农药环境雌激素效应的研究现状

环境雌激素（Environmental Estrogens，EEs）是指一类外源性化学物质，它们进入机体后，能够模拟或干扰机体内天然雌激素的合成、分泌、转运、结合、排泄等生理作用，直接或间接增强或阻断人和动物体内雌激素的生理效应。环境雌激素及其对人和动物的危害越来越受到人们关注，其污染范围广，影响大，直接威胁着人类的生存，环境雌激素污染已经成为新的全球性环境污染问题。环境雌激素种类繁多，在证明是环境雌激素的物质中，农药占有较大比例。它们可能影响实验动物、野生动物甚至人的内分泌功能，进而威胁人和动物的健康，这已经成为人们不得不接受的严峻事实。因此，对农药环境雌激素效应的研究自然也就成为环境科学家的当务之急。     

环境雌激素对子代影响研究浅析

伴随着人类的生产和生活活动,环境雌激素对人类健康和繁衍的不良影响愈来愈严重。环境雌激素可通过污染环境、食物链和职业接触进入人和动物体内,干扰内分泌系统而产生一系列的影响,特别是对子代造成严重后果。本文就目前已开展的部分环境雌激素对子代的影响研究进行综述。     

地表水和自来水中环境雌激素活性物质的检测

目的了解我国地表水和自来水的环境雌激素污染情况。方法应用本实验室构建的基因重组酵母检测系统,对用H103大孔吸附树脂吸附的水样富集物进行环境雌激素活性检测。结果本次所检测的50％的地表水样和25％的自来水样检出环境雌激素活性物质,一些水源水活性较高,其水样富集物有显著的剂量-效应关系,仅100ml水样富集物即呈现阳性反应。结论我国的一些地表水中已受到环境雌激素类物质的污染,而现行的城市自来水处理系统不能有效地去除水源水中环境雌激素活性物质,致使城市自来水中也含有环境雌激素活性物质。     

环境雌激素ERC-ELISA检测体系建立

实验研究以及流行病学调查结果表明,环境雌激素对动物雌激素、睾酮等生理作用有明显协同或拮抗干扰效应,是近年来生殖系统畸形、发育异常、代谢紊乱以及某些恶性肿瘤发病率增加的原因之一[1-3].因此,建立快速有效的检测方法对于环境雌激素污染的评估和防治十分重要.前期本实验室建立了一套体外评估雌激素类物质生物学效应的ERC(estrogen receptor-DNA probe complex)-PCR方法[4].利用ERC-PCR体系检测环境雌激素,在形成ERC复合物后,还需进行DNA探针的纯化、荧光定量PCR等较复杂的步骤,整个实验需耗时2天.     

水体中环境雌激素的检测及去除

20世纪 90年代以来 ,环境内分泌干扰物日益引起了社会各界的极大关注。环境内分泌干扰物是指可以干扰人或动物正常的内分泌功能 ,造成人或动物性别的改变或发育畸形的一大类物质。环境雌激素是环境内分泌干扰物中最大 ,也是最重要的一类物质〔1,2〕。对环境雌激素的研究已经成为人类探索生殖障碍、发育异常、癌症等原因的热点之一。它们的污染被认为与近年来隐睾症、尿道下裂、子宫内膜异位、阴阳人、发育不全、精子数目减少及活性下降等发病率的升高有关〔1～ 3〕。在自然界 ,环境雌激素的污染被认为是动物生殖功能异常 ,雌雄同体率升高 ,…     

环境雌激素测评方法进展

环境雌激素，是指能通过与雌激素受体结合或影响细胞信号途径等其他方式模仿或部分模仿雌激素，发挥类似雌激素效应的化合物。随着工业化的进展和环境污染的加剧，环境雌激素在环境中的存在日益增多。早在20世纪30年代就有对二羟基联苯雌激素效应的报道。时至今日，具有雌激素效应的化合物仍作为洗涤剂、润滑油添加剂、增塑剂等的成分广泛应用于纺织、清洗、农药乳化等方面。环境雌激素的污染已经关系着人类的的生存、繁衍，成为威胁人类生存的一颗“定时炸弹”。     

038 环境雌激素辛基酚检测的研究进展

环境雌激素辛基酚(OP)广泛用于工业、农业及日常生活中,可造成水体、鱼类、贝类的污染,正确监测环境中OP的含量并评估其雌激素活性,有助于评估其对人体健康产生的不良影响.本文从OP在环境和食物中的分布、化学仪器监测和雌激素活性检测等方面介绍近年来所取得的进展.     

环境雌激素辛基酚检测的研究进展

环境雌激素辛基酚(OP)广泛用于工业、农业及日常生活中，可造成水体、鱼类、贝类的污染，正确监测环境中OP的含量并评估其雌激素活性，有助于评估其对人体健康产生的不良影响。本从OP在环境和食物中的分布、化学仪器监测和雌激素活性检测等方面介绍近年来所取得的进展。     

环境雌激素对机体的影响

本对环境雌激素的定义,分类及其对机体的影响进行综述,重点从整体和细胞水平介绍了各类环境雌激素对机体不同系统的影响,并对环境雌激素研究的进一步发展提出了展望。     

086 环境雌激素对机体的影响

本文对环境雌激素的定义、分类及其对机体的影响进行综述,重点从整体和细胞水平介绍了各类环境雌激素对机体不同系统的影响;并对环境雌激素研究的进一步发展提出了展望.     

Combined effect of detergents and priority pollutants on the body and quality of environment (review of literature)

The paper deals with the topical problem in the combined effect of detergents and priority pollutants (pesticides, mineral fertilizers, and heavy pollutants) on the body and the quality of the environment. Under combined man-made environmental pollution, surfactants may substantially alter the behavior and toxicity of many chemical substances, which requires that these studies should be continued.     

The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance

The function of the pancreatic beta-cell is the storage and release of insulin, the main hormone involved in blood glucose homeostasis. The results in this article show that the widespread environmental contaminant bisphenol-A (BPA) imitates 17beta-estradiol (E2) effects in vivo on blood glucose homeostasis through genomic and nongenomic pathways. The exposure of adult mice to a single low dose (10 microg/kg) of either E2 or BPA induces a rapid decrease in glycemia that correlates with a rise of plasma insulin. Longer exposures to E2 and BPA induce an increase in pancreatic beta-cell insulin content in an estrogen-receptor-dependent manner. This effect is visible after 2 days of treatment and starting at doses as low as 10 microg/kg/day. After 4 days of treatment with either E2 or BPA, these mice developed chronic hyperinsulinemia, and their glucose and insulin tolerance tests were altered. These experiments unveil the link between environmental estrogens and insulin resistance. Therefore, either abnormal levels of endogenous estrogens or environmental estrogen exposure enhances the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.     

Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects,children, and research conducted in Turkey

Exposure to environmental particulate matter (PM), outdoor air pollution in particular, has long been associated with adverse health effects. Today, PM has widely been accepted as a systemic toxicant showing adverse effects beyond the lungs. There are numerous studies, from those in vitro to epidemiological ones, suggesting various direct and indirect PM toxicity mechanisms associated with cardiovascular risks, including inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, changes in blood pressure, autonomic regulation of heart rate, suppression of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, thrombogenesis, myocardial infarction, and fibrinolysis. In addition to these and other health risks, considerations about air quality standards should include individual differences, lifestyle, and vulnerable populations such as children. Urban air pollution has been a major environmental issue for Turkey, and this review will also address current situation, research, and measures taken in our country.KEY WORDS: air quality, cardiovascular toxicity, monitoring, regulations, vulnerable populations     

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure and the American Alligator: A Review of the Potential Role of Environmental Estrogens on the Immune System of a Top Trophic Carnivore

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) alter cellular and organ system homeostasis by interfering with the body’s normal physiologic processes. Numerous studies have identified environmental estrogens as modulators of EDC-related processes in crocodilians, notably in sex determination. Other broader studies have shown that environmental estrogens dysregulate normal immune function in mammals, birds, turtles, lizards, fish, and invertebrates; however, the effects of such estrogenic exposures on alligator immune function have not been elucidated. Alligators occupy a top trophic status, which may give them untapped utility as indicators of environmental quality. Environmental estrogens are also prevalent in the waters they occupy. Understanding the effects of these EDCs on alligator immunity is critical for managing and assessing changes in their health and is thus the focus of this review.     

Alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer: some unresolved issues

The role of hormonal factors, in particular unopposed estrogens, on endometrial cancer occurrence is well established. Progesterone deficiency has also been suggested as a possible risk factor. Alcohol use has been shown to be associated with elevated estrogen levels and reduced progesterone. Epidemiologic studies, however, have not offered much support for a positive association between alcohol intake and endometrial cancer, with results generally indicating no association or suggesting an inverse relationship with endometrial cancer. However, certain methodologic limitations, such as small sample size, limited range of alcohol intake, and confounding may have explained those findings. Moreover, there are some unexplored aspects of the possible effect of alcohol, such as the possible interaction with use of exogenous estrogens, and other factors, that need clarification.     

Quantitative and qualitative aspects of fish crop in relation to environmental quality

The effects of environmental quality on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of fish crop are reviewed with reference to fisheries in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and coastal waters ranging from the temperate zone to subtropical areas in mainland China. The mechanism of these effects is discussed, and the insidiousness of long-term exposure to low-concentration pollutants to fish stock is stressed. Regarding the assessment of the effect of pollution on fish, most of our information has been derived from laboratory studies, in which the antagonistic or synergistic action between multiple pollutants was scarcely taken into consideration. One has to be cautious when the results of laboratory experiments are extrapolated to the realistic natural environment. It is advocated that surveys and tests concerning the relation between environmental quality and fish life be made on natural waters in addition to laboratory studies, and the effects be elucidated at the individual level, population level, and the ecosystem level.     

光纤生物传感器

光纤生物传感器是生物传感器的一个新的研究方向，在近十年中取得的研究进展令人瞩目，并已用于医学病原体、食物毒性、地下水污染、生化武器和环境样品等的快速检测，对其发展状况作详细报道。     

Mixture toxicity of flubendazole and fenbendazole to Daphnia magna

Nowadays, residual amounts of many pharmaceuticals can be found in various environmental compartments including surface and ground waters, soils and sediments as well as biota. Even though they undergo degradability, their environmental discharge is relatively continuous, thus they may be regarded as quasi-persistent contaminants, and are also frequently regarded as emerging organic pollutants. Benzimidazoles, especially flubendazole (FLU) and fenbendazole (FEN), represent two anthelmintic drugs belonging to this group. Although their presence in environmental matrices has been reported, there is relatively little data concerning their (eco)toxicological impact. Furthermore, no data is available on their mixture toxicity. FLU and FEN have been found to have a strong impact on an environmentally important non-target organism – Daphnia magna. Moreover, these compounds are usually present in the environment as a part of pharmaceutical mixtures. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate their mixture toxicity, which was the main aim of this study. Single substance toxicity tests were carried out in parallel with mixture studies of FLU and FEN, with the application of two well established concepts of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). As a result, both models (CA and IA) were found to underestimate the toxicity of mixtures, however CA yielded more accurate predictions.     

A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic.

Sewage, a complex mixture of organic and inorganic chemicals, is considered to be a major source of environmental pollution. A random screen of 20 organic man-made chemicals present in liquid effluents revealed that half appeared able to interact with the estradiol receptor. This was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit binding of 17 beta-estradiol to the fish estrogen receptor. Further studies, using mammalian estrogen screens in vitro, revealed that the two phthalate esters butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and a food antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were estrogenic; however, they were all less estrogenic than the environmental estrogen octylphenol. Phthalate esters, used in the production of various plastics (including PVC), are among the most common industrial chemicals. Their ubiquity in the environment and tendency to bioconcentrate in animal fat are well known. Neither BBP nor DBP were able to act as antagonists, indicating that, in the presence of endogenous estrogens, their overall effect would be cumulative. Recently, it has been suggested that environmental estrogens may be etiological agents in several human diseases, including disorders of the male reproductive tract and breast and testicular cancers. The current finding that some phthalate compounds and some food additives are weakly estrogenic in vitro, needs to be supported by further studies on their effects in vivo before any conclusions can be made regarding their possible role in the development of these conditions.