HPLC法测定非诺贝特缓释片中非诺贝特

目的采用HPLC法测定非诺贝特缓释片中非诺贝特。方法采用Dikma C18色谱柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇–水(90∶10);检测波长:288 nm;柱温:25℃;体积流量:1.0 mL/min;进样量10μL。结果非诺贝特在2.0~12.0μg/mL与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9);检测限和定量限分别为10、30 ng/mL;平均回收率为99.86%,RSD值为0.72%(n=9)。结论该方法准确、简便,可用于非诺贝特缓释片中非诺贝特的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定维格列汀原料药中对映异构体

目的建立测定维格列汀原料药中对映异构体的HPLC测定方法。方法采用Chirapak IC-3手性色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,3μm);流动相:正己烷–乙醇–三乙胺(150∶750∶1);检测波长:210 nm;体积流量:0.6 mL/min;进样量:20μL;柱温:35℃。结果在上述色谱条件下,维格列汀与其对映异构体的分离度大于5;最低定量限为1.2μg/mL,最低检测限为0.3μg/mL;维格列汀和对映异构体在1.2～30.0μg/mL与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。对映异构体的加样回收率为99.67%,RSD值为2.1%;色谱参数变动对对映异构体的检测没有影响。结论本方法灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于维格列汀中对映异构体杂质的检查。     

顶空气相色谱法测定甲基橙皮苷原料中有机溶剂的残留量

目的建立甲基橙皮苷中有机溶剂乙醇和正丁醇的气相色谱测定方法。方法顶空气相色谱法,色谱条件:色谱柱为Agilent DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,1.80μm);检测器:氢火焰离子化检测器,进样口温度220℃,检测器温度260℃;柱温:初始温度60℃,保温10 min,以40℃/min升至180℃,保温5 min;载气:氮气;流速6.00 mL/min;分流比10∶1。结果乙醇浓度在10.066～201.32μg/mL范围内,正丁醇浓度在5.032～100.64μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性范围;乙醇的平均回收率为98.6%(n=6),RSD为0.96%,正丁醇的平均回收率为99.5%(n=6),RSD为1.6%。结论本方法简便、快速、灵敏,是控制甲基橙皮苷残留有机溶剂的可靠测定方法。     

复方毛冬青注射液中甲基正壬酮的含量测定

目的:为复方毛冬青注射液建立专属性含量测定方法。方法:采用气相色谱法对甲基正壬酮进行含量测定。色谱柱:HP-1(Aglient 19091z-413,30 m×320μm×0.25μm);氮气为9.23 psi,流量1.8 mL/min;空气400 mL/min;氢气40 mL/min;柱温80℃(2 min)至220℃,升温速率为15℃/min;再升至270℃(13.75 min),升温速率为40℃/min;汽化室240℃;检测室280℃;进样量1μL;检测器为FID。结果:线性范围为1.0~20.0μg/mL,平均回收率为99.05%,RSD=1.29%(n=6)。结论:本法操作简单、可靠、具有实用性。     

气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法测定奥美沙坦酯原料药中基因毒性杂质碘甲烷

目的采用气相色谱–电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)法测定奥美沙坦酯原料药中基因毒性杂质碘甲烷。方法采用Agilent DB-624毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×1.8μm),初始柱温40℃,保持5 min,以20℃/min升至200℃,保持2min,进样口温度160℃,检测器温度300℃,载气为N2,体积流量为1.5 mL/min,分流比10∶1,进样量1μL。结果碘甲烷在0.03～0.60μg/mL线性关系良好;检测限为2.0 ng/mL,定量限为6.0 ng/mL;平均回收率为98.0%,RSD值为1.8%。结论该方法专属性强、准确性高、灵敏度高、耐用性好,可用于奥美沙坦酯中基因毒性杂质碘甲烷的测定。     

HPLC法测定依维莫司原料药中依维莫司

目的建立HPLC法测定依维莫司原料药中依维莫司。方法采用Hypersil-ODS C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–水(70∶30);检测波长:276 nm;柱温:50℃;体积流量:0.8 m L/min;进样量:10μL。结果依维莫司在63~1 008μg/m L线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为100.45%,RSD值为0.64%(n=9)。结论所建立的操作简便,专属性强,可用于依维莫司原料药的质量控制。     

苦参配方颗粒质量控制研究

目的建立苦参配方颗粒的质量控制标准。方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法鉴别苦参配方颗粒中苦参碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定苦参配方颗粒中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱,色谱条件为Lichrospher-5NH2色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–无水乙醇–3%磷酸溶液(80∶10∶10);体积流量:1.0mL/min;柱温:30℃;检测波长:220nm;进样量:10μL。结果苦参碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱在TLC色谱图中相应的位置上显相同的斑点。苦参碱在0.15～1.58μg、氧化苦参碱在0.17～1.68μg呈良好的线性关系,回收率分别为98.3%、101.5%,RSD值分别为1.35%、1.73%。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于苦参配方颗粒的质量控制。     

大黄、枳实、厚朴不同炮制品对小承气汤中药效组分的影响

目的研究大黄、枳实、厚朴饮片变化对小承气汤药效组分的影响,以期为临床的合理应用和饮片的质量标准提供参考。方法采用HPLC法分别测定各类成分。大黄游离蒽醌类(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇–0.1%磷酸;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.8 m L/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长254 nm。大黄结合蒽醌类(番泻苷B、番泻苷A):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–0.05%磷酸;梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长340 nm。枳实黄酮苷类(芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–水;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.7 m L/min;柱温40℃;进样量10μL;检测波长283 nm。厚朴木脂素类成分(和厚朴酚、厚朴酚):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–0.05%磷酸;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.7 m L/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长294 nm。结果小承气汤配伍剂量(大黄12 g–炒枳实9 g–姜厚朴6 g)不变,大黄、枳实、厚朴饮片改变时,小承气汤药效组分总量变化规律为:大黄–枳实–姜厚朴酒大黄–炒枳实–姜厚朴熟大黄–炒枳实–姜厚朴大黄炭–炒枳实–姜厚朴≈小承气汤大黄–炒枳实–厚朴,变化率分别为酒大黄组(6.561%)、熟大黄组(4.222%)、大黄炭组(0.118%)、枳实组(30.186%)、厚朴组(-11.218%)。除大黄炭组外,其余组的药效组分总量皆明显变化,其中枳实组变化最明显。结论同一味药材的不同炮制品在小承气汤处方中药效组分不同,对其他药味的影响亦不同,在小承气汤处方配伍中不可随意替代。     

HPLC法测定补气生血口服液中三种组分的含量

目的建立以高效液相色谱测定补气生血口服液中黄芪甲苷、二苯乙烯苷和阿魏酸含量的方法。方法三组分均采用phenomenex C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;黄芪甲苷测定的流动相为水-乙腈(60:40);柱温:30℃;流速:1.0 mL/min;进样量:10μL;ELSD检测器;漂移管温度:105℃;气流速度:2.5 L/min。二苯乙烯苷与阿魏酸测定流动相为乙腈-水(20:80);流速1.0 mL/min;检测波长:248 nm;柱温30℃。结果补气生血口服液中黄芪甲苷在0.22~5.72μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,加样回收率为91.2%。在相同色谱条件下,二苯乙烯苷与阿魏酸分离度好,二苯乙烯苷在9.83~393.00μg/m L范围内、阿魏酸在1.015~50.756μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,加样回收率分别为90.7%和92.8%。结论该方法简便、快捷、专属性强,为其质量控制与含量测定提供了重要参考。     

HPLC法测定复方盐酸林可霉素滴鼻剂中盐酸林可霉素和利巴韦林

目的建立同时测定复方盐酸林可霉素滴鼻剂中盐酸林可霉素和利巴韦林的HPLC方法。方法采用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法。Shim-pack VP-ODS C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇–0.05 mol/L四硼酸钠溶液(用磷酸调p H值至6.0);梯度洗脱;柱温:30℃;体积流量:1 m L/min;检测波长:210 nm;进样量:10μL。结果盐酸林可霉素和利巴韦林分别在0.202 8~2.028 0μg和0.101 6~1.016 0μg与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为100.54%、99.95%,RSD值分别为1.11%、1.45%(n=9)。结论建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确,为复方林可霉素滴鼻剂的质量控制提供支持。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。