肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤2例临床病理分析

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤(pulmonary epithlioid haemangioendothelioma,PEH)的临床病理特征并文献复习.方法 对2例在我院诊治的肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤的病例进行临床症状、影像学、病理形态及免疫组化进行详细的观察.结果 肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤无特征性的临床表现,影像学上常常表现为双肺多发小结节,病理学改变有特征性的中心硬化、细胞稀疏区和外周的细胞丰富区,免疫组化均表达vimentin,表达CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg等血管内皮标记物中的一项或多项.结论 肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤是一种罕见的肺肿瘤,无明确临床症状,影像学常常误诊,需要做活检才能诊断.     

肝原发性恶性血管肿瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨肝原发性恶性血管肿瘤的临床病理学特点、鉴别诊断及预后。方法采用HE和免疫组化EnV ision法对7例血管肉瘤和4例上皮样血管内皮瘤(epthelioid hem angioendotheliom a,EHE)进行免疫组化染色和形态学观察。结果患者年龄23~80岁,男性8例,女性3例。临床症状及实验室检查无特殊表现。6例肿瘤呈单结节,位于肝右叶;5例多结节者,其中4例累及肝左叶,肿瘤最大径为2~6.5 cm。7例血管肉瘤组织学表现多样,肿瘤细胞可呈梭形或上皮样细胞形态。4例EHE组织学特征:以纤维硬化区为中心,周边富于细胞,肿瘤细胞呈上皮样分化及特征性的胞质内血管腔形成。免疫组化染色至少表达CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg中的1项,其中4例3项指标均表达。1例EHE和5例血管肉瘤表达nestin。结论肝原发性恶性血管肿瘤极少见,结合组织学形态并联合应用多项血管内皮标记物可作出明确诊断。早期发现、局部手术切除和结合术后化疗有助于延长患者生存期。     

肾脏上皮样血管内皮瘤1例及文献复习

目的 探讨肾上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, EHE)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断方法.方法 通过HE染色和免疫组化观察1例肾原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤并复习文献.结果 组织学上肿瘤由排列呈巢状和条索状的上皮样细胞组成,胞质丰富、嗜酸性,常见胞质内腔隙,部分腔隙内有红细胞,有些细胞核偏位,类似印戒细胞样,间质为黏液样.免疫表型:CD34、CD31和vimentin阳性,显示细胞内空泡为原始血管腔.结论 EHE是一种不常见的生物学行为介于血管瘤和普通型(高级别)血管肉瘤之间的血管肿瘤,其病理形态具有一定的特征性,发生在肾脏者罕见,其形态学和免疫表型与发生于肾外者相同.     

肺上皮样血管内皮瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理特点。方法 4例肺上皮样血管内皮瘤,3例女性,1例男性,年龄28～40岁,无自觉症状或有轻度咳嗽、气短。肺活检或手术切除标本经甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,常规HE及免疫组织化学(Envision法)染色。所用抗体包括CD31、CD34、细胞角蛋白(AEl／AE3)、TTF-1、波形蛋白和上皮膜抗原。结果 本组肺上皮样血管内皮瘤病例女性多于男性,胸部CT显示双肺多发弥漫性小结节影。病理形态特点为结节周边上皮样肿瘤细胞呈花冠状充填于肺泡腔,病变中心为黏液透明样变间质,肺泡壁结构保留,肿瘤细胞胞质内有空泡形成,空泡内偶见红细胞,肿瘤细胞异型性不明显,核分裂和坏死均少见,免疫组织化学染色示CD31、CD34阳性,AE1／AE3偶见灶状阳性,其他抗体呈阴性。结论 肺上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种具有独特临床病理特点的低度恶性血管来源肿瘤。     

肺TFE3阳性的上皮样血管内皮瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨肺TFE3阳性的上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,EHE)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例发生于肺的EHE临床病理学特征、免疫表型等,并复习相关文献。结果患者男性,37岁,因体检发现右下肺结节2周入院。镜检:瘤细胞上皮细胞样,有明显的血管形成,瘤细胞有丰富的嗜酸性胞质,伴胞质内空泡形成,核分裂象未见,间质显著的黏液样变或透明变。免疫表型:瘤细胞弥漫强阳性表达CD34、CD31、FⅧRAg、FLI-1和TFE3。Ki-67增殖指数为3%。结论TFE3阳性的EHE罕见,其可能为EHE的一种少见变型。     

肝上皮样血管内皮瘤2例临床病理分析

目的 探讨肝上皮样血管内皮瘤(hepatic epithelioid haemangioendothelioma,HEH)的临床病理特点及诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 回顾分析2例HEH的临床病理和免疫组化特征.结果 2例均为女性,年龄分别为51、55岁.临床均表现为右上腹疼痛不适,均为单发,位于肝右叶,大小分别为5 cm×4 cm×3 cm、5 cm×4 cm×4 cm.例2伴肝门淋巴结转移.光镜下肿瘤细胞呈上皮样或梭形,伴胞质内管腔,腔内可见红细胞,间质黏液透明变,瘤细胞浸润周围肝组织,例1伴钙化,脉管腔内见乳头状生长瘤细胞,似瘤栓样结构;例2淋巴结转移瘤细胞异型明显,伴局灶坏死,除淋巴结转移瘤细胞仅CD31阳性外,2例瘤组织CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg因子均为阳性,其中例2表达部分上皮标记如CK8和LCK.结论 HEH少见,易误诊为转移癌.在遇到胞质内管腔含红细胞、间质黏液玻璃样变性时应考虑HEH.     

淋巴结原发上皮样血管内皮瘤1例及文献复习

目的 探讨淋巴结原发上皮样血管内皮瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 1例淋巴结原发上皮样血管内皮瘤进行HE切片、组织化学、免疫组化等观察，并复习文献进行讨论。结果 光镜下肿瘤细胞呈多角形或类圆形上皮样，无明显核分裂象，组织结构多种，呈单个细胞条索、实性巢状及管腔样结构排列，瘤细胞形成小的细胞内管腔，见胞质内空泡，并见红细胞，此特征为细胞原始管腔结构。玻璃样间质。网状纤维染色显示血管腔隙结构。肿瘤细胞表达Vim、CD31、FⅧRAg，少数细胞表达CD34。结论 淋巴结原发上皮样血管内皮瘤是极少见的低度恶性血管性肿瘤，可出现多种组织结构，有一定的特征性。应与转移性癌、转移性恶性黑色素瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤、上皮样血管瘤、上皮样肉瘤及硬化性上皮样纤维肉瘤等鉴别。     

肺上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理观察

目的探讨肺上皮样血管内皮瘤(pulmonaryepithelioidhemangioendothelioma,PEH)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对3例PEH进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记,并结合文献进行分析。结果镜下见肿瘤细胞具有上皮样或组织细胞样形态,瘤细胞为圆形或多角形,呈小巢状、索状甚至腺样结构或不规则状,分布于黏液间质中;间质可见少量黏液样变或玻璃样变;瘤细胞内含有原始血管腔,核分裂象、多形性及坏死少见。肿瘤细胞表达CD34、FⅧRAg、CD31等血管内皮细胞标记,部分病例同时表达CK和(或)Vim。结论PEH是一种低度恶性肿瘤,其病理形态具有一定的特征性,诊断时需要与肺转移癌、肺上皮样血管肉瘤、肺淋巴管肌瘤病鉴别。     

上皮样血管瘤七例临床病理观察

目的 探讨上皮样血管瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对7例分别发生于皮肤、骨及静脉的上皮样血管瘤进行临床病理学分析.结果 男性4例,女性3例,年龄14～54岁(平均34岁).其中发生于皮肤和皮下者3例,骨2例,静脉血管2例.临床表现:发生于皮肤者为暗红色丘疹或结节,质软或韧,部分伴瘙痒,病程长者可相互融合;发生于骨者表现为溶骨性破坏,境界清楚;发生于静脉内者,表现为软组织内境界清楚的灰白灰红质韧结节.组织学上,病变以增生的小血管伴内皮细胞上皮样改变为特征,多数病例血管有明确的腔隙形成,部分病例局部可见内皮细胞实性片状生长,并见胞质空泡化,提示原始管腔形成.间质可伴有多少不等的炎性细胞浸润,以嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和浆细胞为主.免疫组织化学上均表达血管内皮标志物CD31、CD34,上皮标志物细胞角蛋白阴性.6例患者获得随访结果,随访时间为5个月至3年,均未见发生复发及转移.结论上皮样血管瘤是一种罕见的可以发生于皮肤、软组织及骨的肿瘤/病变,可单发或多发,是良性的、可成功治愈的.其形态学谱系广泛,易与木村病、上皮样血管内皮瘤等混淆.     

上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理分析

目的：探讨上皮样（组织细胞样）血管内皮瘤的临床病理学特点及其意义。方法：对9例上皮样血管内皮瘤进行光镜和免疫组织化学SP法检测,1例作电镜观察,结果：年龄16－47岁,平均32岁,男女性别差异无显著性意义。部位：头面部4例,上肢3例,下肢2例,形态特征：瘤细胞具有上皮样或组织细胞样的形态;瘤细胞圆形或多角开,三五成群呈小巢状,索状,不规则状排列,分布于粘液间质中;间质可显著或少量粘液样变或玻璃样变,瘤细胞内含有原始血管腔,核分裂角,多形性及坏死少见,部分病例伴有梭形细胞血管内皮瘤改变,1例见破骨细胞样的多核巨细胞,免疫组织化学检测7例,7例波形蛋白均阳性,5例第八因子相关抗原,CD31,CD34阳性,2例细胞角蛋白弱阳性,1例CD68和a1-抗胰蛋白酶阳性,电镜观察1例见胞质内含丰富的微丝和少许的W－P小体,6例随访－8年,3例在原发部位有1或2次复发,但未见有转移,结论：上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种低度恶性的软组织肉瘤,其病因学尚不清楚,熟悉其形态特征对避免误诊为其他类似病变具具有重要意义。     

小儿肺炎支原体感染肺外器官损害210例临床分析

目的探讨小儿肺炎支原体（MP）感染肺外器官损害的临床表现,提高诊治水平。方法回顾分析有肺外器官损害的210例MP感染患儿临床资料。结果肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）534例中,210例有肺外器官损害（39．3％）,累及的主要器官有心血管系统69例（32．9％）、消化系统86例（40．9％）、血液系统48例（22．9％）、泌尿系统46例（21．9％）、神经系统8例（3．8％）、皮肤损害37例（14．6％）、肌肉关节损害18例（8．6％）。结论MP感染除引起肺部病变外,可同时有1个或1个以上肺外器官受累。对出现肺外表现或以肺外表现为主要临床症状的MPP患儿,应及早确诊．及时治疗,预后艮好。     

Pyloric gland metaplasia/differentiation in multiple organ systems in a patient with Peutz-Jegher's syndrome

Peutz-Jegher's syndrome (PJS) involves multiple organ systems and the development of hamartomatous, metaplastic, or neoplastic lesions of different cell lineages. Among them, glandular lesions are the most common, but their properties are obscure. We report here a 53-year-old woman with PJS who developed multiple hamartomatous polyps in the jejunum and mucinous glandular lesions in multiple organ systems: glandular metaplasia in the urinary bladder; lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia in the uterine cervix; mucinous metaplasia in the right fallopian tube; mucinous adenoma in the left ovary. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses disclosed that all of the intestinal and extra-intestinal lesions were associated with pyloric gland metaplasia/differentiation across the organ systems. In the general population, the organs described above rarely or infrequently show pyloric gland phenotype, to say nothing of trans-organ involvement. It is strongly suggested that commitment to pyloric gland metaplasia/differentiation is closely associated with PJS.     

A case of intestinal Behcet's disease similar to Crohn's colitis

Behcet's disease is a multi-systemic vasculitis and characterized by systemic organ involvement. Although the gastrointestinal and systemic features of Behcet's disease and inflammatory bowel disease overlap to a considerable extent, they are generally viewed as two distinct diseases. A 39-yr-old female was diagnosed as having Behcet's disease. She was admitted to our hospital because of oral and genital ulcer, lower abdominal pain, and frequent diarrhea. Colonoscopy showed diffuse involvement of multiple longitudinal ulcers with inflammatory pseudopolyps with a cobblestone appearance and ano-rectal fistula was suspected. These findings are extremely rare in Behcet's disease. However, there were no granulomas, the hallmark of Crohn's colitis. Microscopically, perivasculitis and multiple lymph follicles compatible with Behcet's disease were seen. Although being rarely encountered, multiple longitudinal ulcers, cobblestone appearance, and ano-rectal fistula can develop in Behcet's disease, as in Crohn's colitis. Therefore, Behcet's disease and Crohn's disease may be closely related and part of a spectrum of disease.     

Predictive value of cytomegalovirus viraemia for the occurrence of CMV organ involvement in AIDS

In HIV-infected patients, the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia is predictive of the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but it is not known whether it predicts further occurrence of CMV organ involvement. To assess the predictive value of CMV viraemia in the occurrence of CMV organ involvement, CMV blood cultures were performed at the onset of AIDS in 71 patients. They were prospectively followed up for at least 6 months, with a mean of 16.6 +/- 7 months (6-36 months). CMV viraemia was present in 28/71 patients (39.5%) at the onset of AIDS. CMV organ involvement occurred in 18/71 patients (25.4%) after 8.7 +/- 3.3 months. Fourteen of the 28 patients (50%) with early CMV viraemia developed CMV organ involvement after 7.7 +/- 6.3 months as compared with 4/43 patients (9.3%) who were not viraemic at the onset of AIDS with a mean follow-up of 11.8 +/- 3.8 months (P less than 0.001). At the time of CMV organ involvement, CMV viraemia, however, was present in 94.4% of the cases. No differences in survival was observed between initially viraemic and non-viraemic patients. No difference has found in mean CD4 cell count between viraemic and non-viraemic patients. This high predictive value of early CMV viraemia in AIDS for the occurrence of CMV organ involvement underlines the need for repeated search for CMV organ involvement when CMV viraemia is detected, and for less toxic antiviral drugs that might be used earlier.     

Self-injection of intravenous carbolic acid and multiorgan failure

Intravenous self-injection of phenol resulting in multi-organ failure is reported. The case is discussed, because of the unique nature of exposure to phenol and rapid involvement of multiple organ systems including the central nervous,pulmonary, renal and hematological systems.     

Association of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates with clinical components of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.

Sixty-two invasive Streptococcus pyogenes strains, including 32 strains isolated from patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), were analyzed for the following phenotypic and genotypic characteristics: M-protein type, serum opacity factor production, protease production, the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (Spe) genes A, B, and C, and in vitro production of SpeA and SpeB. These characteristics were analyzed for possible associations with each other as well as with clinical components of STSS. M-type 1, the most commonly isolated M-type, was significantly associated with protease production. Protease activity was significantly associated with the clinical sign of soft tissue necrosis. M-type 1 and 3 strains from STSS patients were significantly associated with the clinical signs of shock and organ involvement as well as with SpeA production in vitro. Finally, the production of SpeA was significantly associated with the clinical component of shock and organ involvement as well as with rash. These data suggest that STSS does not make up a single syndrome but, rather, that the multiple STSS clinical criteria probably reflect different phenotypic characteristics of individual S. pyogenes isolates.     

Aggressive natural killer-like T-cell malignancy with leukemic presentation following solid organ transplantation

NK-like T-cell malignancies are part of a spectrum of lymphoproliferative diseases that complicate immunosuppression associated with solid organ transplantation. We describe 2 patients with long-standing immunosuppression following solid organ transplantation. Both patients had systemic symptoms that included fever, myalgia, and weight loss. Organ involvement and lymphadenopathy were not initially observed. Unique to these 2 cases are the initial leukemic symptoms, which led to further characterization and identification of NK-like T-cell malignancies. Both patients exhibited an anomalous T/NK phenotype, CD56 positivity, and atypical blastic architecture of the large granular lymphocytes. Clonal rearrangement of T-cell receptor genes was detected in both patients. In 1 patient, a cytogenetic abnormality involving 8q24 was demonstrated. The disease course in both patients was aggressive, with involvement of multiple sites and rapid demise. This study emphasizes the importance of including NK-like T-cell malignancies in the differential diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders associated with immunosuppression and recognizing that an aggressive clinical course may follow leukemic presentation of disease.     

Multiple organ invasion by viruses: pathological characteristics in three fatal cases of the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1

To further understand the pathological characteristics of multiple organ involvement of the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 infection, tissues of bronchial mucosa, lung, myocardium, gastrocnemius, and liver from 3 patients with fatal A/H1N1 infections were investigated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In all 3 patients, bronchial mucosa showed necrotizing bronchiolitis, epithelial necrosis and desquamation, and squamous metaplasia, while lung consolidation or fibrosis was identified. Myocardium and gastrocnemius exhibited focal necrosis and fibrosis, surrounded by muscle cells showing features of cell damage. In liver, there was widespread fatty degeneration and necrosis, most often around the central lobular vein and portal area. Viral particles were found in all samples, frequently located in endothelium, epithelium, and muscle cells. The observations demonstrate that in fatal cases of A/H1N1 infection, viruses not only infect the respiratory system, but also engage in multiple organ invasions, causing pathologic changes.     

uPA与NF-κB p65在乳腺癌组织表达的相关性研究及临床病理意义

目的：探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（uPA ）基因与NF-κB p65在乳腺癌组织表达的相关性及临床病理意义。方法：采用实时荧光定量PCR法（FQ-PCR）检测了46例乳腺癌及其正常组织中的uPA mRNA（单位:2-△△Ct）及免疫组化检测NF-κB p65的表达。结果：乳腺癌 组织中均可检测到uPA mRNA表达，以2-△△Ct≥2为阳性标准，63％（29/46例）的乳 腺癌中uPA基因表达阳性；T/A 2-△△Ct值在不同NF-κB表达状态、肿瘤最大径及淋 巴结阳性数分组中，差异显著，P值分别为＜0.01和＜0.05；进一步经相关分析显示 ，uPA基因表达值与NF-κB表达状态、肿瘤最大径相关，r分别为0.451、0.512，均 P＜0.01；在患者年龄、肿瘤组织学类型及有无远处转移分组中，uPA基因表达未发现显 著性差异。结论：乳腺癌组织中uPA mRNA含量明显增高，并且与NF-κB 表达、肿瘤大小及淋巴结阳性数目有关。     

Targeted therapies in interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease. Current status and future development

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD) are characterized by systemic manifestations and multiple organ involvement, including the lung. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is a cardinal manifestation of lung involvement in patients with ARD and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs are used as first –line treatment. Targeted therapies, such as biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and anti- fibrotic agents are new treatment options. In this review we discuss the role of targeted therapies in patients with ILD secondary to ARD.