组）术中是否予以清扫直接影响预后。由此，合并该组淋巴结清扫的胃癌扩大根治术（D4术）已被认为是本世纪胃癌外科治疗中的一个最新课题。本文现就其研究现状及临床意义作一综述。1腹主动脉旁淋巴结的外科解剖就解剖学而言，可将腹主动脉旁淋巴结进一步划分成16a1、16a2、16b1、16b2等4个区，分别由隔肌腹主动脉裂孔、腹腔动脉根部上缘、左…     

胃癌行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫的研究进展

手术治疗是治疗胃癌的主要方式之一,标准的术中淋巴结清扫尤为重要。关于胃癌患者是否行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫（para-aortic lymph node dissection,PAND）仍存在争议。预防性PAND的意义被否定,但治疗性PAND的效果还有待进一步的研究去证实。术前化疗联合规范的手术治疗可能是未来进展期胃癌伴腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的标准治疗模式。本文就胃癌行PAND的研究进行综述,以期为临床实践提供指导。      

胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术(附26例临床分析)

目的:分析胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结(No 16)转移规律.方法:对本院2004年10月至2005年10月间实施的26例胃癌No 16淋巴结清扫术的临床病理资料作回顾性分析.结果:全组26例均行胃癌No 16(16a2区及16b1区)淋巴清扫术,术后恢复良好,无吻合口漏及手术死亡.乳糜腹1例,术中大出血1例,共切除No 16淋巴结79枚,平均3枚/例,发现肿瘤转移12枚,转移度为15.1%;4例患者发现No 16转移,转移率为15%.结论:No 16淋巴结作为胃癌区域淋巴液引流的终末汇聚地,有较高的转移率.不论是为了手术后正确分期还是提高治疗效果腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫都是必要的,而且手术也是安全的.     

中晚期宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移治疗的临床研究

目的:研究中晚期（Ⅱb-Ⅲb期）宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结(PALN)转移采用手术和放疗治疗的疗效。方法:选择中晚期（Ⅱb-Ⅲb期）腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者76例,观察组43例,行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术,术后行同步放化学治疗。对照组33例,行宫颈癌同步放化学治疗。分析与患者3年生存率有关的临床病理因素,探讨影响患者预后的因素。结果:手术分期、病理分级、SCCA水平、局部肿瘤大小、腹主动脉旁淋巴结大小、治疗方法与患者的3年生存率有关。多因素分析表明影响患者生存期的因素是分期、分级、局部肿瘤大小、腹主动脉旁淋巴结大小、治疗方法。结论:中晚期宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除并辅以术后延伸放疗联合同期化疗,对于病人治疗有重要意义。     

进展期贲门癌腹主动脉左侧淋巴结清扫70例分析

[目的]探讨进展期贲门癌腹主动脉左侧淋巴结清扫的必要性及可行性.[方法]2002年2月～2004年5月对70例进展期贲门癌行腹主动脉左侧淋巴结清扫,分析腹主动脉左侧淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系.[结果]70例中发现11例腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,转移率为15.71%;其中BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ型腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为22.2%,N2～3期为25.6%,肿瘤侵及浆膜者为24.4%.腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率在BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ型、N2～3期、肿瘤侵入浆膜者中明显高于Borrmann Ⅰ、Ⅱ型(4.0%)、N0～1期(3.2%)、浆膜未受侵者(3.4%)(P均《0.05).全组无因手术死亡病例,无严重手术并发症发生.[结论]只要严格掌握手术适应证,晚期贲门癌行腹主动脉左侧淋巴结清扫是安全可行的:其对预后的影响有待进一步研究.     

胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术（附26例临床分析）

目的:分析胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结(No.16)转移规律。方法:对本院2004年10月至2005年10月间实施的26例胃癌No.16淋巴结清扫术的临床病理资料作回顾性分析。结果:全组26例均行胃癌No.16(16a2区及16b1区)淋巴清扫术,术后恢复良好,无吻合口漏及手术死亡。乳糜腹1例,术中大出血1例。共切除No.16淋巴结79枚,平均3枚/例,发现肿瘤转移12枚,转移度为15.19%;4例患者发现No.16转移,转移率为15%。结论:No.16淋巴结作为胃癌区域淋巴液引流的终末汇聚地,有较高的转移率。不论是为了手术后正确分期还是提高治疗效果腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫都是必要的,而且手术也是安全的。     

治疗性腹腔镜胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术的操作技巧及临床意义

目的探讨治疗性腹腔镜胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年12月就诊广东省中医院胃肠外科实施治疗性腹腔镜胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结术的6例病人基线资料、术中及术后短期结果。结果6例病人术前经影像学评估均存在第16组淋巴结转移,无其他远处转移,经转化治疗后,均达到部分缓解并顺利完成腹腔镜胃癌D2根治并腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术,术中1例因合并胰腺侵犯而联合行胰体尾+脾切除术,无中转开腹、腹腔出血、脏器损伤等并发症发生;中位手术时长482.5(445,510)min;中位淋巴结清扫总数、腹主动脉旁淋巴结(para-aortic lymph nodes,PALN)清扫总数及PALN阳性数目分别为50(16,80)枚、18(3,31)枚、3.5(0,15)枚,其中5例PALN病理阳性,1例阴性;术后1例出现胰瘘,1例胸腔积液,1例腹泻,Clavien-Dindo分级均为2级,经对症治疗后均好转出院;术后中位住院时间17(6,30)天,术后30天内无二次手术及死亡发生;中位随访时间13.25(10~18)月,3例病人因肿瘤复发死亡,术后存活时间10~18月,余3例均未见肿瘤复发转移。结论治疗性腹腔镜腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术在技术上是可行的,对于胃癌合并PALN转移的患者。     

系统的淋巴结清扫术在子宫内膜癌治疗决策中的价值及可行性分析

背景与目的：淋巴结清扫术在子宫内膜癌治疗中的价值一直有争议,国内多数医院仅对部分高危型子宫内膜癌患者行淋巴结活检或选择性盆腔淋巴结切除术,罕有妇科医生对子宫内膜癌行系统的盆腔淋巴结清扫＋腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫。本文探讨系统的淋巴结清扫术在子宫内膜痛治疗决策中的价值以及手术的可行性。方法：回顾2005年1月-2008年7月在我院行系统的腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的128例子宫内膜癌,对其临床病理特点、淋巴结转移情况、术后治疗决策改变情况以及手术并发症进行分析。结果：128例患者中19例（14．8％）出现淋巴结转移,其中盆腔淋巴结转移15例（11．7％）,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移11例（8．6％）,7例患者同时出现盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,4例患者仅有腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移。病理类型、组织学分化程度、肌层浸润深度以及淋巴血管间隙浸润与淋巴结转移相关（P〈0．05）。15例患者因淋巴结转移分期升级,术后需要辅以化疗和／或放疗;另50例中危、中高危早期患者因手术排除了子宫外转移免去术后辅助治疗。8例（6．3％）患者术后出现并发症,其中盆腔感染3例,阴道残端出血2例,不全性低位肠梗阻、深静脉血栓伴淋巴囊肿和腔隙性脑梗塞各1例。中位手术时间为150min．中位出血量为300mL,其中27例（21．1％）患者接受输血治疗。结论：在子宫内膜癌患者中行系统的淋巴结清扫足安全可行的,通过全面的手术分期可以明确淋巴结转移情况,准确提供预后相关信息,指导术后辅助治疗。     

子宫内膜癌手术范围的临床研究

目的探讨子宫内膜癌的适宜手术范围。方法对105例子宫内膜癌患者施行广泛性或次广泛性子宫切除术，加盆腔（或）主动脉旁淋巴清扫术；另外36例子宫内膜癌患者仅作次广泛子宫切除术。对141例的手术切除标本，包括官旁结缔组织及淋巴结、盆腔及主动脉旁淋巴结等进行病理检查。结果105例中，盆腔淋巴结发生转移26例，占24．76％。除Ⅰa期外，其余各期均有淋巴结转移发生。Ⅰb、Ⅰc期淋巴结转移率分别为12．50％与21．05％。141例行广泛性与次广泛性子宫切除术者中，宫旁组织转移2例（Ⅱa、Ⅲb期），宫旁淋巴结转移2例（Ⅰc、Ⅲb期），富旁血管瘤栓2例（Ⅰb、Ⅰc期）。结论除Ⅰa期外的其他各期子宫内膜癌，均宜施行广泛性或次广泛性子宫切除术以及盆腔或主动脉旁淋巴清扫术。     

胃癌孤立淋巴结转移的影像研究

[目的]评价CT在胃癌孤立淋巴结转移中的诊断作用。[方法]回顾性分析胃癌孤立淋巴结转移患者75例临床资料。[结果]75例患者中,68例淋巴结转移位于胃周（N1）。另有7例患者淋巴结跳跃转移至N2～N3站,CT对孤立淋巴结转移胃癌患者T分期、N分期及M分期的准确率分别为73-3％、78．7％和90％。[结论]并非每个前哨淋巴结都位于胃周原发病灶附近。CT在孤立淋巴结转移胃癌患者TNM分期上的准确性较高。     

甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结清扫的临床意义

[目的]探讨临床颈淋巴结阴性(CN0)的甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结清扫的临床意义.[方法]对2010年1月至2011年6月收治的178例CN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者行中央区淋巴结清扫,其中67例同期行外侧区淋巴结清扫.评估中央区淋巴结清扫术的安全性,并对中央区及外侧区淋巴结转移相关因素进行分析.[结果]中央区淋巴结清扫没有明显增加手术并发症.中央区淋巴结转移率为44.4％;中央区淋巴结转移率与肿瘤大小有关,外侧区淋巴结转移率与中央区淋巴结阳性数目有关.[结论]中央区淋巴结清扫是一个方便安全的手术,能使部分患者免除外侧区颈清扫,应列为CN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的常规选择.     

南疆地区食管鳞癌患者隆突下钙化淋巴结转移相关因素及术式选择

目的:探讨南疆地区食管癌患者钙化性隆突下淋巴结转移相关因素及术式选择。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年10月，于喀什地区第一人民医院胸外科行食管癌根治术治疗的196例食管鳞癌合并隆突下淋巴结钙化或趋于钙化的患者。根据术中隆突下淋巴结钙化严重程度是否行隆突下淋巴结清扫分为两组，隆突下淋巴结清扫组（168例）和隆突下淋巴结未清扫组（28例）。结果:单因素分析显示:患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤分化程度与隆突下淋巴结转移无关（P＞0.05），肿瘤长度、肿瘤T分期和N分期与隆突下淋巴结转移有关（P＜0.05）。多因素分析显示:T分期和N分期与隆突下淋巴结转移有关（P＜0.05），肿瘤的长度与隆突下淋巴结转移无关（P＞0.05）。结论:针对南疆地区食管癌患者多合并隆突下淋巴结钙化的情况，对于肿瘤较小以及T、N分期较早的患者，可选择性清扫隆突下淋巴结或行隆突下淋巴结采样；而对于肿瘤较大以及T、N分期较晚的患者，应按诊疗规范行根治性隆突下淋巴结清除术。     

胸段食管鳞癌胸腹部淋巴结转移相关因素研究

[目的]探讨胸段食管鳞癌胸腹部淋巴结转移的相关因素。[方法]回顾性分析612例胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床病理学资料与胸腹部淋巴结转移的关系,应用χ2检验进行单因素分析,应用Logistic回归分析进行多因素分析。[结果]淋巴结转移患者322例,转移率52.6%。清扫淋巴结16513枚,转移1128枚,转移度6.8%。胸部淋巴结转移245例,转移率40%。胸部淋巴结清扫总数8510枚,转移639枚,转移度7.5%。腹部淋巴结转移191例,转移率31.2%。腹部淋巴结清扫总数7765枚,转移458枚,转移度5.9%。Logistic回归分析提示,脉管瘤栓、腹部淋巴结转移、T分期、胸部淋巴结清扫数、分级、病变长度以及年龄是胸部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,脉管瘤栓、贲门受侵、胸部淋巴结转移数、部位、腹部淋巴结清扫数以及病变长度是腹部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。[结论]胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结清扫应该参照淋巴结转移的危险因素,合理地进行清扫。     

Involvement of three or more lymph nodes predicts poor prognosis in submucosal gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Multivariate analyses has shown that the status of lymph node metastasis and the depth of tumor penetration through the gastric wall are the most important prognostic factors in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma after curative operation. A clinicopathological study was carried out to clarify a simple and optimal prognostic indicator for early gastric cancer. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of 982 patients with early gastric cancer (562 with mucosal [M] and 420 with submucosal [SM] tumor) treated by gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection were performed. RESULTS: The incidence of lymph node metastasis from M and SM tumors was 2.5% (14/562) and 20.2% (85/420), respectively. There were no apparent prognostic indicators in patients with M tumors. In patients with SM tumors, the cancer-specific 5-year survival of those with lymph node metastasis was significantly lower than that of those without such metastasis (77.6% vs 98.2%; P < 0.001). An sharp decrease in survival was seen between patients with two positive nodes and those with three positive nodes, and the cancer-specific 5-year survival rate of patients with three or more metastatic lymph nodes was significantly lower than that of those with one or two nodes (P < 0.001; univariate analysis). Multivariate analysis revealed that the involvement of three or more lymph nodes was the sole independent prognostic determinant (P = 0.016); the level of nodal metastasis was not an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.384). All patients with N2 lymph node echelons (according to the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer classification of the draining lymph nodes of the stomach) in the group with one or two positive nodes survived for more than 5 years. CONCLUSION: The sole independent prognostic factor in SM gastric cancer is the involvement of three or more metastatic lymph nodes. We suggest that this simple prognostic indicator for the follow-up of early gastric cancer, and this could lead to potentially effective adjuvant chemotherapy.     

局部晚期喉鳞癌cN0临床观察

目的：探讨喉癌cN0患者颈部处理的方法，降低颈淋巴结转移癌的复发率。方法：回顾分析87例T3、T4期cNo喉癌患者的临床资料，颈部处理方式为颈改良性清扫术或颈分区清扫术，分析手术组阳性淋巴结的分布情况及病理特点，观察颈清扫术对预后的影响，采用Kaplan—Meier方法计算肿瘤复发及生存趋势。结果：87例颈部淋巴结隐性转移率为36．8％，声门上型喉癌40．4％，声门型喉癌32．5％；淋巴结转移分布为：声门上型喉癌89．5％（17／19）位于Ⅱ和Ⅲ区，声门型喉癌92．3％（12／13）位于Ⅱ和Ⅲ区；5年颈部复发率：隐性淋巴结转移复发率为13．5％，无隐性淋巴结转移复发率6．7％；5年生存率：有淋巴结隐性转移生存率为53．8％，无隐性转移为71．1％。结论：晚期喉癌隐性转移率较高，分区清扫术后，隐性转移复发率与无隐性转移复发率无差别，分区清扫术十分必要，注意双侧Ⅱ、Ⅲ区的淋巴结清扫。     

Immunohistochemically detected micrometastases of the lymph nodes in patients with gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Lymph node status is a major determinant of disease recurrence after patients undergo curative resection for gastric carcinoma. A proportion of patients without lymph node metastasis develop systemic recurrences. Recent studies in a range of solid tumors have found a high incidence of micrometastases in the regional lymph nodes of patients with apparently negative lymph nodes. In patients with breast and colorectal carcinoma, the presence of micrometastases has been associated with a poorer prognosis. In patients with gastric carcinoma, the significance of micrometastases in lymph nodes remains controversial. Most published reports on this subject suffer from the problems of small sample size and selection bias. METHODS: One hundred seven patients with pathologic T2N0M0 (tumor invades muscularis propria or subserosa [T2], no regional lymph node metastasis [N0], and no distant metastasis [M0]; pT2N0M0) gastric carcinoma who underwent gastric resection between 1984 and 1990 at the National Cancer Center Hospital were studied. Two consecutive sections were newly prepared from each lymph node for hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) with antibody against cytokeratin. Associations between clinicopathologic factors and the presence of micrometastases as well as micrometastases and survival were sought. RESULTS: Micrometastases were identified in 38 of 107 patients (35.5%) and in 87 of 4484 lymph nodes (1.94%) by IHC. The incidence of micrometastases was significantly higher in patients with infiltrative tumors than in patients with expansive, growing tumors (P = 0.02). Other clinicopathologic findings had no statistically significant correlation with the incidence of micrometastases. The 5-year survival rates of patients with and without micrometastases were 94% and 89%, respectively. Similarly, the 10-year survival rates were 79% and 74%, respectively. The survival curves of patients with or without micrometastasis were nearly superimposed (P = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of immunohistochemically detected micrometastases in the regional lymph nodes did not affect the survival of Japanese patients with pT2N0M0 gastric carcinoma who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection.     

胃癌原发灶和淋巴结转移灶HER2表达的临床意义

目的 观察HER2在胃癌原发灶和淋巴结转移灶中的表达及其临床意义.方法 选取胃癌患者140例,其中淋巴结转移94例.采集胃癌患者的原发灶、淋巴结转移灶及癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学法(Elivision)方法检测3种组织中HER2蛋白表达情况.结果 140例胃癌原发灶组织中HER2蛋白阳性表达与胃癌TNM分期、浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),而与患者性别、年龄和分化程度无关(P>0.05),癌旁组织中HER2表达与性别、年龄、分化程度、TNM分期、浸润深度及淋巴结转移均无关(P>0.05);HER2蛋白在胃癌原发灶、淋巴结转移灶中表达水平均高于癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义,而94例淋巴结转移灶和对应的胃癌原发灶中HER2表达的差异无统计学意义;94例有淋巴结转移的患者淋巴结转移灶与原发灶HER2表达一致率为89.4%,两类标本HER2表达状态具有一致性(Z=6.386,P<0.001).结论 胃癌HER2蛋白的阳性表达与胃癌TNM分期、浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关,提示HER2的表达与胃癌的浸润转移有关;胃癌原发灶和淋巴结转移灶HER2的表达具有较好的一致性,患者在不能获取原发病灶的情况下,检测转移灶中HER-2可能为靶向治疗的选择提供依据,为晚期胃癌患者带来希望.     

甲状腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的外科处理

目的评价甲状腺癌上纵隔淋巴清扫的意义。方法回顾性分析1984年至1998年期间,我科收治的79例甲状腺癌上纵隔淋巴清扫患者的临床资料。58例（73．4％）为乳头状甲状腺癌,14例（17．7％）为甲状腺髓样癌,7例（8．9％）为滤泡状甲状腺癌。随诊终止日期为2003年12月。结果经颈上纵隔淋巴清扫62例,胸骨部分劈开上纵隔淋巴清扫10例,全胸骨劈开上纵隔淋巴清扫7例。79例中,3例患者仅行上纵隔清扫,未做颈清扫;76例患者中完成93个颈清扫,47例发生气管旁淋巴结转移。总的5年和10年累积生存率分别为64．6％和63．1％。10例发生上纵隔淋巴结复发,9例死于上纵隔病变,11例发生术后并发症。结论在甲状腺癌上纵隔淋巴结转移的患者中,乳头状甲状腺癌最常见。上纵隔淋巴清扫安全有效,可以改善患者的生活质量,延长患者的生存时间。     

Prediction of lymph node metastasis by p53, p21(Waf1), and PCNA expression in esophageal cancer patients

Esophageal cancer is still one of the most widespread diseases, and surgery for esophageal carcinoma is very stressful for patients. Even though lymph node metastasis occurs more frequently in cases of early esophageal cancer than it does in cases of gastric cancer, surgeons prefer to avoid lymph node dissection if possible, thereby subjecting patients to less invasion. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the possibility of predicting lymph node metastasis on the basis of tumor location, quantification theory II analysis of tumor expression of genetic markers in primary esophageal cancer. Surgical specimens from 63 patients of esophageal cancer with submucosal invasion were examined for the relationship between tumor location and lymph node metastasis. In 19 of these 63 patients, p53, p21(Waf1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined immunohistologically, and to quantify the risk of lymph node metastasis, computer analysis was performed on the basis of quantification theory II, in which pathological lymph node metastasis (pN) was the objective variable and "high" or "low" expression of each of the three markers was the predictive variable. Tumors located in the lower third of the esophagus had no lymph node metastasis to the upper mediastinal region, and were thus indicated for trans-hiatal esophagectomy. A coefficient greater than 0.91 predicted node negative disease accurately without false-negative results; false-positive results were obtained for 54.5% of patients with a coefficient less than 0.064. Thus, we found that quantification theory II may be useful when considering indications for surgery without lymph node dissection in some cases of T1 esophageal carcinoma.