帕金森病大鼠未注射侧纹状体和黑质酪氨酸羟化酶的表达

目的:观察不同病程偏侧帕金森病(PD)大鼠未注射侧纹状体和黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达.方法:6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)右侧前脑内侧束立体定位注射1周,阿朴吗啡旋转实验筛选PD模型大鼠,随机分为2、4周和6周模型组,另设正常对照组.行嘴侧纹状体节段和黑质节段连续冠状石蜡切片,采用焦油紫染色定位,以TH抗体免疫组织化学阳性显示多巴胺(DA)能神经元胞体和纤维.结果:正常对照组和2周模型组大鼠左侧纹状体有较强的TH表达,而4周和6周模型组左侧纹状体的TH表达强度较上述两组降低,4周和6周模型组之间无差异.4组大鼠左侧黑质TH表达阳性细胞数无差异.正常对照组、2周和4周模型组左侧黑质有较强的TH表达,3组的表达强度无差异,而6周模型组左侧黑质的TH表达强度较上述3组均降低.结论:6-OHDA单侧注射制备的PD模型大鼠,注射侧的长期病变致未注射侧纹状体和黑质TH的表达减弱.     

改良纹状体内两点注射6-OHDA法制备大鼠帕金森病模型

目的:探讨改良的单侧纹状体两点法双靶点注射神经毒素6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型,对提高制模成功率的可行性。方法:利用立体定向技术以两点法双靶点注射6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)于雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠右侧纹状体,分别于注射后2周和4周检测两组大鼠行为学变化;免疫组织化学法观察大鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞的数量变化;RT-PCR和Western Blot法分别检测TH mRNA和TH蛋白的表达变化。结果:造模2周后模型成功率为82.9%,4周后模型成功率高达88.6%;与对照组比较,模型大鼠6-OHDA注射侧黑质TH阳性细胞数显著减少(P0.01);TH mRNA和TH蛋白的表达水平均明显降低(P0.01)。结论:改良的单侧纹状体两点法双靶点注射6-OHDA制备大鼠帕金森病模型简单、易行,成功率高。     

转nanog基因抑制帕金森病大鼠脑内小胶质细胞介导的炎性反应

目的 探讨转nanog基因对6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导的帕金森病大鼠中脑黑质区小胶质细胞的激活及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)表达的影响.方法 将大鼠随机分为对照、6-OHDA+ PBS、6-OHDA+ PNL与6-OHDA+nanog组.模型组大鼠左侧纹状体内注射6-OHDA,再将PBS、慢病毒空载体PNL-IRES.EGFP (PNL)、转nanog基因载体分别注入6-OHDA+ PBS、6-OHDA+ PNL与6-OHDA+ nanog组大鼠左侧纹状体;14 d后,注射阿朴吗啡(APO),观察大鼠的旋转行为;免疫组织化学染色观察黑质多巴胺能神经元数量;免疫荧光观测黑质区小胶质细胞数量及TNF-α表达.结果 注射后14 d,6-OHDA+ nanog组大鼠APO诱发的旋转效应低于6-OHDA+ PNL与6-OHDA+PBS组(P＜0.05);模型组注射侧黑质多巴胺能神经元数量较对照组明显减少(P＜0.05),但6-OHDA+ nanog组存活的多巴胺能神经元数量多于6-OHDA+ PNL与6-OHDA+ PBS组(P＜0.05).模型组大鼠注射侧黑质区小胶质细胞数量和TNF-α表达均较对照组增加(P＜0.05),但6-OHDA+ nanog组小胶质细胞数目和TNF-α表达水平低于6-OHDA+ PNL与6-OHDA+ PBS组(P＜0.05).结论 转nanog基因可抑制帕金森病大鼠脑内小胶质细胞活化介导的炎性反应,具有神经元保护作用.     

慢病毒介导核受体相关因子1基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗帕金森病模型大鼠

目的探讨慢病毒介导核受体相关因子1(Nurrl)基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植至帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠纹状体后对PD大鼠的治疗作用。方法采用神经毒素6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)纹状体注射成功制备PD大鼠模型18只,将携带绿色荧光的慢病毒GV287-Nurr1感染大鼠BMSCs,然后随机移植入6只PD模型大鼠的纹状体内(实验组),设生理盐水组(假移植组)6只及感染空慢病毒GV287的BMSCs组(对照组)6只;术后第1、2、4周观察大鼠的行为改善情况;免疫组织化学染色法检测纹状体及黑质中Nurrl和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR法检测黑质Nurrl mRNA和TH mRNA的表达变化。结果慢病毒感染后的BMSCs及上清中均检测到Nurr1蛋白;对照组与实验组大鼠在移植后第1、2、4周的旋转行为较假移植组均有所改善,且实验组比对照组改善更明显;实验组纹状体Nurr1阳性细胞有效存活并沿胼胝体向皮质及对侧脑组织迁移;实验组纹状体及黑质损毁侧Nurrl和TH蛋白及mRNA的表达较假移植组和对照组明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论慢病毒介导Nurr1基因修饰大鼠BMSCs移植治疗PD大鼠,能有效地改善PD模型大鼠的行为学症状,增加大鼠脑内纹状体和黑质区Nurr1和TH的表达。     

PD大鼠模型的行为学评价和黑质-纹状体通路中单胺类神经递质的含量变化

目的建立帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)大鼠模型,观测和评价其行为学改变,检测和分析PD大鼠模型黑质-纹状体通路中单胺类神经递质含量变化。方法采用6-羟基多巴胺立体定向注射至成年SD大鼠单侧前脑内侧束,制作偏侧PD大鼠模型,观测和评价其行为学改变(悬尾测试、旋转行为的旋转速度、启动时间和维持时间),通过高效液相色谱法测定和分析单胺类神经递质的含量在PD大鼠模型黑质-纹状体通路中的变化。结果 (1)PD大鼠出现了尾僵直、少动、运动迟缓、震颤、竖毛、咬尾或足、姿势和步态不稳等异常行为;(2)悬尾测试对于评价PD模型没有统计学意义,旋转行为的旋转速度、启动时间和维持时间的结果具有统计学意义且呈时间依赖性;(3)PD大鼠模型毁损侧的黑质与纹状体部位的多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)和五羟色胺(Serotonin,5-HT)含量均降低,DA的含量具有逐渐下降的趋势,术后第2、3、4及5周黑质部位的DA含量相对于正常对照组分别下降62.96%、82.88%、92.71%、91.50%,纹状体部位的DA含量分别下降77.47%、91.39%、96.25%、96.18%;术后第3、4及5周黑质部位的DA含量平均下降(89.03±5.36)%(第3、4及5周的DA含量无统计学差异),纹状体部位的DA含量平均下降(93.61±2.79)%(第3、4及5周的DA含量无统计学差异)。结论 (1)PD大鼠模型具有类似人类PD的运动症状,除旋转速度作为旋转行为经典的行为学指标外,启动时间和维持时间可作为PD模型旋转行为的辅助指标;(2)PD大鼠脑内毁损侧的黑质和纹状体部位的DA和5-HT含量均降低。     

体外长期培养的人神经干细胞对大鼠帕金森病模型的药效初探

目的初步探讨体外长期连续培养的人神经干细胞(hNSCs)对大鼠帕金森病(PD)模型的药效。方法采用6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)注射大鼠脑内黑质体部位,毁损黑质多巴胺能神经元建立PD大鼠模型。成模大鼠随机分为对照组、NSC混合、NSC高剂量、NSC低剂量四组,行脑内同侧纹状体部位移植h NSCs。行为学实验观察治疗效果,免疫荧光染色鉴定植入纹状体的hNSCs存活和分化情况。结果细胞移植后观测和检查:(1)NSC高剂量组在移植3个月后,大鼠的单侧旋转症状与移植前比较有显著的改善(P0.05);NSC低剂量组大鼠旋转症状也有改善,但与移植前比较无显著性差异(P0.05);NSC混合组大鼠旋转症状明显改善,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。(2)6-OHDA能明显损伤大鼠脑内黑质部位,使其神经元数量减少;神经干细胞纹状体部位移植后可见移植的干细胞分化为神经元。结论 PD模型大鼠纹状体部位移植的hNSCs可分化为神经元,且对PD模型大鼠旋转症状有明显的改善。     

Mrh-aFGF对帕金森病大鼠黑质神经元的保护

目的 探讨重组人改构体酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(Mrh-aFGF) 对帕金森病(PD) 大鼠黑质神经元病变的影响。 方法 SD大鼠72只,随机分为4组：对照组、PD组、生理盐水（NS）处理组、　Mrh-aFGF 处理组,每组18只。 6-OHDA 分别注入左侧黑质和腹侧被盖区后建立PD 大鼠模型,侧脑室内注射Mrh-aFGF,用阿扑吗啡诱导旋转行为;Nissl 染色法观察大鼠黑质神经元病理学改变;电子显微镜观察黑质神经元超微结构的变化。 结果 对照组均未出现旋转行为;PD组术后旋转速度逐渐加快;NS 处理组旋转行为未见明显改善;Mrh-aFGF 处理组旋转速度明显减慢(P<0.05);PD组及NS 处理组大鼠损毁侧黑质神经元数目较健侧显著减少(P<0.05);Mrh-aFGF 处理组术后1周、2周、4周损毁侧神经元数目均较PD组及NS 处理组明显增加(P<0.05);PD组大鼠黑质神经元超微结构明显受损,出现核固缩,线粒体肿胀、嵴消失,粗面内质网扩张、脱颗粒,以及突触前后膜肿胀,突触间隙消失,Mrh-aFGF处理组黑质神经元超微结构有明显改善。 结论 Mrh-aFGF能改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,减少PD大鼠黑质神经元的丢失,并改善其黑质神经元的超微结构。     

大鼠黑质损毁后多巴胺能神经元形态及纹状体c-fos表达的变化

目的:观察毁损黑质后,多巴胺(DA)能神经元形态学变化和纹状体内相关神经元c-fos表达情况,探讨c-fos表达与毁损程度的关系。方法:利用6羟多巴胺(6OHDA)特异毁损大鼠黑质DA能神经元,采用阿朴吗啡(APO)诱导旋转实验观察术后1、7、14和21d行为学变化;利用HE染色、Nissl染色、免疫组织化学方法和电镜,观察各时间点黑质DA能神经元形态学变化和纹状体c-fos表达。结果:毁损侧DA能神经元逐渐减少,超微结构损伤逐渐加重;DA神经元丢失比例≥80%时,纹状体毁损侧c-fos表达上调,APO诱导的旋转实验>7r/min。结论:黑质DA能神经元丢失是毁损大鼠行为改变的病理学基础;cfos的表达与DA能神经元的毁损程度、行为改变有一定的关系。     

大鼠胚胎中脑腹侧细胞和大脑皮质神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病大鼠的比较

体外培养的大鼠胚胎中脑腹侧(VM)细胞和大脑皮质神经干细胞(NSCs)分别移植入帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠毁损侧纹状体。移植后2,4,8周采用脑微透析术结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)动态监测毁损侧纹状体内多巴胺水平,同期观察大鼠的旋转行为。移植后8周采用免疫组化法检测植入细胞的存活及分化情况。结果显示:移植后4,8周VM移植组多巴胺水平明显高于NSCs移植组或对照组,同期VM移植组较其余两组旋转行为有显著改善,而NSCs移植组与对照组多巴胺水平及旋转行为无显著差异。VM移植组较NSCs移植组植入的细胞易存活和分化。以上结果提示,大鼠胚胎VM细胞移植治疗PD模型的疗效明显优于胚胎大脑皮质NSCs。     

帕金森病大鼠模型纹状体中谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸与多巴胺之间的关系

目的:了解帕金森病大鼠模型纹状体内谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)、γ-氨基丁酸(gama-aminobutyric acid,GABA)和多巴胺(dopamine,DA)之间的关系,从而进一步探讨帕金森病的发病机制。方法:动物分为溶剂对照组、假手术组和帕金森模型组。大脑右侧黑质致密部和前脑内侧束两点注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)建立帕金森病大鼠模型,溶剂对照组注入生理盐水,假手术组不注射任何药物,采用脑微透析术于建模后第3,4,5,6周连续动态透析大鼠毁损侧纹状体,结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)动态监测各组谷氨酸、GABA和多巴胺的变化。结果:(1)PD组纹状体内多巴胺含量到第5周仅为溶剂对照组和假手术组的1/5;(2)谷氨酸含量随建模时间逐渐升高,到第6周PD组是溶剂对照组和假手术组的1倍以上;(3)GABA含量呈下降趋势,到第6周约降至溶剂对照组、假手术组的1/2。结论:帕金森病大鼠模型纹状体内谷氨酸的变化与多巴胺分泌可能存在某种联系;GABA含量随建模时间的增加而下降。     

龟板促进帕金森病大鼠黑质神经生长因子信号分子的表达

目的:进一步探讨神经生长因子(NGF)/酪氨酸受体激酶A(TrkA)通路是否为龟板抗帕金森病(PD)大鼠多巴胺能神经元凋亡中的机制.方法:采用大鼠左侧黑质致密带注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA,0 2%)2μl造成PD模型,同时设立龟板组、模型组和正常对照组,用免疫组织化学显色方法观察PD大鼠中脑黑质NGF、 TrkA和磷酸化的糖原合成酶激酶-3β(p-GSK-3β)阳性神经元数目.免疫印迹法检测NGF、 TrkA、 p-GSK-3β蛋白表达水平的变化.结果:免疫组织化学显色显示龟板组PD大鼠中脑黑质致密部NGF、 TrkA的阳性细胞数明显多于模型组.免疫印迹法结果显示龟板组PD大鼠中脑黑质致密部NGF、 TrkA的蛋白表达水平高于模型组.结论:龟板能上调6-OHDA诱导的PD大鼠中脑黑质NGF、 TrkA和p-GSK-3β的表达,这可能是其抗PD大鼠多巴胺能神经元凋亡的分子机制.     

中药龟板对Parkinson病大鼠模型BMP4表达的影响

为研究益肾中药龟板对Parkinson病(PD)模型大鼠骨形成蛋白4(BMP4)表达的影响,本研究将6-羟基多巴胺注入大鼠黑质建立PD大鼠模型,对模型大鼠行高、低剂量龟板水煎液口服治疗45d后,采用ELISA和RT-PCR方法进行血清中BMP4酶联免疫试验和脑黑质、纹状体中BMP4mRNA的检测。结果显示:PD模型组的BMP4表达明显降低,用龟板治疗后可以显著阻碍此趋势,而且高剂量组比低剂量组效果更为明显(P<0.05)。本研究结果提示,龟板有明显的促进BMP4及BMP4mRNA表达的作用。     

肌酸对帕金森病模型大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元保护作用的研究

目的:观察肌酸对帕金森病模型大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的保护作用及其机制。方法:30只雄性SD大鼠随机分成3组:对照组(A组),6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)组(B组),肌酸+6-OHDA组(C组),每组各10只。A组不注射6-OHDA,B组进行6-OHDA造模,C组在造模前5天每天给予肌酸(100 mg/kg)灌胃,连续两周,B组给予生理盐水4 ml灌胃。分别观察各组动物行为学、黑质多巴胺能神经元数量及氧化应激指标谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)水平变化。结果:6-OHDA立体定向注射后,实验大鼠出现阿朴吗啡诱导的旋转行为,黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元显著减少,GSH含量降低、MDA水平升高;肌酸能够减轻动物行为学异常(P0.01)、显著增加黑质致密部多巴胺神经元数量(P0.01),拮抗6-OHDA诱导的氧化应激水平升高(P0.01)。结论:肌酸对6-OHDA诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤具有明显保护作用,其机制与抑制氧化应激损伤有关。     

胚腹侧中脑移植入震颤麻痹症模型鼠靶区与非靶区的实验研究

用６－羟基多巴胺注入ＳＤ鼠右侧被盖腹侧区黑质内侧端，制成震颤麻痹症动物模型．毁损后３～５周，用胚龄１５ｄ的胚鼠腹侧中脑混悬液植入模型鼠靶区──纹状体与非靶区──黑质、丘脑等部位．动物存活８～１２周后处死，于尾壳核、黑质及丘脑均可见有存活的移植区．移植区内均可见ＴＨ免疫阳性细胞．本实验表明，用胚腹侧中脑移植入震颤麻痹症模型鼠靶区及非靶区，移植物均能存活、生长并发挥其功能效应．     

Oxidative stress and dopamine depletion in an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease

Although the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, a common element of most theories is the involvement of oxidative stress, either as a cause or effect of the disease. There have been relatively few studies that have characterized oxidative stress in animal models of PD. In the present study a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rodent model of PD was used to investigate the in vivo production of oxidative stress after administration of the neurotoxin. 6-OHDA was injected into the striatum of young adult rats and the production of protein carbonyls and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was measured at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after administration. A significant increase in both markers was found in the striatum 1 day after neurotoxin administration, and this increase declined to basal levels by day 7. There was no significant increase found in the substantia nigra at any of the time points investigated. This same lesion paradigm produced dopamine depletions of 90-95% in the striatum and 63-80% in the substantia nigra by 14-28 days post-6-OHDA. Protein carbonyl and HNE levels were also measured in middle-aged and aged animals 1 day after striatal 6-OHDA. Both protein carbonyl and HNE levels were increased in the striatum of middle-aged and aged animals treated with 6-OHDA, but the increases were not as great as those observed in the young adult animals. Similar to the young animals, there were no increases in either marker in the substantia nigra of the middle-aged and aged animals. There was a trend for an age-dependent increase in basal amounts of oxidative stress markers when comparing the non-lesioned side of the brains of the three age groups. These results support that an early event in the course of dopamine depletion following intrastriatal 6-OHDA administration is the generation of oxidative stress.     

血管活性肠肽对帕金森病大鼠黑质胶质细胞活化及相关炎性因子释放的影响

目的探讨血管活性肠肽(VIP)对帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型中脑黑质胶质细胞活化及相关炎性因子表达的影响。方法将6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)定向注入大鼠右侧纹状体制备PD模型。32只制备成功的PD大鼠随机分为VIP组和模型组,VIP组大鼠腹腔注射VIP 1ml(20μg/L),另10只正常大鼠为对照组。分别采用免疫组织化学、Western blotting、RT-PCR方法观察大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞的数量和形态变化以及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和环氧化酶2(COX-2)的表达变化。结果模型组大鼠黑质损毁侧小胶质细胞即白细胞分化抗原11b(CD11b)阳性细胞,数量较对照组明显增加(P0.05)并呈阿米巴样改变,星形胶质细胞(GFAP阳性细胞)数量明显增加(P0.05),炎性因子表达水平也明显上升(P0.05),DA能神经元数量较对照组明显下降(P0.05);与模型组相比,VIP组大鼠损毁侧黑质小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞数量明显下降(P0.05),炎性因子表达水平显著降低(P0.05),DA能神经元数量较模型组增加(P0.05)。结论 VIP对帕金森病大鼠黑质小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化具有抑制作用,并可减少相关炎症因子的表达,从而保护黑质DA能神经元。     

Environmental enrichment brings a beneficial effect on beam walking and enhances the migration of doublecortin-positive cells following striatal lesions in rats

Rats raised in an enriched environment (enriched rats) have been reported to show less motor dysfunction following brain lesions, but the neuronal correlates of this improvement have not been well clarified. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of chemical brain lesions and environmental enrichment on motor function and lesion-induced neurogenesis. Three week-old, recently weaned rats were divided into two groups: one group was raised in an enriched environment and the other group was raised in a standard cage for 5 weeks. Striatal damage was induced at an age of 8 weeks by injection of the neuro-toxins 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or quinolinic acid (QA) into the striatum, or by injection of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra (SN), which depleted nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation. Enriched rats showed better performance on beam walking compared with those raised in standard conditions, but both groups showed similar forelimb use asymmetry in a cylinder test. The number of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled proliferating cells in the subventricular zone was increased by a severe striatal lesion induced by QA injection 1 week after the lesion, but decreased by injection of 6-OHDA into the SN. Following induction of lesions by striatal injection of 6-OHDA or QA, the number of cells positive for doublecortin (DCX) was strongly increased in the striatum; however, there was no change in the number of DCX-positive cells following 6-OHDA injection into the SN. Environmental enrichment enhanced the increase of DCX-positive cells with migrating morphology in the dorsal striatum. In enriched rats, DCX-positive cells traversed the striatal parenchyma far from the corpus callosum and lateral ventricle. DCX-positive cells co-expressed an immature neuronal marker, polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, but were negative for a glial marker. These data suggest that environmental enrichment improves motor performance on beam walking and enhances neuronal migration toward a lesion area in the striatum.     

Expression of FasL and its interaction with Fas are mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in 6-OHDA-induced rat model of Parkinson disease

Our previous studies and those of others have strongly suggested that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays a critical role in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in the substantia nigra. However, the downstream mechanism that accounts for the proapoptotic actions of JNK in 6-OHDA lesion remains to be investigated in detail. Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family with proapoptotic functions, was reported to be elevated within the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In the present study, we examined the changes in the protein level of Fas ligand (FasL) and its interaction with Fas in a rat model of PD. We demonstrate that the expression of FasL and not Fas was increased after 6-OHDA lesion; additionally, the interaction of FasL and Fas was increased due to 6-OHDA lesion. This indicates that the 6-OHDA-induced activation of Fas signaling pathway is mediated by JNK and that FasL may be a promising target in the therapeutic approach for PD patients.     

Emotional, cognitive and neurochemical alterations in a premotor stage model of Parkinson's disease

In addition to classic motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by cognitive and emotional deficits, which have been demonstrated to precede motor impairments. The present study addresses the question of whether a partial degeneration of dopaminergic neurons using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats is able to induce premotor behavioral signs. The time-course of nigrostriatal damage was evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-HT in various brain regions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Behavioral tests that assessed a variety of psychological functions, including locomotor activity, emotional reactivity and depression, anxiety and memory were conducted on 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Bilateral infusion of 6-OHDA in the striatum of rats caused early (1 week) damage of dopaminergic terminals in striatum and in cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta. The nigrostriatal lesion was accompanied by early loss of dopamine in the striatum, which remained stable through a 3-week period of observation. In addition, a late (3 weeks) loss of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus, was seen. Additional noradrenergic and serotonergic alterations were observed after 6-OHDA administration. The results indicated that 6-OHDA lesioned rats show decreased sucrose consumption and an increased immobility time in the forced swimming test, an anhedonic-depressive-like effect. In addition, an anxiogenic-like activity in the elevated plus maze test and cognitive impairments were observed on the cued version of the Morris water maze and social recognition tests. These findings suggest that partial striatal dopaminergic degeneration and parallel dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic alterations in striatum and prefrontal cortex may have caused the emotional and cognitive deficits observed in this rat model of early phase PD.