烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶2影响心房颤动发生的机制研究进展

心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,AF）简称房颤,是一种常见的心律失常疾病,其发生机制被认为与氧化应激密切相关。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）被认为是体内心血管系统中活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）及氧化应激的重要来源之一。研究表明,NADPH亚型中的NADPH氧化酶2(NOX2)是产生活性氧的主要来源,NOX2是一种跨膜蛋白,可以将电子从NADPH转移到氧分子中产生活性氧,而活性氧的产生将造成心房的电重构与结构重构,从而增加房颤的易感性。本文将对NOX2在房颤发生中所存在的机制及研究进展做一综述。     

NOX1在糖化终末产物诱导主动脉内皮细胞氧化应激中的作用

目的 探讨非吞噬细胞氧化酶1（NOX1）的激活是否是糖化终末产物（AGEs）诱导主动脉内皮细胞（BAECs）氧化应激的始动因素.方法 将BAECs分为3组：对照组（5.6 mmol/L葡萄糖）,AGE组（200 mg/L AGEs）和NOX1沉默干预组（200 mg/L AGEs＋ NOX1 RNAi）.用2＇,7 ＇二氯双氢荧光素二乙酸酯（H2DCFDA）检测各组氧自由基的水平;同时免疫杂交法检测NOX1、NOX2和调节eNOS耦联状态的关键酶二氢叶酸还原酶（DHFR）的蛋白表达.结果 AGEs培养2天后,NOX1和NOX2均表达上调,而DHFR的表达下降,同时伴有氧自由基水平的升高.NOX1 RNAi转染后,NOX2的表达不受影响,DHFR的表达和氧自由基的产生则均恢复到正常对照水平.结论 AGEs对BAECs氧化应激的诱导是通过激活NOX1起始的,NOX1的激活也通过抑制DHFR的表达来促进内皮一氧化氮合成酶（eNOS）的解耦联而加重氧化应激.     

NADPH氧化酶在缺血性卒中后氧化应激中的作用

氧化应激在脑缺血再灌注损伤中起着十分重要的作用.NADPH氧化酶(NADPH oxi-dase,NOX)在缺血性卒中氧化应激中的作用日益受到关注,有可能会成为一个新的治疗靶点.文章归纳了NOX与脑缺血再灌注损伤的主要研究进展,讨论了各种同工酶的特点及其与卒中的关系,从NOX角度进一步探讨卒中的发病机制,为缺血性卒中的防治提供了新的思路.     

尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶在血管性认知障碍中的作用及其机制的研究进展

氧化应激(OS)是导致血管性认知障碍(VCI)的因素之一。尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶(NOX)产生的活性氧(ROS)是VCI重要的致病分子。VCI的危险因素如高血糖及缺血/再灌注等在上游增加NOX的活化;其他危险因素如高龄、高血压及卒中是NOX依赖ROS产生的下游损伤。VCI的成因包括与NOX相关的危险因素及NOX依赖的ROS导致的细胞损伤。研究表明,抑制NOX活性可减轻认知障碍、降低其发生的危险因素。本文对NOX在VCI中的作用及其机制的研究进展进行综述。     

NADPH氧化酶源性活性氧在糖尿病及其血管并发症发生中的作用机制

2型糖尿病的发病机制为胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌受损.最新的研究结果显示,氧化应激在糖尿病及其并发症的发病机制中起重要作用.在高游离脂肪酸(FFA)条件下,由于活性氧(ROS)产生过多引起的氧化应激可造成胰岛素抵抗和胰岛B细胞功能丧失,导致糖尿病的发生,而血糖升高进一步加重氧化应激,引发大血管和微血管病变,产生糖尿病并发症.通过研究氧化应激在糖尿病及其并发症发病中的作用机制,为防治糖尿病及其并发症提供新的理论依据.机体内多种酶体参与了ROS的生成,如NADPH氧化酶(NOX)、黄嘌呤氧化酶、线粒体呼吸链酶复合体、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)及脂氧合酶(LOX)等.本研究旨在探讨NOX源性ROS在糖尿病及其血管并发症发生中的作用机制.     

Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路在肺部疾病中的研究进展

核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)是细胞调节抗氧化应激反应的重要转录因子,通过与其胞浆伴侣蛋白Keap1和抗氧化反应元件(ARE)相互作用,启动编码抗氧化蛋白和Ⅱ相解毒酶的基因表达,在细胞防御保护中发挥作用.Nrf2缺失或激活障碍,将加重氧化应激源的细胞毒性,导致细胞功能障碍、凋亡甚至死亡.Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路在炎症、肿瘤、衰老、凋亡、神经损伤、呼吸系统疾病、心血管疾病和自身免疫病等疾病中发挥广泛的细胞保护功能.本文对Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路在肺部疾病中的最新研究进展进行了综述.     

Nrf2-Keap1抗氧化系统与肝脏疾病

核转录相关因子(NF-E2-related factor 2, Nrf2)是重要的转录因子, 在氧化应激等情况下被激活与Kelch样ECH联合蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1, Keap1)解离进入胞质启动Ⅱ相解毒酶及抗氧化酶基因的表达, 增加细胞对氧化应激和亲电子化学物质的抗性. 活性氧族和氧化应激在肝脏疾病的发病中取着重要的作用. 本文对Nrf2-Keap1抗氧化系统与肝脏疾病的关系进行探讨.     

沙尘天气致呼吸系统损伤及其机制的研究进展

土地沙漠化造成沙尘天气频繁发生,使大气细颗粒物浓度明显升高,引起以呼吸系统为主的多系统损害,受到政府和公众的关注。沙尘天气增加人群呼吸系统疾病的发病率、住院率及相应肺功能、胸片改变等。动物实验证实沙尘细颗粒物暴露导致肺组织炎性损伤、慢性期形成沙尘肺纤维化等。目前认为免疫炎症反应、氧化应激等是沙尘细颗粒物对呼吸系统损伤的主要机制。因此深入研究沙尘细颗粒物对呼吸系统的损伤作用及其机制,为有效预防与治疗人类相关疾病提供理论依据。     

呼出气冷凝液检测在呼吸系统疾病中的应用

呼出气冷凝液（ exhaled breath condensate, EBC） 分析是一种新兴的呼吸系统疾病检测手段,通过检测冷凝水中的生化标记物以评价气道炎症或氧化应激水平,由于其具有无创、方便、可重复等特点．被认为具有良好的发展前景。目前EBC检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、肺癌、间质性肺疾病等多种呼吸系统疾病的诊断、监测及疗效评价中均有相关的研究报道,本文拟对近年来的研究进展作一简要综述。     

血管过氧化物酶1介导的氧化应激在心血管疾病中的研究进展

血管过氧化物酶1(VPO1)是心血管系统新近发现的血红素过氧化物酶超家族成员,可催化NADPH氧化酶(NOX)来源的过氧化氢(H₂O₂)生成次氯酸(HClO),进而加重氧化应激,在高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死和肺动脉高压等多种心血管疾病的发生发展过程中具有重要作用。本文主要就VPO1介导的氧化应激在心血管疾病中的作用及潜在机制进行综述。     

青少年高血压的研究进展

随着人们生活和行为方式的改变,高血压发病明显呈年轻化趋势。在青少年时期识别高血压病高危人群有助于早期进行有效干预和治疗,降低未来高血压的发生率及其严重性。现试从青少年高血压的诊断、发病因素、特点、治疗策略等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in immigrants in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Although immigration to Sweden has increased in the last few decades, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in immigrants are unknown. The aim of the present study is to estimate whether place of birth affects the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a follow-up study on morbidity in cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1998, including three and a half million persons with age range 35-64 years, of whom 550 000 were born abroad, from the database MigMed consisting of the whole Swedish population. Incidence rates and relative risks were estimated by indirect standardization and a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The age-adjusted risk of coronary heart disease was higher in most foreign-born groups than in Swedes. For example, in nine of 12 male groups, the relative risks varied between 1.1 and 2.2, and in seven of 12 female groups, the relative risks varied between 1.4 and 2.5. When also adjusting for level of education and employment status, the risks were still high, but on a lower level. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born people possess an over-risk of cardiovascular or coronary heart disease(CVD/CHD) compared with Swedish-born persons, also when level of education and employment status are taken into account.     

高龄老年高血压的临床研究进展

随着社会老龄化进程的加快,80岁以上高龄老人的绝对数量以及占总人口的比例均在增加,如何提高高龄老年高血压的防治水平备受关注。现试从高龄老年高血压的临床特点、治疗策略等方面的临床研究进展作一综述。     

中国老年性耳聋的研究与干预进展

老年性耳聋已成为影响我国老年人生活质量的最主要的慢性病之一。助听器是目前帮助听力损失的老年人克服交流障碍的主要手段。在我国,数字助听器已逐渐取代模拟助听器并且体现出了更好的效果。但是老年听力损失患者中使用助听器的比例仍然很小。人工耳蜗植入也已被应用在老年患者中。我国针对老年人的听力康复服务还有较长的路要走。     

Epstein-Barr virus in malignancies in renal transplant recipients in Japan

A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of malignancies including lymphomas, and carcinoma of the stomach, nasopharynx, thymus and salivary gland is suggested. It is indicated that EBV evokes polyclonal-B-cell-proliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts, such as transplant patients, which results in monoclonal malignant lymphomas. The suppression of immune functions in these patients is thought to lead to incomplete elimination of the cells expressing EBV latent infection genes. To examine the etiological role of EBV in the development of malignancies following renal transplant in Japan, 42 malignancies in 1744 cases of renal transplant were studied for the presence and type of EBV. The polymerase chain reaction revealed that 5 malignancies were positive for EBV, all type A: 2 of 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 2 of 8 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma of the common type, and 1 of 2 cases of gastric plasmacytoma. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals in the nucleus of tumor cells in 2 cases of NHL and 1 of plasmacytoma. Positive signals were found in the small lymphoid cells but not in the tumor cells in 2 cases of gastric carcinoma. On the basis of these findings, a role for EBV in the development of malignancies in renal transplant patients is unlikely except for lymphoid neoplasias.Abbreviations PCB polymerase chain reaction - EBV Epstein-Barr virus - NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma     

糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变

目的研究糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变及增加葡萄糖代谢对其的作用。方法取体重150～200g的雄性SpragueDawley大鼠,腹腔注射链脲菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病模型,采用酶解法获得单个心室肌细胞,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术记录钾电流。结果糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞瞬间外向性钾流(Ito)密度较对照组显著降低[ 60mV时,分别为(15.90±1.19)pA/pF(n=25)和(28.55±0.97)pA/pF(n=12),P<0.001];分别用100nmol/L胰岛素及1.5mmol/L二氯乙酸在体外预处理心室肌细胞4～5h和3～4h使Ito密度恢复至对照组水平[ 60mV时,分别为(29.40±0.38)pA/pF(n=20)和(27.35±0.97)pA/pF(n=12)]。结论糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道功能发生改变,增加葡萄糖代谢可逆转这一改变,提示葡萄糖代谢与Ito功能间存在一定关系。     

Sex Differences in Ethanol-induced Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens and in Ethanol Consumption in Rats

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine changes in nucleus accumbens and striatal dopamine, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DO-PAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) following acute administration of ethanol (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) in male and female Long-Evans rats. Following dialysis, rats were trained to bar-press for oral ethanol reinforcement. In nucleus accumbens, females showed significant increases in extracellular dopamine following 0.25 or 0.5 g/ kg ethanol, but did not show significant increases over baseline at the higher doses. Males showed slight increases in dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. In striatum, both sexes showed increased dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. There were slight increases in nucleus accumbens DOPAC and HVA at some doses in both sexes, but no changes in striatal metabolite levels. In addition to showing increased responsiveness to ethanol-induced mesolimbic dopamine stimulation, females consumed more ethanol than males during behavioral testing. The pattern of both greater ethanol-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release and greater ethanol consumption in females supports the hypothesis that ethanol reward is mediated, at least in part, by the mesolimbic dopamine system.